The Last Kings of Yehuda and Babylonian Sources
Sources
Biblical Texts
Melakhim II 23:28-37מלכים ב׳ כ״ג:כ״ח-ל״ז
(28) Now the rest of the acts of Josiah, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? (29) In his days Pharaoh-necoh king of Egypt went up against the king of Assyria to the river Euphrates; and king Josiah went against him; and he slew him at Megiddo, when he had seen him. (30) And his servants carried him in a chariot dead from Megiddo, and brought him to Jerusalem, and buried him in his own sepulchre. And the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah, and anointed him, and made him king in his father's stead. (31) Jehoahaz was twenty and three years old when he began to reign; and he reigned three months in Jerusalem; and his mother’s name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. (32) And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, according to all that his fathers had done. (33) And Pharaoh-necoh put him in bands at Riblah in the land of Hamath, that he might not reign in Jerusalem; and put the land to a fine of a hundred talents of silver, and a talent of gold. (34) And Pharaoh-necoh made Eliakim the son of Josiah king in the room of Josiah his father, and changed his name to Jehoiakim; but he took Jehoahaz away; and he came to Egypt, and died there. (35) And Jehoiakim gave the silver and the gold to Pharaoh; but he taxed the land to give the money according to the commandment of Pharaoh; he exacted the silver and the gold of the people of the land, of every one according to his taxation, to give it unto Pharaoh-necoh. (36) Jehoiakim was twenty and five years old when he began to reign; andhe reigned eleven years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Zebudah the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah. (37) And he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord, according to all that his fathers had done. | (כח) וְיֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ וְכׇל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים עַל סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים לְמַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה. (כט) בְּיָמָיו עָלָה פַרְעֹה נְכֹה מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם עַל מֶלֶךְ אַשּׁוּר עַל נְהַר פְּרָת וַיֵּלֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ לִקְרָאתוֹ וַיְמִיתֵהוּ בִּמְגִדּוֹ כִּרְאֹתוֹ אֹתוֹ. (ל) וַיַּרְכִּבֻהוּ עֲבָדָיו מֵת מִמְּגִדּוֹ וַיְבִאֻהוּ יְרוּשָׁלִַם וַיִּקְבְּרֻהוּ בִּקְבֻרָתוֹ וַיִּקַּח עַם הָאָרֶץ אֶת יְהוֹאָחָז בֶּן יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ וַיִּמְשְׁחוּ אֹתוֹ וַיַּמְלִיכוּ אֹתוֹ תַּחַת אָבִיו. (לא) בֶּן עֶשְׂרִים וְשָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנָה יְהוֹאָחָז בְּמׇלְכוֹ וּשְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים מָלַךְ בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ חֲמוּטַל בַּת יִרְמְיָהוּ מִלִּבְנָה. (לב) וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי י"י כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ אֲבֹתָיו. (לג) וַיַּאַסְרֵהוּ פַרְעֹה נְכֹה בְרִבְלָה בְּאֶרֶץ חֲמָת [מִמְּלֹךְ] (במלך) בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וַיִּתֶּן עֹנֶשׁ עַל הָאָרֶץ מֵאָה כִכַּר כֶּסֶף וְכִכַּר זָהָב. (לד) וַיַּמְלֵךְ פַּרְעֹה נְכֹה אֶת אֶלְיָקִים בֶּן יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ תַּחַת יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ אָבִיו וַיַּסֵּב אֶת שְׁמוֹ יְהוֹיָקִים וְאֶת יְהוֹאָחָז לָקַח וַיָּבֹא מִצְרַיִם וַיָּמׇת שָׁם. (לה) וְהַכֶּסֶף וְהַזָּהָב נָתַן יְהוֹיָקִים לְפַרְעֹה אַךְ הֶעֱרִיךְ אֶת הָאָרֶץ לָתֵת אֶת הַכֶּסֶף עַל פִּי פַרְעֹה אִישׁ כְּעֶרְכּוֹ נָגַשׂ אֶת הַכֶּסֶף וְאֶת הַזָּהָב אֶת עַם הָאָרֶץ לָתֵת לְפַרְעֹה נְכֹה. (לו) בֶּן עֶשְׂרִים וְחָמֵשׁ שָׁנָה יְהוֹיָקִים בְּמׇלְכוֹ וְאַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה מָלַךְ בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ [זְבוּדָּה] (זבידה) בַת פְּדָיָה מִן רוּמָה. (לז) וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי י"י כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ אֲבֹתָיו. |
Melakhim II 24מלכים ב׳ כ״ד
