EN/HEע/E

Treaties in Tanakh and the Ancient Near East

Sources

Bereshit 9:8-17בראשית ט׳:ח׳-י״ז

(8) God spoke to Noah and to his sons with him, saying, (9) “As for me, behold, I establish my covenant with you, and with your offspring after you, (10) and with every living creature that is with you: the birds, the livestock, and every animal of the earth with you, of all that go out of the ship, even every animal of the earth. (11) I will establish my covenant with you: all flesh will not be cut off any more by the waters of the flood, neither will there ever again be a flood to destroy the earth.” (12) God said, “This is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations: (13) I set my rainbow in the cloud, and it will be for a sign of a covenant between me and the earth. (14) It will happen, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the rainbow will be seen in the cloud, (15) and I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh, and the waters will no more become a flood to destroy all flesh. (16) The rainbow will be in the cloud. I will look at it, that I may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth.” (17) God said to Noah, “This is the token of the covenant which I have established between me and all flesh that is on the earth.”

(ח) וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל נֹחַ וְאֶל בָּנָיו אִתּוֹ לֵאמֹר. (ט) וַאֲנִי הִנְנִי מֵקִים אֶת בְּרִיתִי אִתְּכֶם וְאֶת זַרְעֲכֶם אַחֲרֵיכֶם. (י) וְאֵת כׇּל נֶפֶשׁ הַחַיָּה אֲשֶׁר אִתְּכֶם בָּעוֹף בַּבְּהֵמָה וּבְכׇל חַיַּת הָאָרֶץ אִתְּכֶם מִכֹּל יֹצְאֵי הַתֵּבָה לְכֹל חַיַּת הָאָרֶץ. (יא) וַהֲקִמֹתִי אֶת בְּרִיתִי אִתְּכֶם וְלֹא יִכָּרֵת כׇּל בָּשָׂר עוֹד מִמֵּי הַמַּבּוּל וְלֹא יִהְיֶה עוֹד מַבּוּל לְשַׁחֵת הָאָרֶץ. (יב) וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים זֹאת אוֹת הַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי נֹתֵן בֵּינִי וּבֵינֵיכֶם וּבֵין כׇּל נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה אֲשֶׁר אִתְּכֶם לְדֹרֹת עוֹלָם. (יג) אֶת קַשְׁתִּי נָתַתִּי בֶּעָנָן וְהָיְתָה לְאוֹת בְּרִית בֵּינִי וּבֵין הָאָרֶץ. (יד) וְהָיָה בְּעַנְנִי עָנָן עַל הָאָרֶץ וְנִרְאֲתָה הַקֶּשֶׁת בֶּעָנָן. (טו) וְזָכַרְתִּי אֶת בְּרִיתִי אֲשֶׁר בֵּינִי וּבֵינֵיכֶם וּבֵין כׇּל נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה בְּכׇל בָּשָׂר וְלֹא יִהְיֶה עוֹד הַמַּיִם לְמַבּוּל לְשַׁחֵת כׇּל בָּשָׂר. (טז) וְהָיְתָה הַקֶּשֶׁת בֶּעָנָן וּרְאִיתִיהָ לִזְכֹּר בְּרִית עוֹלָם בֵּין אֱלֹהִים וּבֵין כׇּל נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה בְּכׇל בָּשָׂר אֲשֶׁר עַל הָאָרֶץ. (יז) וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל נֹחַ זֹאת אוֹת הַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר הֲקִמֹתִי בֵּינִי וּבֵין כׇּל בָּשָׂר אֲשֶׁר עַל הָאָרֶץ.

Bereshit 12:1-3בראשית י״ב:א׳-ג׳

(1) Now Hashem said to Abram, “Get out of your country, and from your relatives, and from your father’s house, to the land that I will show you. (2) I will make of you a great nation. I will bless you and make your name great. You will be a blessing. (3) I will bless those who bless you, and I will curse him who curses you. All of the families of the earth will be blessed in you.”

