EN/HEע/E

Aram's Relations with Israel in Assyrian Sources

Sources

Melakhim I 20:1מלכים א׳ כ׳:א׳

And Ben-hadad the king of Aram gathered all his host together; and there were thirty and two kings with him, and horses and chariots; and he went up and besieged Samaria, and fought against it.

וּבֶן הֲדַד מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם קָבַץ אֶת כׇּל חֵילוֹ וּשְׁלֹשִׁים וּשְׁנַיִם מֶלֶךְ אִתּוֹ וְסוּס וָרָכֶב וַיַּעַל וַיָּצַר עַל שֹׁמְרוֹן וַיִּלָּחֶם בָּהּ.

Melakhim I 20:29-34מלכים א׳ כ׳:כ״ט-ל״ד

(29) And they encamped one over against the other seven days. And so it was, that in the seventh day the battle was joined; and the children of Israel slew of the Arameans a hundred thousand footmen in one day. (30) But the rest fled to Aphek, into the city; and the wall fell upon twenty and seven thousand men that were left. And Ben-hadad fled, and came into the city, into an inner chamber. (31) And his servants said unto him: 'Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings; let us, we pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel; peradventure he will save thy life.' (32) So they girded sackcloth on their loins, and put ropes on their heads, and came to the king of Israel, and said: 'Thy servant Ben-hadad saith: I pray thee, let me live.' And he said: 'Is he yet alive? he is my brother.' (33) Now the men took it for a sign, and hastened to catch it fromhim; and they said: 'Thy brother Ben-hadad.' Then he said: 'Go ye, bring him.' Then Ben-hadad came forth to him; and he caused him to come up into his chariot. (34) And [Ben-hadad] said unto him: 'The cities which my father took from thy father I will restore; and thou shalt make streets for thee in Damascus, as my father made in Samaria.' 'And I, said Ahab, will let thee go with this covenant.' So he made a covenant with him, and let him go.

(כט) וַיַּחֲנוּ אֵלֶּה נֹכַח אֵלֶּה שִׁבְעַת יָמִים וַיְהִי בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וַתִּקְרַב הַמִּלְחָמָה וַיַּכּוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת אֲרָם מֵאָה אֶלֶף רַגְלִי בְּיוֹם אֶחָד. (ל) וַיָּנֻסוּ הַנּוֹתָרִים אֲפֵקָה אֶל הָעִיר וַתִּפֹּל הַחוֹמָה עַל עֶשְׂרִים וְשִׁבְעָה אֶלֶף אִישׁ הַנּוֹתָרִים וּבֶן הֲדַד נָס וַיָּבֹא אֶל הָעִיר חֶדֶר בְּחָדֶר. (לא) וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו עֲבָדָיו הִנֵּה נָא שָׁמַעְנוּ כִּי מַלְכֵי בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי מַלְכֵי חֶסֶד הֵם נָשִׂימָה נָּא שַׂקִּים בְּמׇתְנֵינוּ וַחֲבָלִים בְּרֹאשֵׁנוּ וְנֵצֵא אֶל מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אוּלַי יְחַיֶּה אֶת נַפְשֶׁךָ. (לב) וַיַּחְגְּרוּ שַׂקִּים בְּמׇתְנֵיהֶם וַחֲבָלִים בְּרָאשֵׁיהֶם וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמְרוּ עַבְדְּךָ בֶן הֲדַד אָמַר תְּחִי נָא נַפְשִׁי וַיֹּאמֶר הַעוֹדֶנּוּ חַי אָחִי הוּא. (לג) וְהָאֲנָשִׁים יְנַחֲשׁוּ וַיְמַהֲרוּ וַיַּחְלְטוּ הֲמִמֶּנּוּ וַיֹּאמְרוּ אָחִיךָ בֶן הֲדַד וַיֹּאמֶר בֹּאוּ קָחֻהוּ וַיֵּצֵא אֵלָיו בֶּן הֲדַד וַיַּעֲלֵהוּ עַל הַמֶּרְכָּבָה. (לד) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו הֶעָרִים אֲשֶׁר לָקַח אָבִי מֵאֵת אָבִיךָ אָשִׁיב וְחֻצוֹת תָּשִׂים לְךָ בְדַמֶּשֶׂק כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׂם אָבִי בְּשֹׁמְרוֹן וַאֲנִי בַּבְּרִית אֲשַׁלְּחֶךָּ וַיִּכְרׇת לוֹ בְרִית וַיְשַׁלְּחֵהוּ.

Melakhim I 22:1-3מלכים א׳ כ״ב:א׳-ג׳

(1) And they continued three years without war between Aram and Israel. (2) And it came to pass in the third year, that Jehoshaphat the king of Judah came down to the king of Israel. (3) And the king of Israel said unto his servants: 'Know ye that Ramoth-gilead is ours, and we are still, and take it not out of the hand of the king of Aram?'

(א) וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים אֵין מִלְחָמָה בֵּין אֲרָם וּבֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל. (ב) וַיְהִי בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁית וַיֵּרֶד יְהוֹשָׁפָט מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה אֶל מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל. (ג) וַיֹּאמֶר מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל עֲבָדָיו הַיְדַעְתֶּם כִּי לָנוּ רָמֹת גִּלְעָד וַאֲנַחְנוּ מַחְשִׁים מִקַּחַת אֹתָהּ מִיַּד מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם.

