Commentators:R. Yosef Bekhor Shor/0
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R. Yosef Bekhor Shor – Intellectual Profile
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Name | R. Yosef Bekhor Shor ר' יוסף בכור שור |
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Dates | 12th century |
Location | Northern France |
Works | Torah and Tehillim commentaries, novellae on the Talmud, liturgical poems |
Exegetical Characteristics | |
Influenced by | Rashbam, R. Tam |
Impacted on | Sefer HaGan, Baalei HaTosafot, Ramban |
Background1
Life
- Name –
- Dates – Middle to late 12th century4
- Location – Orleans, Northern France
- Education and Occupation – No more than a skeletal history of R"Y Bekhor Shor’s life can be constructed from the sources that currently exist.5
- Lived in the 12th century Northern French Tosafist milieu, and was a disciple of Rabbenu Tam.6
- He was a Halakhist/Talmudist whose novellae are included in Tosafot, as well as a Bible commentator.
- From his writings it can be deduced that he knew Latin and was familiar with Christian biblical exegesis.7
- He also was a paytan (author of liturgical poems)8 who seems to have had a rather well-developed literary sense.9
- His prominent position within the Tosafist world is attested by frequent use of his commentaries by later Tosafist compilations.10
- Family – R"Y Bekhor Shor cites his father once in his commentary,11 and he had a son who is cited in Tosafist literature, called R. Avraham b. R. Yosef of Orleans.12
- Teachers – R. Yaakov Tam13
- Contemporaries – Rashbam, R. Eliezer of Beaugency,14 R. Avraham Ibn Ezra15
- Students –
- Time period –
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- World outlook –
Works
Torah Commentary
Characteristics
- Verse by verse / Topical –
- Genre –
- Structure –
- Language –
- Peshat and derash –
Methods
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Themes
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Textual Issues
- Manuscripts – All editions have been based on a sole extant manuscript – Munich 52.
- Printings – Published in 1994 by Mosad HaRav Kook as: פירושי רבי יוסף בכור שור על התורה (Ed. Y. Nevo), and recently included in Mikraot Gedolot HaKeter published by Bar Ilan University.21
- Textual layers –
Sources
Significant Influences
- Earlier Sources – Rashi
- Teachers –
- His father – cited only once in Vayikra 23:16. The Sefer HaGan Shemot 27:18 records an additional interpretation which R"Y Bekhor Shor transmitted in the name of his father.
- R. Tam –
- R. Eliezer of Mainz / Beaugency – cited only once in a gloss on Vayikra 22:25.22
- Foils –
Occasional Usage
- Menachem b. Saruq – cited only once in Shemot 14:20.
- R. Chayyug - cited only once in Devarim 11:26.
- R. Avraham b. Hiyya – cited once in Devarim 28:63.23
- R. Yosef Kara – cited nine times: Bereshit 4:23-24, 34:25, 49:9, Shemot 4:11, 20:1, Devarim 14:1, 28:68, 32:17, 33:1.
- Rashbam – cited five24 times: Bereshit 36:12 ("ורבי' שמו' מצא"),25 Shemot 2:14 ("ומשם רבי' שמואל שמעתי"), 3:14 ("ור' שמואל פירש"), 6:13 ("ור' שמואל פירש"), 14:25 ("ומשום רבי' שמואל שמעתי"). There are many other interpretations of R"Y Bekhor Shor, though, which were taken from or influenced by Rashbam.
- Ibn Ezra – cited only twice in the glosses to the commentary on Bereshit 49:4, Shemot 24:11. and another time in the name of R"Y Bekhor Shor in Sefer HaGan Bereshit 2:23.
- R. Shelomo Parchon – cited only once in the gloss to the commentary on Bereshit 33:6.
- R. Ovadiah b. Shemuel HaSefaradi26 – cited nine27 times: Bereshit 2:2, 18:5, 39:2, Shemot 4:11, 10:2, 15:26, 22:19, 23:25, Devarim 31:18.28
- R. Yitzchak HaGer – cited twice (both of which are glosses): Shemot 3:13,29 4:11.
- R. Karshava – cited only once in Bereshit 44:10.
- R. Tuv Elem – cited only once in a gloss to Vayikra 20:14.
- R. Berechya – cited only once in a gloss to Vayikra 19:19.
Possible Relationship
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Impact
Later exegetes
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Supercommentaries
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