Biblical Parallels Index – Shemot 7-11/0
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Biblical Parallels Index – Shemot 7-11
Hardened Hearts
Paroh is the first of three people or groups of people of whom Hashem says He will harden their hearts. The other two are Sichon (Devarim 2:30) and the Canaanites (Yehoshua 11:20). Comparing the various narratives might help one understand both what is meant by the expression and how to deal with the theological problem of Hashem's apparent removal of free will in these stories.
Tools
- See Makbilot Bamikra for a list and links to of all the verses which speak of Hashem hardening someone's heart.
Articles
- See Hardened Hearts for analysis of different approaches to the hardening of human beings’ hearts in Tanakh.
- See And I Will Harden The Heart of Pharaoh, by R. Yaakov Medan, for a unified interpretation of the hardening of the hearts of Pharaoh, Sichon, and Canaan. He suggests that in all three cases the characters never fully lost their free will.
Moshe's Missions
The prophetic mission Hashem gives to Moshe in Parashat Vaera is somewhat parallel to that given in Parashat Shemot. The doubling makes one question both why it was necessary for Hashem to repeat the mission and where, if at all, the second mission differs from the first.
Tools
- See Makbilot BaMikra for links to the various verses which speak of Moshe's mission.
- To compare the two sets of chapters, see the Tanakh Lab.
Articles
- See R. Ezra Bick’s article, איך מושיעים את ישראל, for comparison and contrast of the mission as presented in Shemot 6-7 and in Shemot 3-4. R. Bick notes that the second mission contains a new emphasis on Moshe’s message to the nation of Israel, and on the manner in which Hashem intends to change the nation’s slave mentality.
- See R. Yaakov Medan's article, קורות משה עד יציאת מצרים, and more recently, ולא שמעו אל משה", בתוך: כי קרוב אליך (תל אביב, 2014): 86-90", who suggests that thirty years had elapsed between the encounter at the burning bush and the mission of Chapter 6-7. Though the second mission is not fundamentally different than the first, it is addressed to a new generation.
Plagues as Reversal of Creation
There are several inverse parallels between the plagues and the description of the world's creation. The Biblical narrative might be hinting that the plagues were meant to represent a destructive reversal of the act of creation in order to highlight that the God of creation is the God of the exodus:1
Tools
- Concordance – Concordance searches reveal that there are several phrases found almost solely in the creation and plague narratives:
- Variations of the phrase "מִקְוֵה הַמַּיִם" appear only three times in Torah, two of which are in these narratives (Bereshit 1:10 and Shemot 7:19)
- The root "שרץ" appears in only four contexts in Bereshit and Shemot: the story of creation (Bereshit 1:20, 1:21), the story of the Flood and the re-creation in its wake (Bereshit 7:21, 8:17, 9:7), the description of the population growth of Israel in Egypt (Shemot 1:7) and the plague of frogs. Throughout, the word is associated with creation and destruction. The two usages in Shemot might suggest a measure for measure punishment: the Egyptians’ revulsion at the nations proliferation is punished with the revolting plague of multiplying frogs.
Primary Sources
- In its list of significant events associated with the number ten, Mishnah Avot 5:1 states that Hashem created the world with ten utterances, while Mishnah Avot 5:4 speaks of the ten plagues. Drawing off these sources, later commentators suggest that the two sets of ten correspond to one another.
- See Maharal Gevurot Hashem 57, Tzeror HaMor and R"E Ashkenazi, who maintain that each plague corresponds to one of the ten utterances through which the world was created and was aimed at destroying one of the foundational elements.
Articles
- See Z. Zevit, "Three Ways to Look at the Ten Plagues: Were They Natural Disasters, a Demonstration of the Impotence of the Egyptian Gods, or an Undoing of Creation?" BR 6 (1990): 16-23, 42 who suggests that the ten plagues were chosen specifically because they corresponded to aspects of the word's creation and could thereby teach both the nation and Egypt that Hashem is the Creator.
- See Darkness Deciphered, by Shira Smiles, for an analysis of the plagues as a reversal of creation.
- See “All Are Considered Blind”, by R. Aaron Lopiansky, for analysis of the purpose of the plagues as a reversal of creation, with an emphasis on the plague of darkness and the religious message of the plagues.
- See The Microcosm Manifest in the Makkot, by Aryeh Krischer, for analysis of the order of the plagues in relation to the order of creation.
- See Purpose of the Plagues for discussion of various approaches to the choice of plagues and the ultimate goal of bringing them. Among both those who say they were punitive and those who maintain that they were educative, there are those who suggest that they therefore served to undo creation.