Melakhim I 22:34-37מלכים א׳ כ״ב:ל״ד-ל״ז

(34) And a certain man drew his bow at a venture, and smote the king of Israel between the lower armour and the breastplate; wherefore he said unto the driver of his chariot: 'Turn thy hand, and carry me out of the host; for I am sore wounded.' (35) And the battle increased that day; and the king was stayed up in his chariot against the Arameans, and died at even; and the blood ran out of the wound into the bottom of the chariot. (36) And there went a cry throughout the host about the going down of the sun, saying: 'Every man to his city, and every man to his country.' (37) So the king died, and was brought to Samaria; and they buried the king in Samaria.

(לד) וְאִישׁ מָשַׁךְ בַּקֶּשֶׁת לְתֻמּוֹ וַיַּכֶּה אֶת מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל בֵּין הַדְּבָקִים וּבֵין הַשִּׁרְיָן וַיֹּאמֶר לְרַכָּבוֹ הֲפֹךְ יָדְךָ וְהוֹצִיאֵנִי מִן הַמַּחֲנֶה כִּי הׇחֳלֵיתִי. (לה) וַתַּעֲלֶה הַמִּלְחָמָה בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא וְהַמֶּלֶךְ הָיָה מׇעֳמָד בַּמֶּרְכָּבָה נֹכַח אֲרָם וַיָּמׇת בָּעֶרֶב וַיִּצֶק דַּם הַמַּכָּה אֶל חֵיק הָרָכֶב. (לו) וַיַּעֲבֹר הָרִנָּה בַּמַּחֲנֶה כְּבֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ לֵאמֹר אִישׁ אֶל עִירוֹ וְאִישׁ אֶל אַרְצוֹ. (לז) וַיָּמׇת הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיָּבוֹא שֹׁמְרוֹן וַיִּקְבְּרוּ אֶת הַמֶּלֶךְ בְּשֹׁמְרוֹן.

Melakhim II 5:2מלכים ב׳ ה׳:ב׳

And the Arameans had gone out in bands, and hadbrought away captive out of the land of Israel a little maid; and she waited on Naaman's wife.

וַאֲרָם יָצְאוּ גְדוּדִים וַיִּשְׁבּוּ מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל נַעֲרָה קְטַנָּה וַתְּהִי לִפְנֵי אֵשֶׁת נַעֲמָן.

Melakhim II 6:8-23מלכים ב׳ ו׳:ח׳-כ״ג

(8) Now the king of Aram warred against Israel; and he took counsel with his servants, saying: 'In such and such a place shall be my camp.' (9) And the man of God sent unto the king of Israel, saying: 'Beware that thou pass not such a place; for thither the Arameans are coming down.' (10) And the king of Israel sent to the place which the man of God told him and warned him of; and he guarded himself there, not once nor twice. (11) And the heart of the king of Aram was sore troubled for this thing; and he called his servants, and said unto them: 'Will ye not tell me which of us is for the king of Israel?' (12) And one of his servants said: 'Nay, my lord, O king; but Elisha, the prophet that is in Israel, telleth the king of Israel the words that thou speakest in thy bed-chamber.' (13) And he said: 'Go and see where he is, that I may send and fetch him.' And it was told him, saying: 'Behold, he is in Dothan.' (14) Therefore sent he thither horses, and chariots, and a great host; and they came by night, and compassedthe city about. (15) And when the servant of the man of God was risen early, and gone forth, behold, a host with horses and chariots was round about the city. And his servant said unto him: 'Alas, my master! how shall we do?' (16) And he answered: 'Fear not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them.' (17) And Elisha prayed, and said: 'Lord, I pray Thee, open his eyes, that he may see.' And the Lord opened the eyes of the young man; and he saw; and, behold, the mountain was full of horses and chariots of fire round about Elisha. (18) And when they came down to him, Elisha prayed unto the Lord, and said: 'Smite this people, I pray Thee, with blindness.' And He smote them with blindness according to the word of Elisha. (19) And Elisha said unto them: 'This is not the way, neither is this the city; follow me, and I will bring you to the man whom ye seek.' And he led them to Samaria. (20) And it came to pass, when they were come into Samaria, that Elisha said: 'Lord, open the eyes of these men, that they may see.' And the Lord opened their eyes, and they saw; and, behold, they were in the midst of Samaria. (21) And the king of Israel said unto Elisha, when he saw them: 'My father, shall I smite them? shall I smite them?' (22) And he answered: 'Thou shalt not smite them; hast thou taken captive with thy sword and with thy bow those whom thou wouldest smite? set bread and water before them, that they may eat and drink, and go to their master.' (23) And he prepared great provision for them; and when they had eaten and drunk, he sent them away, and they went to their master. And the bands of Aram came no more into the land of Israel.