(1) In his days Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came up, and Jehoiakim became his servant three years; then he turned and rebelled against him. (2) And the Lord sent against him bands of the Chaldeans, and bands of the Arameans, and bands of the Moabites, and bands of the children of Ammon, and sent them against Judah to destroy it, according to the word of the Lord, which He spoke by the hand of His servants the prophets. (3) Surely at the commandment of the Lord came this upon Judah, to remove them out of His sight, for the sins of Manasseh, according to all that he did; (4) and also for the innocent blood that he shed; for he filled Jerusalem with innocent blood; and the Lord would not pardon. (5) Now the rest of the acts of Jehoiakim, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah? (6) So Jehoiakim slept with his fathers; and Jehoiachin his son reigned in his stead. (7) And the king of Egypt came not again any more out of his land; for the king of Babylon had taken, from the Brook of Egypt unto the river Euphrates, all that pertained to the king of Egypt. (8) Jehoiachin was eighteen years old when he began to reign; and he reigned in Jerusalem three months; and his mother's name was Nehushta the daughter of Elnathan of Jerusalem. (9) And he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord, according to all that his father had done. (10) At that time the servants of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came up to Jerusalem, and the city was besieged. (11) And Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came unto the city, while his servants were besieging it. (12) And Jehoiachin the king of Judah went out to the king of Babylon, he, and his mother, and his servants, and his princes, and his officers; and the king of Babylon took him in the eighth year of his reign. (13) And he carried out thence all the treasures of the house of the Lord, and the treasures of the king's house, and cut in pieces all the vessels of gold which Solomon king of Israel had made in the temple of the Lord, as the Lord had said. (14) And he carried away all Jerusalem, and all the princes, and all the mighty men of valour, even ten thousand captives, and all the craftsmen and the smiths; none remained, save the poorest sort of the people of the land. (15) And he carried away Jehoiachin to Babylon; and the king's mother, and the king's wives, and his officers, and the chief men of the land, carried he into captivity from Jerusalem to Babylon. (16) And all the men of might, even seven thousand, and the craftsmen and the smiths a thousand, all of them strong and apt for war, even them the king of Babylon brought captive to Babylon. (17) And the king of Babylon made Mattaniah his father's brother king in his stead, and changed his name to Zedekiah. (18) Zedekiah was twenty and one years old when he began to reign; and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem; and his mother's name was Hamutal the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. (19) And he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord, according to all that Jehoiakim had done. (20) For through the anger of the Lord did itcome to pass in Jerusalem and Judah, until He had cast them out from His presence. And Zedekiah rebelled against the king of Babylon. 25 (1) And it came to pass in the ninth year of his reign, in the tenth month, in the tenth day of the month, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came, he and all his army, against Jerusalem, and encamped against it; and they built forts against it round about. (2) So the city was besieged unto the eleventh year of king Zedekiah. (3) On the ninth day of the [fourth] month the famine was sore in the city, so that there was no bread for the people of the land. (4) Then a breach was made in the city, and all the men of war [fled] by night by the way of the gate between the two walls, which was by the king's garden—now the Chaldeans were against the city round about—and the king went by the way of the Arabah. (5) But the army of the Chaldeans pursued after the king, and overtook him in the plains of Jericho; and all his army was scattered from him. (6) Then they took the king, and carried him up unto the king of Babylon to Riblah; and they gave judgment upon him. (7) And they slew the sons of Zedekiah before his eyes, and put out the eyes of Zedekiah, and bound him in fetters, and carried him to Babylon. (8) Now in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of king Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, came Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard, a servant of the king of Babylon, unto Jerusalem. (9) And he burnt the house of the Lord, and the king's house; and all the houses of Jerusalem, even every great man's house, burnt he with fire. (10) And all the army of the Chaldeans, that were with the captain of the guard, broke down the walls of Jerusalem round about. (11) And the residue of the people that