(ח) וּמֶלֶךְ אֲרָם הָיָה נִלְחָם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּוָּעַץ אֶל עֲבָדָיו לֵאמֹר אֶל מְקוֹם פְּלֹנִי אַלְמֹנִי תַּחֲנֹתִי. (ט) וַיִּשְׁלַח אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים אֶל מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל לֵאמֹר הִשָּׁמֶר מֵעֲבֹר הַמָּקוֹם הַזֶּה כִּי שָׁם אֲרָם נְחִתִּים. (י) וַיִּשְׁלַח מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר אָמַר לוֹ אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים וְהִזְהִירֹה וְנִשְׁמַר שָׁם לֹא אַחַת וְלֹא שְׁתָּיִם. (יא) וַיִּסָּעֵר לֵב מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם עַל הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה וַיִּקְרָא אֶל עֲבָדָיו וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵיהֶם הֲלוֹא תַּגִּידוּ לִי מִי מִשֶּׁלָּנוּ אֶל מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל. (יב) וַיֹּאמֶר אַחַד מֵעֲבָדָיו לוֹא אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ כִּי אֱלִישָׁע הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל יַגִּיד לְמֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר בַּחֲדַר מִשְׁכָּבֶךָ. (יג) וַיֹּאמֶר לְכוּ וּרְאוּ אֵיכֹה הוּא וְאֶשְׁלַח וְאֶקָּחֵהוּ וַיֻּגַּד לוֹ לֵאמֹר הִנֵּה בְדֹתָן. (יד) וַיִּשְׁלַח שָׁמָּה סוּסִים וְרֶכֶב וְחַיִל כָּבֵד וַיָּבֹאוּ לַיְלָה וַיַּקִּפוּ עַל הָעִיר. (טו) וַיַּשְׁכֵּם מְשָׁרֵת אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים לָקוּם וַיֵּצֵא וְהִנֵּה חַיִל סוֹבֵב אֶת הָעִיר וְסוּס וָרָכֶב וַיֹּאמֶר נַעֲרוֹ אֵלָיו אֲהָהּ אֲדֹנִי אֵיכָה נַעֲשֶׂה. (טז) וַיֹּאמֶר אַל תִּירָא כִּי רַבִּים אֲשֶׁר אִתָּנוּ מֵאֲשֶׁר אוֹתָם. (יז) וַיִּתְפַּלֵּל אֱלִישָׁע וַיֹּאמַר י"י פְּקַח נָא אֶת עֵינָיו וְיִרְאֶה וַיִּפְקַח י"י אֶת עֵינֵי הַנַּעַר וַיַּרְא וְהִנֵּה הָהָר מָלֵא סוּסִים וְרֶכֶב אֵשׁ סְבִיבֹת אֱלִישָׁע. (יח) וַיֵּרְדוּ אֵלָיו וַיִּתְפַּלֵּל אֱלִישָׁע אֶל י"י וַיֹּאמַר הַךְ נָא אֶת הַגּוֹי הַזֶּה בַּסַּנְוֵרִים וַיַּכֵּם בַּסַּנְוֵרִים כִּדְבַר אֱלִישָׁע. (יט) וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם אֱלִישָׁע לֹא זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ וְלֹא זֹה הָעִיר לְכוּ אַחֲרַי וְאוֹלִיכָה אֶתְכֶם אֶל הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר תְּבַקֵּשׁוּן וַיֹּלֶךְ אוֹתָם שֹׁמְרוֹנָה. (כ) וַיְהִי כְּבֹאָם שֹׁמְרוֹן וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלִישָׁע י"י פְּקַח אֶת עֵינֵי אֵלֶּה וְיִרְאוּ וַיִּפְקַח י"י אֶת עֵינֵיהֶם וַיִּרְאוּ וְהִנֵּה בְּתוֹךְ שֹׁמְרוֹן. (כא) וַיֹּאמֶר מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל אֱלִישָׁע כִּרְאֹתוֹ אוֹתָם הַאַכֶּה אַכֶּה אָבִי. (כב) וַיֹּאמֶר לֹא תַכֶּה הַאֲשֶׁר שָׁבִיתָ בְּחַרְבְּךָ וּבְקַשְׁתְּךָ אַתָּה מַכֶּה שִׂים לֶחֶם וָמַיִם לִפְנֵיהֶם וְיֹאכְלוּ וְיִשְׁתּוּ וְיֵלְכוּ אֶל אֲדֹנֵיהֶם. (כג) וַיִּכְרֶה לָהֶם כֵּרָה גְדוֹלָה וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּוּ וַיְשַׁלְּחֵם וַיֵּלְכוּ אֶל אֲדֹנֵיהֶם וְלֹא יָסְפוּ עוֹד גְּדוּדֵי אֲרָם לָבוֹא בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל.

Melakhim II 6:24-25מלכים ב׳ ו׳:כ״ד-כ״ה

(24) And it came to pass after this, that Ben-hadad king of Aram gathered all his host, and went up, and besieged Samaria. (25) And there was a great famine in Samaria; and, behold, they besieged it, until an ass's head was sold for fourscore pieces of silver, and the fourth part of a kab of dove's dung for five pieces of silver.

(כד) וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵי כֵן וַיִּקְבֹּץ בֶּן הֲדַד מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם אֶת כׇּל מַחֲנֵהוּ וַיַּעַל וַיָּצַר עַל שֹׁמְרוֹן. (כה) וַיְהִי רָעָב גָּדוֹל בְּשֹׁמְרוֹן וְהִנֵּה צָרִים עָלֶיהָ עַד הֱיוֹת רֹאשׁ חֲמוֹר בִּשְׁמֹנִים כֶּסֶף וְרֹבַע הַקַּב [דִּב יוֹנִים] (חרי יונים) בַּחֲמִשָּׁה כָסֶף.

Melakhim II 7:1-9מלכים ב׳ ז׳:א׳-ט׳

(1) And Elisha said: 'Hear ye the word of the Lord; thus saith the Lord: To-morrow about this time shall a measure of fine flour be sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel, in the gate of Samaria.' (2) Then the captain on whose hand the king leaned answered the man of God, and said: 'Behold, if the Lord should make windows in heaven, might this thing be?' And he said: 'Behold, thou shalt see it with thine eyes, but shalt not eat thereof.' (3) Now there were four leprous men at the entrance of the gate; and they said one to another: 'Why sit we here until we die? (4) If we say: We will enter into the city, then the famine is in the city, and we shall die there; and if we sit still here, we die also. Now therefore come, and let us fall unto the host of the Arameans; if they save us alive, we shall live; and if they kill us, we shall but die.' (5) And they rose up in the twilight, to go unto the camp of the Arameans; and when they were come to the outermost part of the camp of the Arameans, behold, there was no man there. (6) For the Lord had made the host of the Arameans to hear a noise of chariots, and a noise of horses, even the noise of a great host; and they said one to another: 'Lo, the king of Israel hath hired against us the kings of the Hittites, and the kings of the Egyptians, to come upon us.' (7) Wherefore they arose and fled in the twilight, and left their tents, and their horses, and their asses, even the camp as it was, and fled for their life. (8) And when these lepers came to the outermost part of the camp, they went into one tent, and did eat and drink, and carried thence silver, and gold, and raiment, and went and hid it; and they came back, and entered into another tent, and carried thence also, and went and hid it. (9) Then they said one to another: 'We do not well; this day is a day of good tidings, and we hold our peace; if we tarry till the morning light, punishment will overtake us; now therefore come, let us go and tell the king's household.'

(א) וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלִישָׁע שִׁמְעוּ דְּבַר י"י כֹּה אָמַר י"י כָּעֵת מָחָר סְאָה סֹלֶת בְּשֶׁקֶל וְסָאתַיִם שְׂעֹרִים בְּשֶׁקֶל בְּשַׁעַר שֹׁמְרוֹן. (ב) וַיַּעַן הַשָּׁלִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לַמֶּלֶךְ נִשְׁעָן עַל יָדוֹ אֶת אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים וַיֹּאמַר הִנֵּה י"י עֹשֶׂה אֲרֻבּוֹת בַּשָּׁמַיִם הֲיִהְיֶה הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה וַיֹּאמֶר הִנְּכָה רֹאֶה בְּעֵינֶיךָ וּמִשָּׁם לֹא תֹאכֵל. (ג) וְאַרְבָּעָה אֲנָשִׁים הָיוּ מְצֹרָעִים פֶּתַח הַשָּׁעַר וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ מָה אֲנַחְנוּ יֹשְׁבִים פֹּה עַד מָתְנוּ. (ד) אִם אָמַרְנוּ נָבוֹא הָעִיר וְהָרָעָב בָּעִיר וָמַתְנוּ שָׁם וְאִם יָשַׁבְנוּ פֹה וָמָתְנוּ וְעַתָּה לְכוּ וְנִפְּלָה אֶל מַחֲנֵה אֲרָם אִם יְחַיֻּנוּ נִחְיֶה וְאִם יְמִיתֻנוּ וָמָתְנוּ. (ה) וַיָּקֻמוּ בַנֶּשֶׁף לָבוֹא אֶל מַחֲנֵה אֲרָם וַיָּבֹאוּ עַד קְצֵה מַחֲנֵה אֲרָם וְהִנֵּה אֵין שָׁם אִישׁ. (ו) וַאדֹנָי הִשְׁמִיעַ אֶת מַחֲנֵה אֲרָם קוֹל רֶכֶב קוֹל סוּס קוֹל חַיִל גָּדוֹל וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל אָחִיו הִנֵּה שָׂכַר עָלֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת מַלְכֵי הַחִתִּים וְאֶת מַלְכֵי מִצְרַיִם לָבוֹא עָלֵינוּ. (ז) וַיָּקוּמוּ וַיָּנוּסוּ בַנֶּשֶׁף וַיַּעַזְבוּ אֶת אׇהֳלֵיהֶם וְאֶת סוּסֵיהֶם וְאֶת חֲמֹרֵיהֶם הַמַּחֲנֶה כַּאֲשֶׁר הִיא וַיָּנֻסוּ אֶל נַפְשָׁם. (ח) וַיָּבֹאוּ הַמְצֹרָעִים הָאֵלֶּה עַד קְצֵה הַמַּחֲנֶה וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל אֹהֶל אֶחָד וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּוּ וַיִּשְׂאוּ מִשָּׁם כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב וּבְגָדִים וַיֵּלְכוּ וַיַּטְמִנוּ וַיָּשֻׁבוּ וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל אֹהֶל אַחֵר וַיִּשְׂאוּ מִשָּׁם וַיֵּלְכוּ וַיַּטְמִנוּ. (ט) וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ לֹא כֵן אֲנַחְנוּ עֹשִׂים הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יוֹם בְּשֹׂרָה הוּא וַאֲנַחְנוּ מַחְשִׁים וְחִכִּינוּ עַד אוֹר הַבֹּקֶר וּמְצָאָנוּ עָווֹן וְעַתָּה לְכוּ וְנָבֹאָה וְנַגִּידָה בֵּית הַמֶּלֶךְ.

Melakhim II 8:26-29מלכים ב׳ ח׳:כ״ו-כ״ט

(26) Two and twenty years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign; and he reigned one year in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Athaliah the daughter of Omri king of Israel. (27) And he walked in the way of the house of Ahab, and did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord, as did the house of Ahab; for he was the son-in-law of the house of Ahab. (28) And he went with Joram the son of Ahab to war against Hazael king of Aram at Ramoth-gilead; and the Arameans wounded Joram. (29) And king Joram returned to be healed in Jezreel of the wounds which the Arameans had given him at Ramah, when he fought against Hazael king of Aram. And Ahaziah the son of Jehoram king of Judah went down to see Joram the son of Ahab in Jezreel, because he was sick.

(כו) בֶּן עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁתַּיִם שָׁנָה אֲחַזְיָהוּ בְמׇלְכוֹ וְשָׁנָה אַחַת מָלַךְ בִּירוּשָׁלָ‍ִם וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ עֲתַלְיָהוּ בַּת עׇמְרִי מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל. (כז) וַיֵּלֶךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ בֵּית אַחְאָב וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי י"י כְּבֵית אַחְאָב כִּי חֲתַן בֵּית אַחְאָב הוּא. (כח) וַיֵּלֶךְ אֶת יוֹרָם בֶּן אַחְאָב לַמִּלְחָמָה עִם חֲזָאֵל מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם בְּרָמֹת גִּלְעָד וַיַּכּוּ אֲרַמִּים אֶת יוֹרָם. (כט) וַיָּשׇׁב יוֹרָם הַמֶּלֶךְ לְהִתְרַפֵּא בְיִזְרְעֶאל מִן הַמַּכִּים אֲשֶׁר יַכֻּהוּ אֲרַמִּים בָּרָמָה בְּהִלָּחֲמוֹ אֶת חֲזָהאֵל מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם וַאֲחַזְיָהוּ בֶן יְהוֹרָם מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה יָרַד לִרְאוֹת אֶת יוֹרָם בֶּן אַחְאָב בְּיִזְרְעֶאל כִּי חֹלֶה הוּא.

Melakhim II 10:32-33מלכים ב׳ י׳:ל״ב-ל״ג

(32) In those days the Lord began to cut Israel short; and Hazael smote them in all the borders of Israel: (33) from the Jordan eastward, all the land of Gilead, the Gadites, and the Reubenites, and the Manassites, from Aroer, which is by the valley of Arnon, even Gilead and Bashan.

(לב) בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם הֵחֵל י"י לְקַצּוֹת בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וַיַּכֵּם חֲזָאֵל בְּכׇל גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל. (לג) מִן הַיַּרְדֵּן מִזְרַח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ אֵת כׇּל אֶרֶץ הַגִּלְעָד הַגָּדִי וְהָראוּבֵנִי וְהַמְנַשִּׁי מֵעֲרֹעֵר אֲשֶׁר עַל נַחַל אַרְנֹן וְהַגִּלְעָד וְהַבָּשָׁן.

Melakhim II 12:18-19מלכים ב י״ב:י״ח-י״ט

(18) Then Hazael king of Aram went up, and fought against Gath, and took it; and Hazael set his face to go up to Jerusalem. (19) And Jehoash king Judah took all the hallowed things that Jehoshaphat, and Jehoram, and Ahaziah, his fathers, kings of Judah, had dedicated, and his own hallowed things, and all the gold that was found in the treasures of the house of the Lord, and of the king's house, and sent it to Hazael king of Aram; and he went away from Jerusalem.

(יח) אָז יַעֲלֶה חֲזָאֵל מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם וַיִּלָּחֶם עַל גַּת וַיִּלְכְּדָהּ וַיָּשֶׂם חֲזָאֵל פָּנָיו לַעֲלוֹת עַל יְרוּשָׁלָ‍ִם. (יט) וַיִּקַּח יְהוֹאָשׁ מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה אֵת כׇּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר הִקְדִּישׁוּ יְהוֹשָׁפָט וִיהוֹרָם וַאֲחַזְיָהוּ אֲבֹתָיו מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה וְאֶת קֳדָשָׁיו וְאֵת כׇּל הַזָּהָב הַנִּמְצָא בְּאֹצְרוֹת בֵּית י״י וּבֵית הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיִּשְׁלַח לַחֲזָאֵל מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם וַיַּעַל מֵעַל יְרוּשָׁלָ‍ִם.

Melakhim II 13:3-7מלכים ב׳ י״ג:ג׳-ז׳

(3) And the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and He delivered them into the hand of Hazael king of Aram, and into the hand of Ben-hadad the son of Hazael, continually. (4) And Jehoahaz besought the Lord, and the Lord hearkened unto him; for He saw the oppression of Israel, how that the king of Aram oppressed them.— (5) And the Lord gave Israel a deliverer, so that they went out from under the hand of the Arameans; and the children of Israel dwelt in their tents, as beforetime. (6) Nevertheless they departed not from the sins of the house of Jeroboam, wherewith he made Israel to sin, but walked therein; and there remained the Asherah also in Samaria.— (7) For there was not left to Jehoahaz of the people save fifty horsemen, and ten chariots, and ten thousand footmen; for the king of Aram destroyed them, and made them like the dust in threshing.

(ג) וַיִּחַר אַף י"י בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּתְּנֵם בְּיַד חֲזָאֵל מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם וּבְיַד בֶּן הֲדַד בֶּן חֲזָאֵל כׇּל הַיָּמִים. (ד) וַיְחַל יְהוֹאָחָז אֶת פְּנֵי י"י וַיִּשְׁמַע אֵלָיו י"י כִּי רָאָה אֶת לַחַץ יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי לָחַץ אֹתָם מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם. (ה) וַיִּתֵּן י"י לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מוֹשִׁיעַ וַיֵּצְאוּ מִתַּחַת יַד אֲרָם וַיֵּשְׁבוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּאׇהֳלֵיהֶם כִּתְמוֹל שִׁלְשׁוֹם. (ו) אַךְ לֹא סָרוּ מֵחַטֹּאת בֵּית יָרׇבְעָם אֲשֶׁר הֶחֱטִי אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּהּ הָלָךְ וְגַם הָאֲשֵׁרָה עָמְדָה בְּשֹׁמְרוֹן. (ז) כִּי לֹא הִשְׁאִיר לִיהוֹאָחָז עָם כִּי אִם חֲמִשִּׁים פָּרָשִׁים וַעֲשָׂרָה רֶכֶב וַעֲשֶׂרֶת אֲלָפִים רַגְלִי כִּי אִבְּדָם מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם וַיְשִׂמֵם כֶּעָפָר לָדֻשׁ.