were left in the city, and those that fell away, that fell to the king of Babylon, and the residue of the multitude, did Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carry away captive. (12) But the captain of the guard left of the poorest of the land to be vinedressers and husbandmen. (13) And the pillars of brass that were in the house of the Lord, and the bases and the brazen sea that were in the house of the Lord, did the Chaldeans break in pieces, and carried the brass of them to Babylon. (14) And the pots, and the shovels, and the snuffers, and the pans, and all the vessels of brass wherewith they ministered, took they away. (15) And the fire-pans, and the basins, that which was of gold, in gold, and that which was of silver, in silver, the captain of the guard took away. (16) The two pillars, the one sea, and the bases, which Solomon had made for the house of the Lord; the brass of all these vessels was without weight. (17) The height of the one pillar was eighteen cubits, and a capital of brass was upon it; and the height of the capital was three cubits; with network and pomegranates upon the capital round about, all of brass; and like unto these had the second pillar with network. (18) And the captain of the guard took Seraiah the chief priest, and Zephaniah the second priest, and the three keepers of the door; (19) and out of the city he took an officer that was set over the men of war; and five men of them that saw the king's face, who were found in the city; and the scribe of the captain of the host, who mustered the people of the land; and threescore men of the people of the land,that were found in the city. (20) And Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard took them, and brought them to the king of Babylon to Riblah. (21) And the king of Babylon smote them, and put them to death at Riblah in the land of Hamath. So Judah was carried away captive out of his land. (22) And as for the people that were left in the land of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon had left, even over them he made Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, governor. (23) Now when all the captains of the forces, they and their men, heard that the king of Babylon had made Gedaliah governor, they came to Gedaliah to Mizpah, even Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and Johanan the son of Kareah, and Seraiah the son of Tanhumeth the Netophathite and Jaazaniah the son of the Maacathite, they and their men. (24) And Gedaliah swore to them and to their men, and said unto them: 'Fear not because of the servants of the Chaldeans; dwell in the land, and serve the king of Babylon, and it shall be well with you.' (25) But it came to pass in the seventh month, that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, the son of Elishama, of the seed royal, came, and ten men with him, and smote Gedaliah, that he died, and the Jews and the Chaldeans that were with him at Mizpah. (26) And all the people, both small and great, and the captains of the forces, arose, and came to Egypt; for they were afraid of the Chaldeans. (27) And it came to pass in the seven and thirtieth year of the captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the twelfth month, on the seven and twentieth day of the month, that Evil-merodach king of Babylon, in the year that he began to reign, did lift up the head of Jehoiachin king of Judah out of prison. (28) And he spoke kindly to him, and set his throne above the throne of the kings that were with him in Babylon. (29) And he changed his prison garments, and did eat bread before him continually all the days of his life. (30) And for his allowance, there was a continual allowance given him of the king, every day a portion, all the days of his life. | (א) בְּיָמָיו עָלָה נְבֻכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל וַיְהִי לוֹ יְהוֹיָקִים עֶבֶד שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים וַיָּשׇׁב וַיִּמְרׇד בּוֹ. (ב) וַיְשַׁלַּח י"י בּוֹ אֶת גְּדוּדֵי כַשְׂדִּים וְאֶת גְּדוּדֵי אֲרָם וְאֵת גְּדוּדֵי מוֹאָב וְאֵת גְּדוּדֵי בְנֵי עַמּוֹן וַיְשַׁלְּחֵם בִּיהוּדָה לְהַאֲבִידוֹ כִּדְבַר י"י אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר בְּיַד עֲבָדָיו הַנְּבִיאִים. (ג) אַךְ עַל פִּי י"י הָיְתָה בִּיהוּדָה לְהָסִיר מֵעַל פָּנָיו בְּחַטֹּאת מְנַשֶּׁה כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה. (ד) וְגַם דַּם הַנָּקִי אֲשֶׁר שָׁפָךְ וַיְמַלֵּא אֶת יְרוּשָׁלִַם דָּם נָקִי וְלֹא אָבָה י"י לִסְלֹחַ. (ה) וְיֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי יְהוֹיָקִים