Melakhim II 13:14-19מלכים ב׳ י״ג:י״ד-י״ט

(14) Now Elisha was fallen sick of his sickness whereof he was to die; and Joash the king of Israel came down unto him, and wept over him, and said: 'My father, my father, the chariots of Israel and the horsemen thereof! ' (15) And Elisha said unto him: 'Take bow and arrows'; and he took unto him bow and arrows. (16) And he said to the king of Israel: 'Put thy hand upon the bow'; and he put his hand upon it. And Elisha laid his hands upon the king's hands. (17) And he said: 'Open the window eastward'; and he opened it. Then Elisha said: 'Shoot'; and he shot. And he said: 'The Lord's arrow of victory, even the arrow of victory against Aram; for thou shalt smite the Arameans in Aphek, till thou have consumed them.' (18) And he said: 'Take the arrows'; and he took them. And he said unto the king of Israel: 'Smite upon the ground'; and he smote thrice, and stayed. (19) And the man of God was wroth with him, and said: 'Thou shouldest have smitten five or six times; then hadst thou smitten Aram till thou hadst consumed it; whereas now thou shalt smite Aram but thrice.'

(יד) וֶאֱלִישָׁע חָלָה אֶת חׇלְיוֹ אֲשֶׁר יָמוּת בּוֹ וַיֵּרֶד אֵלָיו יוֹאָשׁ מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֵּבְךְּ עַל פָּנָיו וַיֹּאמַר אָבִי אָבִי רֶכֶב יִשְׂרָאֵל וּפָרָשָׁיו. (טו) וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ אֱלִישָׁע קַח קֶשֶׁת וְחִצִּים וַיִּקַּח אֵלָיו קֶשֶׁת וְחִצִּים. (טז) וַיֹּאמֶר לְמֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל הַרְכֵּב יָדְךָ עַל הַקֶּשֶׁת וַיַּרְכֵּב יָדוֹ וַיָּשֶׂם אֱלִישָׁע יָדָיו עַל יְדֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ. (יז) וַיֹּאמֶר פְּתַח הַחַלּוֹן קֵדְמָה וַיִּפְתָּח וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלִישָׁע יְרֵה וַיּוֹר וַיֹּאמֶר חֵץ תְּשׁוּעָה לַי"י וְחֵץ תְּשׁוּעָה בַאֲרָם וְהִכִּיתָ אֶת אֲרָם בַּאֲפֵק עַד כַּלֵּה. (יח) וַיֹּאמֶר קַח הַחִצִּים וַיִּקָּח וַיֹּאמֶר לְמֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל הַךְ אַרְצָה וַיַּךְ שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים וַיַּעֲמֹד. (יט) וַיִּקְצֹף עָלָיו אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים וַיֹּאמֶר לְהַכּוֹת חָמֵשׁ אוֹ שֵׁשׁ פְּעָמִים אָז הִכִּיתָ אֶת אֲרָם עַד כַּלֵּה וְעַתָּה שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים תַּכֶּה אֶת אֲרָם.

Melakhim II 13:24-25מלכים ב׳ י״ג:כ״ד-כ״ה

(24) And Hazael king of Aram died; and Ben-hadad his son reigned in his stead. (25) And Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz took again out of the hand of Benhadad the son of Hazael the cities which he had taken out of the hand of Jehoahaz his father by war. Three times did Joash smite him, and recovered the cities of Israel.

(כד) וַיָּמׇת חֲזָאֵל מֶלֶךְ אֲרָם וַיִּמְלֹךְ בֶּן הֲדַד בְּנוֹ תַּחְתָּיו. (כה) וַיָּשׇׁב יְהוֹאָשׁ בֶּן יְהוֹאָחָז וַיִּקַּח אֶת הֶעָרִים מִיַּד בֶּן הֲדַד בֶּן חֲזָאֵל אֲשֶׁר לָקַח מִיַּד יְהוֹאָחָז אָבִיו בַּמִּלְחָמָה שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים הִכָּהוּ יוֹאָשׁ וַיָּשֶׁב אֶת עָרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.

Melakhim II 14:23-28מלכים ב׳ י״ד:כ״ג-כ״ח

(23) In the fifteenth year of Amaziah the son of Joash king of Judah Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel began to reign in Samaria, and reigned forty and one years. (24) And he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord; he departed not from all the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, wherewith he made Israel to sin. (25) He restored the border of Israel from the entrance of Hamath unto the sea of the Arabah, according to the word of the Lord, the God of Israel, which He spoke by the hand of His servant Jonah the son of Amittai, the prophet, who was of Gath-hepher. (26) For the Lord saw the affliction of Israel, that it was very bitter; for there was none shut up nor left at large, neither was there any helper for Israel. (27) And the Lord said not that He would blot out the name of Israel from under heaven; but He saved them by the hand of Jeroboam the son of Joash. (28) Now the rest of the acts of Jeroboam, and all that he did, and his might, how he warred, and how he recovered Damascus, and Hamath, for Judah in Israel, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel?

(כג) בִּשְׁנַת חֲמֵשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַאֲמַצְיָהוּ בֶן יוֹאָשׁ מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה מָלַךְ יָרׇבְעָם בֶּן יוֹאָשׁ מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּשֹׁמְרוֹן אַרְבָּעִים וְאַחַת שָׁנָה. (כד) וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי י"י לֹא סָר מִכׇּל חַטֹּאות יָרׇבְעָם בֶּן נְבָט אֲשֶׁר הֶחֱטִיא אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. (כה) הוּא הֵשִׁיב אֶת גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִלְּבוֹא חֲמָת עַד יָם הָעֲרָבָה כִּדְבַר י"י אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר בְּיַד עַבְדּוֹ יוֹנָה בֶן אֲמִתַּי הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר מִגַּת הַחֵפֶר. (כו) כִּי רָאָה י"י אֶת עֳנִי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֹרֶה מְאֹד וְאֶפֶס עָצוּר וְאֶפֶס עָזוּב וְאֵין עֹזֵר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. (כז) וְלֹא דִבֶּר י"י לִמְחוֹת אֶת שֵׁם יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמָיִם וַיּוֹשִׁיעֵם בְּיַד יָרׇבְעָם בֶּן יוֹאָשׁ. (כח) וְיֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי יָרׇבְעָם וְכׇל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וּגְבוּרָתוֹ אֲשֶׁר נִלְחָם וַאֲשֶׁר הֵשִׁיב אֶת דַּמֶּשֶׂק וְאֶת חֲמָת לִיהוּדָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים עַל סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים לְמַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.

Divrei HaYamim II 24:23-24דברי הימים ב כ״ד:כ״ג-כ״ד

(23) And it came to pass, when the year was come about, that the army of the Arameans came up against him; and they came to Judah and Jerusalem, and destroyed all the princes of the people from among the people, and sent all the spoil of them unto the king of Damascus. (24) For the army of the Arameans came with a small company of men; and the Lord delivered a very great host into their hand, because they had forsaken the Lord, the God of their fathers. So they executed judgment upon Joash.

(כג) וַיְהִי לִתְקוּפַת הַשָּׁנָה עָלָה עָלָיו חֵיל אֲרָם וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל יְהוּדָה וִירוּשָׁלַ‍ִם וַיַּשְׁחִיתוּ אֶת כׇּל שָׂרֵי הָעָם מֵעָם וְכׇל שְׁלָלָם שִׁלְּחוּ לְמֶלֶךְ דַּרְמָשֶׂק. (כד) כִּי בְמִצְעַר אֲנָשִׁים בָּאוּ חֵיל אֲרָם וַי״י נָתַן בְּיָדָם חַיִל לָרֹב מְאֹד כִּי עָזְבוּ אֶת י״י אֱלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵיהֶם וְאֶת יוֹאָשׁ עָשׂוּ שְׁפָטִים.

Kurkh Monolith Inscription (D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Chicago, 1927): 223)המונולית מכורח (מתורגם ע"י ח. תדמור, תולדות עם ישראל בימי קדם (תל-אביב, 1929): 120)

From Argana I departed. To Karkar I drew near. Karkar, his royal city, I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire. 1,200 chariots, 1,200 cavalry, 20,000 soldiers of Hadad-ezer of Aram (?Damascus), 700 chariots, 700 cavalry, 10,000 soldiers of Irhuleni of Hamath, 2000 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of Ahab the Israelite, 500 soldiers of the Gueans, 1,000 soldiers of the Musreans, 10 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of the Irkanateans, 200 soldiers of Matinu-ba'il, the Arvadite, 200 soldiers of the Usanateabsm 30 chariots [ ],000 soldiers of Adunu-ba'il, the Shianean, 1000 camels of Gindibu, the Arabean, [ ],000 soldiers [of] Ba'sa son of Ruhubi, the Ammonite, – these twelve kings he brought to his support, to offer battle and fight, they came against me. (Trusting) in the exalted might which Assur, the lord, had given (me) in the mighty weapon, which Nergal, who goes before me, had presented to me, I battled with them. From Karkar, as far as the city of Gilzau, I routed them, 14,000 of their warriors I slew with the sword. Like Adad, I rained destruction upon them. I scattered their corpses far and wide and covered the face of the desolate plain with their widespreading armies. With (my) weapons I made their blood to flow down to the valleys(?) of the land. The plain was too small to let their bodies fall, the wide countryside was used up in burying them. With their bodies I spanned the Arantu (Orontes) as with a bridge(?). In that battle I took from them their chariots, their cavalry, their horses broken to the yoke.

מארגנ יצאתי ולקרקר קרבתי. את קרקר עיר מלכותו הרסתי, החרבתי באש שרפתי. 1200 רכב, 1200 סוסי פרשים, 20,000 רגלי של הדדעזר מארץ דמשק, 700 רכב, 700 סוסי פרשים, 10,000 רגלי של ארחלנ החמתי, 2000 רכב, 10,000 רגלי של אחאב הישראלי, 500 רגלי של בני גבל, 1,000 רגלי של בני מצרים, 10 רכב, 10,000 רגלי של רגלי של בני ערק, 200 רגלי של מתן-בעל, 200 רגלי של בני, 10,000 רגלי של אדוני-בעל הסיאני, 1,000 גמלים של גנדבא הערבי, 1,000 רגלי של בעשא בן-רחוב העמוני (או מהר האמנה) שנים-עשר מלכים אלה הוא הביא לו לעזרה (ו)הם נערכו נגדי לקרב מכריע. בכוח האדיר שנתן לי האל אשור, בכלי הנשק העזים שהעניק לי האל נרגל, ההולך לפני, לחמתי עמם. למן קרקר ועד גלזא הנחלתי להם מפלה ניצחת. בחרב הכיתי 14,000 מצבא לוחמיהם, כאדד המטרתי עליהם סופה. פיזרתי את גוויותיהם (ו)מילאתי את פני המישור בחילותיהם הנפוצים.