וְכׇל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲלֹא הֵם כְּתוּבִים עַל סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים לְמַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה. (ו) וַיִּשְׁכַּב יְהוֹיָקִים עִם אֲבֹתָיו וַיִּמְלֹךְ יְהוֹיָכִין בְּנוֹ תַּחְתָּיו. (ז) וְלֹא הֹסִיף עוֹד מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לָצֵאת מֵאַרְצוֹ כִּי לָקַח מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל מִנַּחַל מִצְרַיִם עַד נְהַר פְּרָת כֹּל אֲשֶׁר הָיְתָה לְמֶלֶךְ מִצְרָיִם. (ח) בֶּן שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה יְהוֹיָכִין בְּמׇלְכוֹ וּשְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים מָלַךְ בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ נְחֻשְׁתָּא בַת אֶלְנָתָן מִירוּשָׁלִָם. (ט) וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי י"י כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה אָבִיו. (י) בָּעֵת הַהִיא [עָלוּ] (עלה) עַבְדֵי נְבֻכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל יְרוּשָׁלִָם וַתָּבֹא הָעִיר בַּמָּצוֹר. (יא) וַיָּבֹא נְבֻכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל עַל הָעִיר וַעֲבָדָיו צָרִים עָלֶיהָ. (יב) וַיֵּצֵא יְהוֹיָכִין מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה עַל מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל הוּא וְאִמּוֹ וַעֲבָדָיו וְשָׂרָיו וְסָרִיסָיו וַיִּקַּח אֹתוֹ מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בִּשְׁנַת שְׁמֹנֶה לְמׇלְכוֹ. (יג) וַיּוֹצֵא מִשָּׁם אֶת כׇּל אוֹצְרוֹת בֵּית י"י וְאוֹצְרוֹת בֵּית הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיְקַצֵּץ אֶת כׇּל כְּלֵי הַזָּהָב אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה שְׁלֹמֹה מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּהֵיכַל י"י כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר י"י. (יד) וְהִגְלָה אֶת כׇּל יְרוּשָׁלִַם וְאֶת כׇּל הַשָּׂרִים וְאֵת כׇּל גִּבּוֹרֵי הַחַיִל [עֲשֶׂרֶת] (עשרה) אֲלָפִים גּוֹלֶה וְכׇל הֶחָרָשׁ וְהַמַּסְגֵּר לֹא נִשְׁאַר זוּלַת דַּלַּת עַם הָאָרֶץ. (טו) וַיֶּגֶל אֶת יְהוֹיָכִין בָּבֶלָה וְאֶת אֵם הַמֶּלֶךְ וְאֶת נְשֵׁי הַמֶּלֶךְ וְאֶת סָרִיסָיו וְאֵת [אֵילֵי] (אולי) הָאָרֶץ הוֹלִיךְ גּוֹלָה מִירוּשָׁלִַם בָּבֶלָה. (טז) וְאֵת כׇּל אַנְשֵׁי הַחַיִל שִׁבְעַת אֲלָפִים וְהֶחָרָשׁ וְהַמַּסְגֵּר אֶלֶף הַכֹּל גִּבּוֹרִים עֹשֵׂי מִלְחָמָה וַיְבִיאֵם מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל גּוֹלָה בָּבֶלָה. (יז) וַיַּמְלֵךְ מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל אֶת מַתַּנְיָה דֹדוֹ תַּחְתָּיו וַיַּסֵּב אֶת שְׁמוֹ צִדְקִיָּהוּ. (יח) בֶּן עֶשְׂרִים וְאַחַת שָׁנָה צִדְקִיָּהוּ בְמׇלְכוֹ וְאַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה מָלַךְ בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ [חֲמוּטַל] (חמיטל) בַּת יִרְמְיָהוּ מִלִּבְנָה. (יט) וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי י"י כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה יְהוֹיָקִים. (כ) כִּי עַל אַף י"י הָיְתָה בִירוּשָׁלִַם וּבִיהוּדָה עַד הִשְׁלִכוֹ אֹתָם מֵעַל פָּנָיו וַיִּמְרֹד צִדְקִיָּהוּ בְּמֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל. |
Melakhim II 25:1-11מלכים ב׳ כ״ה:א׳-י״א
(א) וַיְהִי בִשְׁנַת הַתְּשִׁיעִית לְמׇלְכוֹ בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָעֲשִׂירִי בֶּעָשׂוֹר לַחֹדֶשׁ בָּא נְבֻכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל הוּא וְכׇל חֵילוֹ עַל יְרוּשָׁלִַם וַיִּחַן עָלֶיהָ וַיִּבְנוּ עָלֶיהָ דָּיֵק סָבִיב. (ב) וַתָּבֹא הָעִיר בַּמָּצוֹר עַד עַשְׁתֵּי עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ צִדְקִיָּהוּ. (ג) בְּתִשְׁעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ וַיֶּחֱזַק הָרָעָב בָּעִיר וְלֹא הָיָה לֶחֶם לְעַם הָאָרֶץ. (ד) וַתִּבָּקַע הָעִיר וְכׇל אַנְשֵׁי הַמִּלְחָמָה הַלַּיְלָה דֶּרֶךְ שַׁעַר בֵּין הַחֹמֹתַיִם אֲשֶׁר עַל גַּן הַמֶּלֶךְ וְכַשְׂדִּים עַל הָעִיר סָבִיב וַיֵּלֶךְ דֶּרֶךְ הָעֲרָבָה. (ה) וַיִּרְדְּפוּ חֵיל כַּשְׂדִּים אַחַר הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיַּשִּׂגוּ אֹתוֹ בְּעַרְבוֹת יְרֵחוֹ וְכׇל חֵילוֹ נָפֹצוּ מֵעָלָיו. (ו) וַיִּתְפְּשׂוּ אֶת הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיַּעֲלוּ אֹתוֹ אֶל מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל רִבְלָתָה וַיְדַבְּרוּ אִתּוֹ מִשְׁפָּט. (ז) וְאֶת בְּנֵי צִדְקִיָּהוּ שָׁחֲטוּ לְעֵינָיו וְאֶת עֵינֵי צִדְקִיָּהוּ עִוֵּר וַיַּאַסְרֵהוּ בַנְחֻשְׁתַּיִם וַיְבִאֵהוּ בָּבֶל. (ח) וּבַחֹדֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁי בְּשִׁבְעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ הִיא שְׁנַת תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ נְבֻכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בָּא נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן רַב טַבָּחִים עֶבֶד מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל יְרוּשָׁלִָם. (ט) וַיִּשְׂרֹף אֶת בֵּית י"י וְאֶת בֵּית הַמֶּלֶךְ וְאֵת כׇּל בָּתֵּי יְרוּשָׁלִַם וְאֶת כׇּל בֵּית גָּדוֹל שָׂרַף בָּאֵשׁ. (י) וְאֶת חוֹמֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַם סָבִיב נָתְצוּ כׇּל חֵיל כַּשְׂדִּים אֲשֶׁר רַב טַבָּחִים. (יא) וְאֵת יֶתֶר הָעָם הַנִּשְׁאָרִים בָּעִיר וְאֶת הַנֹּפְלִים אֲשֶׁר נָפְלוּ עַל הַמֶּלֶךְ בָּבֶל וְאֵת יֶתֶר הֶהָמוֹן הֶגְלָה נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן רַב טַבָּחִים. |
Melakhim II 25:27-30מלכים ב׳ כ״ה:כ״ז-ל׳
(כז) וַיְהִי בִשְׁלֹשִׁים וָשֶׁבַע שָׁנָה לְגָלוּת יְהוֹיָכִין מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה בִּשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְשִׁבְעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ נָשָׂא אֱוִיל מְרֹדַךְ מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בִּשְׁנַת מׇלְכוֹ אֶת רֹאשׁ יְהוֹיָכִין מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה מִבֵּית כֶּלֶא. (כח) וַיְדַבֵּר אִתּוֹ טֹבוֹת וַיִּתֵּן אֶת כִּסְאוֹ מֵעַל כִּסֵּא הַמְּלָכִים אֲשֶׁר אִתּוֹ בְּבָבֶל. (כט) וְשִׁנָּא אֵת בִּגְדֵי כִלְאוֹ וְאָכַל לֶחֶם תָּמִיד לְפָנָיו כׇּל יְמֵי חַיָּיו. (ל) וַאֲרֻחָתוֹ אֲרֻחַת תָּמִיד נִתְּנָה לּוֹ מֵאֵת הַמֶּלֶךְ דְּבַר יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ כֹּל יְמֵי חַיָּו. |
Yirmeyahu 24ירמיהו כ״ד
(1) The Lord showed me, and behold two baskets of figs set before the temple of the Lord; afterthat Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon had carried away captive Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, and the princes of Judah, with the craftsmen and smiths, from Jerusalem, and had brought them to Babylon. (2) One basket had very good figs, like the figs that are first-ripe; and the other basket had very bad figs, which could not be eaten, they were so bad. (3) Then said the Lord unto me: 'What seest thou, Jeremiah?' And I said: 'Figs; the good figs, very good; and the bad, very bad, that cannot be eaten, they are so bad.' (4) And the word of the Lord came unto me, saying: (5) 'Thus saith the Lord, the God of Israel: Like these good figs, so will I regard the captives of Judah, whom I have sent out of this place into the land of the Chaldeans, for good. (6) And I will set Mine eyes upon them for good, and I will bring them back to this land; and I will build them, and not pull them down; and I will plant them, and not pluck them up. (7) And I will give them a heart to know Me, that I am the Lord; and they shall be My people, and I will be their God; for they shall return unto Me with their whole heart. (8) And as the bad figs, which cannot be eaten, they are so bad; surely thus saith the Lord: So will I make Zedekiah the king of Judah, and his princes, and the residue of Jerusalem, that remain in this land, and them that dwell in the land of Egypt; (9) I will even make them a horror among all the kingdoms of the earth for evil; a reproach and a proverb, a taunt and a curse, in all places whither I shall drive them. (10) And I will send the sword, the famine, and the pestilence, among them, till they be consumed from off the land that I gave unto them and to their fathers.' | (א) הִרְאַנִי י״י וְהִנֵּה שְׁנֵי דּוּדָאֵי תְאֵנִים מוּעָדִים לִפְנֵי הֵיכַל י״י אַחֲרֵי הַגְלוֹת נְבוּכַדְרֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל אֶת יְכׇנְיָהוּ בֶן יְהוֹיָקִים מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה וְאֶת שָׂרֵי יְהוּדָה וְאֶת הֶחָרָשׁ וְאֶת הַמַּסְגֵּר מִירוּשָׁלִַם וַיְבִאֵם בָּבֶל. (ב) הַדּוּד אֶחָד תְּאֵנִים טֹבוֹת מְאֹד כִּתְאֵנֵי הַבַּכֻּרוֹת וְהַדּוּד אֶחָד תְּאֵנִים רָעוֹת מְאֹד אֲשֶׁר לֹא תֵאָכַלְנָה מֵרֹעַ. (ג) וַיֹּאמֶר י״י אֵלַי מָה אַתָּה רֹאֶה יִרְמְיָהוּ וָאֹמַר תְּאֵנִים הַתְּאֵנִים הַטֹּבוֹת טֹבוֹת מְאֹד וְהָרָעוֹת רָעוֹת מְאֹד אֲשֶׁר לֹא תֵאָכַלְנָה מֵרֹעַ. (ד) וַיְהִי דְבַר י״י אֵלַי לֵאמֹר. (ה) כֹּה אָמַר י״י אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּתְּאֵנִים הַטֹּבוֹת הָאֵלֶּה כֵּן אַכִּיר אֶת גָּלוּת יְהוּדָה אֲשֶׁר שִׁלַּחְתִּי מִן הַמָּקוֹם הַזֶּה אֶרֶץ כַּשְׂדִּים לְטוֹבָה. (ו) וְשַׂמְתִּי עֵינִי עֲלֵיהֶם לְטוֹבָה וַהֲשִׁבֹתִים עַל הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת וּבְנִיתִים וְלֹא אֶהֱרֹס וּנְטַעְתִּים וְלֹא אֶתּוֹשׁ. (ז) וְנָתַתִּי לָהֶם לֵב לָדַעַת אֹתִי כִּי אֲנִי י״י וְהָיוּ לִי לְעָם וְאָנֹכִי אֶהְיֶה לָהֶם לֵאלֹהִים כִּי יָשֻׁבוּ אֵלַי בְּכׇל לִבָּם. (ח) וְכַתְּאֵנִים הָרָעוֹת אֲשֶׁר לֹא תֵאָכַלְנָה מֵרֹעַ כִּי כֹה אָמַר י״י כֵּן אֶתֵּן אֶת צִדְקִיָּהוּ מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה וְאֶת שָׂרָיו וְאֵת שְׁאֵרִית יְרוּשָׁלִַם הַנִּשְׁאָרִים בָּאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת וְהַיֹּשְׁבִים בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם. (ט) וּנְתַתִּים [לְזַעֲוָה] (לזועה) לְרָעָה לְכֹל מַמְלְכוֹת הָאָרֶץ לְחֶרְפָּה וּלְמָשָׁל לִשְׁנִינָה וְלִקְלָלָה בְּכׇל הַמְּקֹמוֹת אֲשֶׁר אַדִּיחֵם שָׁם. (י) וְשִׁלַּחְתִּי בָם אֶת הַחֶרֶב אֶת הָרָעָב וְאֶת הַדָּבֶר עַד תֻּמָּם מֵעַל הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר נָתַתִּי לָהֶם וְלַאֲבוֹתֵיהֶם. |