The Black Obelisk Inscription (D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Chicago, 1927): 205-207)

567. In my tenth year of reign, I crossed the Euphrates for the eighth time.  The cities of Sangara of Carchemish I captured.  Against the cities of Aram I drew near.  Arne, his royal city, together with 100 of his small cities, I captured. 568. In my eleventh year of reign, I crossed the Euphrates for the ninth time.  Countless cities I captured.  Against the cities of the land of Hamath, I descended. 89 cities I captured.  Hadadezer of Aram (? Damascus) (and) twelve kings of the land of Hatti stood by each other.  I accomplished their overthrow.... 571.  In my fourteenth year of reign, I mustered (all the resources of my) land.  I crossed the Euphrates. Twelve kings advanced to meet me.  I battled with them, I accomplished their overthrow.... 575. In my eighteenth year of reign I crossed the Euphrates for the sixteenth time. Hazael of Aram (?Damascus) came forth to battle.  1,121 of his chariots, 470 of his cavalry, together with his camp, I captured from him..... 578. In my twenty-first year of reign I crossed the Euphrates for the twenty-first time. I advanced against the cities of Hazael of Aram (?Damascus).  Four of his cities I captured.  The gifts of the Tyrians, Sidonains, and Gebalites I received....

The Monolith Inscription (D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Chicago, 1927): 254-255)

715. Where Assur-danin-apli, in the time of Shlamaneser, his father, acted wickedly, bringing about sedition, rebellion (and) wicked plotting, caused the land to rise in revolt, prepared for war, brought the people of Assyria, north and south, to his side, and made bold speeches(?), brought the cities into the rebellion, and set his face to begin strife and battle, Nineveh, Adia, Shibaniba, Imgur-Bel, Ishshibri, Bit-Ir-piti(?), Shimu, Shibhinish, Udnuna, Kibshuna, Kurban, Tidu, Nabalu, Kahat, Assur, Urakka, Amat, Huzirina, Durbalati, Dariga, Zaban, Lubdu, Arrapha, Arba-ilu, together with Amedi, Til-abne, Hindanu, total 27 cities, along with their fortifications, which had revolted against Shalmaneser, king of the four regions (of the world), my father, and which had gone to the side of Assur-danin-apli– at the command of the great gods, my lords, I brought (these) into submission at my feet.

Saba'a Stele (D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Chicago, 1927): 261-262)

734. In my fifth year of reign, when I took my seat on the royal throne, in might, I mobilized (the forces of my) land, the widespreading armies of Assyria I gave the order to advance aginst Palashtu (Palestine).  The Euphrates I crossed at its flood.  The [idespreading, hostile] kings, who in the time of  Shamshi -Adad, my father, had rebelled and [withheld their tribute] – at the command of Assur, Sin, Shamash, Adad, Ishtar, the gods, my allies, [terror] overwhelmed them and they laid hold of my feet.  Tribute and tax, more than that of former days,] they brought to Assyira. I received it. 735. [To march against Aram] I gave the command. Mari [I shut up] in Damascus [his royal city]. 100 talents of gold, 1000 talents of silver…….. talents…….. I received….

The Nimrud Slab (D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Chicago, 1927): 263-264)

739. Palace of Adad-Nirari, the great king the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, the king whom Assur, king of the Igigi, called in his youth and gave him a kingdom without a rival, whose rule (lit. shepherding) he made beneficial (lit. good) as the food (plant) of life for the people of Assyria, and whose throne he firmly established; holy priest, who provides magnificently for Esharara, who is unwearied, who upholds the cult o Ekur; who went forth under the protection of Assur, his lord, and brought the princes, of the four regions (of the world) in submission to his feet, who conquered from Mount Siluna of the east (rising sun), the lands of saban (?), Ellipi, Harhar, Araziash, Mesu, Madai, Gizilbunda in its totality, Munna, Parsua, Allabria, Abdadan, Na'iri to its farthest border, Andiu, which lies afar off, the mountain slope (?) to its farthest border, up to the great sea of the rising sun; from above the Euphrates – Hatti, Amurru in its totality, Tyre, Sidon, Humri (Omriland), Edom, Palastu, up to the great sea of the setting sun – I brought (these lands) in submission to my feet.  Tribute and tax I imposed upon them. 740. Against Aram I marched, Mari, king of Aram, – in Damascus, his royal city, I shut him up. The terrifying splendor of Assur, his lord, overwhelmed him and he laid hold of my feet, he became my vassal. 2,300 talents of silver, 20 talents of god, 3,000 talents of copper, 5,000 talents of iron, colored woolen and linen garments, an ivory bed, an ivory couch, inlaid and bejeweled(?), his property and his good, in immeasurable quantity, in Damascus, his royal city, in his palace, I received. 741.  The kings of Kaldu, all of them became my vassals; tribute and tax for all time to come I imposed upon them. Babylon, Borsippa, Kutha, brought the "remnant" of Bel, Nabu, and Nergal, pure sacrifices…

Tell al-Rimah Inscription (Translation of K. Lawson Younger, COS 2.114F)

[1] To Adad, the greatest god, powerful noble of the gods, first-born son of Anu, unique, awesome, lofty, the canal-inspector of heaven and earth, who rains abundance, who dwells in Zamahu, the great lord, his lord. [2] Adad-Nirari, mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, son of Šamši-Adad, the king of the universe, king of Assyria, the son of Šalmaneser, the king of the four quarters. [3] I mustered my chariots, troops, and camps; I ordered them, to march to the land of Hatti. In a single year, I subdued the entire land of Amurru and Hatti. I imposed upon them tax and tribute forever. [4] I received 2,000 talents of silver, 1,000 talents of copper, 2,000 talents of iron, 3,000 linen garments with multicolored trim - the tribute of Mari' - of the land of Damascus. I received the tribute of Jehoash the Samarian, of the Tyrian ruler and of the Sidonian ruler. [5] I marched to the great sea in the west. I erected a statue of my lordship in the city of Arvad, which is in the midst of the sea. I climbed Mount Lebanon; and I cut down timbers: 100 mature cedars, material needed for my palace and temples