Yirmeyahu 25:1ירמיהו כ״ה:א׳
The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the people of Judah in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah, that was the first year of Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon; | הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר הָיָה עַל יִרְמְיָהוּ עַל כׇּל עַם יְהוּדָה בַּשָּׁנָה הָרְבִעִית לִיהוֹיָקִים בֶּן יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה הִיא הַשָּׁנָה הָרִאשֹׁנִית לִנְבוּכַדְרֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל. |
Yirmeyahu 46:1-12ירמיהו מ״ו:א׳-י״ב
(1) The word of the Lord which came to Jeremiah the prophet concerning the nations. (2) Of Egypt: concerning the army of Pharaoh-neco king of Egypt, which was by the river Euphrates in Carchemish, which Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon smote in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah. (3) Make ready buckler and shield, And draw near to battle. (4) Harness the horses, and mount, ye horsemen, And stand forth with your helmets; Furbish the spears, put on the coats of mail. (5) Wherefore do I see them dismayed and turned backward? And their mighty ones are beaten down, And they are fled apace, and look not back; Terror is on every side, saith the Lord. (6) The swift cannot flee away, Nor the mighty man escape; In the north by the river Euphrates Have they stumbled and fallen. (7) Who is this like the Nile that riseth up, Like the rivers whose waters toss themselves? (8) Egypt is like the Nile that riseth up, And like the rivers whose waters toss themselves; And he saith: 'I will rise up, I will cover the earth, I will destroy the city and the inhabitants thereof.' (9) Prance, ye horses, and rush madly, ye chariots; And let the mighty men go forth: Cush and Put, that handle the shield, And the Ludim, that handle and bend the bow. (10) For the Lord God of hosts shall have on that day A day of vengeance, that He may avenge Him of His adversaries; And the sword shall devour and be satiate, And shall be made drunk with their blood; For the Lord God of hosts hath a sacrifice In the north country by the river Euphrates. (11) Go up into Gilead, and take balm, O virgin daughter of Egypt; In vain dost thou use many medicines; There is no cure for thee. (12) The nations have heard of thy shame, And the earth is full of thy cry; For the mighty man hath stumbled against the mighty, They are fallen both of them together. | (א) אֲשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר י"י אֶל יִרְמְיָהוּ הַנָּבִיא עַל הַגּוֹיִם. (ב) לְמִצְרַיִם עַל חֵיל פַּרְעֹה נְכוֹ מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם אֲשֶׁר הָיָה עַל נְהַר פְּרָת בְּכַרְכְּמִשׁ אֲשֶׁר הִכָּה נְבוּכַדְרֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בִּשְׁנַת הָרְבִיעִית לִיהוֹיָקִים בֶּן יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה. (ג) עִרְכוּ מָגֵן וְצִנָּה וּגְשׁוּ לַמִּלְחָמָה. (ד) אִסְרוּ הַסּוּסִים וַעֲלוּ הַפָּרָשִׁים וְהִתְיַצְּבוּ בְּכוֹבָעִים מִרְקוּ הָרְמָחִים לִבְשׁוּ הַסִּרְיֹנֹת. (ה) מַדּוּעַ רָאִיתִי הֵמָּה חַתִּים נְסֹגִים אָחוֹר וְגִבּוֹרֵיהֶם יֻכַּתּוּ וּמָנוֹס נָסוּ וְלֹא הִפְנוּ מָגוֹר מִסָּבִיב נְאֻם י"י. (ו) אַל יָנוּס הַקַּל וְאַל יִמָּלֵט הַגִּבּוֹר צָפוֹנָה עַל יַד נְהַר פְּרָת כָּשְׁלוּ וְנָפָלוּ. (ז) מִי זֶה כַּיְאֹר יַעֲלֶה כַּנְּהָרוֹת יִתְגָּעֲשׁוּ מֵימָיו. (ח) מִצְרַיִם כַּיְאֹר יַעֲלֶה וְכַנְּהָרוֹת יִתְגֹּעֲשׁוּ מָיִם וַיֹּאמֶר אַעֲלֶה אֲכַסֶּה אֶרֶץ אֹבִידָה עִיר וְיֹשְׁבֵי בָהּ. (ט) עֲלוּ הַסּוּסִים וְהִתְהֹלְלוּ הָרֶכֶב וְיֵצְאוּ הַגִּבּוֹרִים כּוּשׁ וּפוּט תֹּפְשֵׂי מָגֵן וְלוּדִים תֹּפְשֵׂי דֹּרְכֵי קָשֶׁת. (י) וְהַיּוֹם הַהוּא לַאדֹנָי יֱ־הֹוִה צְבָאוֹת יוֹם נְקָמָה לְהִנָּקֵם מִצָּרָיו וְאָכְלָה חֶרֶב וְשָׂבְעָה וְרָוְתָה מִדָּמָם כִּי זֶבַח לַאדֹנָי יֱ־הֹוִה צְבָאוֹת בְּאֶרֶץ צָפוֹן אֶל נְהַר פְּרָת. (יא) עֲלִי גִלְעָד וּקְחִי צֳרִי בְּתוּלַת בַּת מִצְרָיִם לַשָּׁוְא [הִרְבֵּית] (הרביתי) רְפֻאוֹת תְּעָלָה אֵין לָךְ. (יב) שָׁמְעוּ גוֹיִם קְלוֹנֵךְ וְצִוְחָתֵךְ מָלְאָה הָאָרֶץ כִּי גִבּוֹר בְּגִבּוֹר כָּשָׁלוּ יַחְדָּיו נָפְלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם. |
Daniel 1:1-2דניאל א׳:א׳-ב׳
(1) In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah came Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon unto Jerusalem, and besieged it. (2) And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God; and he carried them into the land of Shinar to the house of his god, and the vessels he brought into the treasure-house of his god. | (א) בִּשְׁנַת שָׁלוֹשׁ לְמַלְכוּת יְהוֹיָקִים מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה בָּא נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל יְרוּשָׁלִַם וַיָּצַר עָלֶיהָ. (ב) וַיִּתֵּן אֲדֹנָי בְּיָדוֹ אֶת יְהוֹיָקִים מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה וּמִקְצָת כְּלֵי בֵית הָאֱלֹהִים וַיְבִיאֵם אֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָר בֵּית אֱלֹהָיו וְאֶת הַכֵּלִים הֵבִיא בֵּית אוֹצַר אֱלֹהָיו. |
Divrei HaYamim II 35:20-24דברי הימים ב׳ ל״ה:כ׳-כ״ד
(20) After all this, when Josiah had prepared the temple, Neco king of Egypt went up to fight against Carchemish by the Euphrates; and Josiah went out against him. (21) But he sent ambassadors to him, saying: 'What have I to do with thee, thou king of Judah? I come not against thee this day, but against the house wherewith I have war; and God hath given command to speed me; forbear thee from meddling with God, who is with me, that He destroy thee not.' (22) Nevertheless Josiah would not turn his face from him, but disguised himself, that he might fight with him, and hearkened not unto the words of Neco, from the mouth of God, and came to fight in the valley of Megiddo. (23) And the archers shot at king Josiah; and the king said to his servants: 'Have me away; for I am sore wounded.' (24) So his servants took him out of the chariot, and put him in the second chariot that he had, and brought him to Jerusalem; and he died, and was buried in the sepulchres of his fathers. And all Judah and Jerusalem mourned for Josiah. | (כ) אַחֲרֵי כׇל זֹאת אֲשֶׁר הֵכִין יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ אֶת הַבַּיִת עָלָה נְכוֹ מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לְהִלָּחֵם בְּכַרְכְּמִישׁ עַל פְּרָת וַיֵּצֵא לִקְרָאתוֹ יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ. (כא) וַיִּשְׁלַח אֵלָיו מַלְאָכִים לֵאמֹר מַה לִּי וָלָךְ מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה לֹא עָלֶיךָ אַתָּה הַיּוֹם כִּי אֶל בֵּית מִלְחַמְתִּי וֵאלֹהִים אָמַר לְבַהֲלֵנִי חֲדַל לְךָ מֵאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר עִמִּי וְאַל יַשְׁחִיתֶךָ. (כב) וְלֹא הֵסֵב יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ פָנָיו מִמֶּנּוּ כִּי לְהִלָּחֵם בּוֹ הִתְחַפֵּשׂ וְלֹא שָׁמַע אֶל דִּבְרֵי נְכוֹ מִפִּי אֱלֹהִים וַיָּבֹא לְהִלָּחֵם בְּבִקְעַת מְגִדּוֹ. (כג) וַיֹּרוּ הַיֹּרִים לַמֶּלֶךְ יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ לַעֲבָדָיו הַעֲבִירוּנִי כִּי הׇחֳלֵיתִי מְאֹד. (כד) וַיַּעֲבִירֻהוּ עֲבָדָיו מִן הַמֶּרְכָּבָה וַיַּרְכִּיבֻהוּ עַל רֶכֶב הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁר לוֹ וַיּוֹלִיכֻהוּ יְרוּשָׁלִַם וַיָּמׇת וַיִּקָּבֵר בְּקִבְרוֹת אֲבֹתָיו וְכׇל יְהוּדָה וִירוּשָׁלִַם מִתְאַבְּלִים עַל יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ. |
Divrei HaYamim II 36:1-8דברי הימים ב׳ ל״ו:א׳-ח׳
(1) Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah, and made him king in his father's stead in Jerusalem. (2) Joahaz was twenty and three years old when he began to reign; and he reigned three months in Jerusalem. (3) And the king of Egypt deposed him at Jerusalem, and fined the land a hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold. (4) And the king of Egypt made Eliakim his brother king over Judah and Jerusalem, and changed his name to Jehoiakim. And Neco took Joahaz his brother, and carried him to Egypt. (5) Jehoiakim was twenty and five years old when he began to reign; and he reigned eleven years in Jerusalem; and he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord his God. (6) Against him came up Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and bound him in fetters, to carry him to Babylon. (7) Nebuchadnezzar also carried of the vessels of the house of the Lord to Babylon, and put them in his temple at Babylon. (8) Now the rest of the acts of Jehoiakim, and his abominations which he did, and that which was found in him, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah; and Jehoiachin his son reigned in his stead. | (א) וַיִּקְחוּ עַם הָאָרֶץ אֶת יְהוֹאָחָז בֶּן יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ וַיַּמְלִיכֻהוּ תַחַת אָבִיו בִּירוּשָׁלִָם. (ב) בֶּן שָׁלוֹשׁ וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה יוֹאָחָז בְּמׇלְכוֹ וּשְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים מָלַךְ בִּירוּשָׁלִָם. (ג) וַיְסִירֵהוּ מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וַיַּעֲנֹשׁ אֶת הָאָרֶץ מֵאָה כִכַּר כֶּסֶף וְכִכַּר זָהָב. (ד) וַיַּמְלֵךְ מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם אֶת אֶלְיָקִים אָחִיו עַל יְהוּדָה וִירוּשָׁלִַם וַיַּסֵּב אֶת שְׁמוֹ יְהוֹיָקִים וְאֶת יוֹאָחָז אָחִיו לָקַח נְכוֹ וַיְבִיאֵהוּ מִצְרָיְמָה. (ה) בֶּן עֶשְׂרִים וְחָמֵשׁ שָׁנָה יְהוֹיָקִים בְּמׇלְכוֹ וְאַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה מָלַךְ בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי י"י אֱלֹהָיו. (ו) עָלָיו עָלָה נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל וַיַּאַסְרֵהוּ בַּנְחֻשְׁתַּיִם לְהֹלִיכוֹ בָּבֶלָה. (ז) וּמִכְּלֵי בֵּית י"י הֵבִיא נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר לְבָבֶל וַיִּתְּנֵם בְּהֵיכָלוֹ בְּבָבֶל. (ח) וְיֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי יְהוֹיָקִים וְתֹעֲבֹתָיו אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וְהַנִּמְצָא עָלָיו הִנָּם כְּתוּבִים עַל סֵפֶר מַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוּדָה וַיִּמְלֹךְ יְהוֹיָכִין בְּנוֹ תַּחְתָּיו. |
Ancient Near Eastern Texts
The Fall of Nineveh Chronicle (ABC 3)
The fourteenth year: The king of Akkad mustered his army and marched to Assyria. The king of the Medes marched towards the king of Akkad and they met one another at [...]-u. The king of Akkad and his army crossed the Tigris; Cyaxares had to cross the Radanu, and they marched along the bank of the Tigris. In the month Simanu, the Nth day, they encamped against Nineveh. The seventeenth year: In the month Du'ûzu Aššur-uballit, king of Assyria, with a large army from Egypt crossed the river Euphrates and marched against Harran to conquer it. They captured [lacuna]. They defeated the garrison which the king of Akkad had stationed inside. When they had defeated it they encamped against Harran. Until the month Ulûlu they did battle against the city but achieved nothing. The king of Akkad went to help his army but did not join battle. He he went up to Izalla and the numerous cities in the mountains [lacuna] he set fire to their [lacuna]... |
The Jerusalem Chronicle (ABC 5)
In the twenty-first year the king of Akkad stayed in his own land, Nebuchadnezzar his eldest son, the crown-prince, mustered the Babylonian army and took command of his troops; he marched to Karchemiš which is on the bank of the Euphrates, and crossed the river to go against the Egyptian army which lay in Karchemiš. They fought with each other and the Egyptian army withdrew before him. He accomplished their defeat and beat them to non-existence. As for the rest of the Egyptian army which had escaped from the defeat so quickly that no weapon had reached them, in the district of Hamath the Babylonian troops overtook and defeated them so that not a single man escaped to his own country. At that time Nebuchadnezzar conquered the whole area of Hamath. For twenty-one years Nabopolassar had been king of Babylon, when on 8 Abu he went to his destiny; in the month of Ululu Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon and on 1 Ulul he sat on the royal throne in Babylon.... In the fourth year the king of Akkad mustered his army and marched to the Hatti-land. In the Hatti-land they marched unopposed. In the month of Kislîmunote he took the lead of his army and marched to Egypt. The king of Egypt heard it and mustered his army. In open battle they smote the breast of each other and inflicted great havoc on each other. The king of Akkad turned back with his troops and returned to Babylon. In the fifth year the king of Akkad stayed in his own land and gathered together his chariots and horses in great numbers.... In the seventh year, the month of Kislîmu, the king of Akkad mustered his troops, marched to the Hatti-land, and besieged the city of Judah and on the second day of the month of Addaru he seized the city and captured the king. He appointed there a king of his own choice, received its heavy tribute and sent to Babylon. |
רשימת הקצבת מזון מבבל
½ (= עשירית הכר שמן) ליהויכין, מלך ארץ יהודה, ½2 קא (= כארבעה ליטר שמן) לחמשת בני מלך ארץ יהודה, 4 קא (= כשבעה ליטר שמן) לשמונת היהודים, ½ [קא לאיש] |
Babylonian Ration Lists (Ancient Near Eastern Texts, ed. J. Pritchard (Princeton, 1969): 308)
10 (sila of oil) to... \la)—\in, king of Ia[ ... ] 2/4 sila (oil) to [ ... so] ns of the king of Judah (la-a-hu-du) 4 sila to 8 men from Judah ( amel Ia-a-hu-da-a-a) ... |