(א) וַיֹּאמֶר י״י אֶל אַבְרָם לֶךְ לְךָ מֵאַרְצְךָ וּמִמּוֹלַדְתְּךָ וּמִבֵּית אָבִיךָ אֶל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַרְאֶךָּ. (ב) וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֹי גָּדוֹל וַאֲבָרֶכְךָ וַאֲגַדְּלָה שְׁמֶךָ וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה. (ג) וַאֲבָרְכָה מְבָרְכֶיךָ וּמְקַלֶּלְךָ אָאֹר וְנִבְרְכוּ בְךָ כֹּל מִשְׁפְּחֹת הָאֲדָמָה.

Bereshit 15:8-21בראשית ט״ו:ח׳-כ״א

(8) And he said: 'O Lord God, whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it?' (9) And He said unto him: 'Take Me a heifer of three years old, and a she-goat of three years old, and a ram of three years old, and a turtle-dove, and a young pigeon.' (10) And he took him all these, and divided them in the midst, and laid each half over against the other; but the birds divided he not. (11) And the birds of prey came down upon the carcasses, and Abram drove them away. (12) And it came to pass, that, when the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell upon Abram; and, lo, a dread, even a great darkness, fell upon him. (13) And He said unto Abram: 'Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years; (14) and also that nation, whom they shall serve, will I judge; and afterward shall they come out with great substance. (15) But thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace; thou shalt be buried in a good old age. (16) And in the fourth generation they shall come back hither; for the iniquity of the Amorite is not yet full.' (17) And it came to pass, that, when the sun went down, and there was thick darkness, behold a smoking furnace, and a flaming torch that passed between these pieces. (18) In that day the Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying: 'Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates; (19) the Kenite, and the Kenizzite, and the Kadmonite, (20) and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Rephaim, (21) and the Amorite, and the Canaanite, and the Girgashite, and the Jebusite.'

(ח) וַיֹּאמַר אֲדֹנָי יֱ־הֹוִה בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה. (ט) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו קְחָה לִי עֶגְלָה מְשֻׁלֶּשֶׁת וְעֵז מְשֻׁלֶּשֶׁת וְאַיִל מְשֻׁלָּשׁ וְתֹר וְגוֹזָל. (י) וַיִּקַּח לוֹ אֶת כׇּל אֵלֶּה וַיְבַתֵּר אֹתָם בַּתָּוֶךְ וַיִּתֵּן אִישׁ בִּתְרוֹ לִקְרַאת רֵעֵהוּ וְאֶת הַצִּפֹּר לֹא בָתָר. (יא) וַיֵּרֶד הָעַיִט עַל הַפְּגָרִים וַיַּשֵּׁב אֹתָם אַבְרָם. (יב) וַיְהִי הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ לָבוֹא וְתַרְדֵּמָה נָפְלָה עַל אַבְרָם וְהִנֵּה אֵימָה חֲשֵׁכָה גְדֹלָה נֹפֶלֶת עָלָיו. (יג) וַיֹּאמֶר לְאַבְרָם יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה. (יד) וְגַם אֶת הַגּוֹי אֲשֶׁר יַעֲבֹדוּ דָּן אָנֹכִי וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן יֵצְאוּ בִּרְכֻשׁ גָּדוֹל. (טו) וְאַתָּה תָּבוֹא אֶל אֲבֹתֶיךָ בְּשָׁלוֹם תִּקָּבֵר בְּשֵׂיבָה טוֹבָה. (טז) וְדוֹר רְבִיעִי יָשׁוּבוּ הֵנָּה כִּי לֹא שָׁלֵם עֲוֺן הָאֱמֹרִי עַד הֵנָּה. (יז) וַיְהִי הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ בָּאָה וַעֲלָטָה הָיָה וְהִנֵּה תַנּוּר עָשָׁן וְלַפִּיד אֵשׁ אֲשֶׁר עָבַר בֵּין הַגְּזָרִים הָאֵלֶּה. (יח) בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא כָּרַת י"י אֶת אַבְרָם בְּרִית לֵאמֹר לְזַרְעֲךָ נָתַתִּי אֶת הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת מִנְּהַר מִצְרַיִם עַד הַנָּהָר הַגָּדֹל נְהַר פְּרָת. (יט) אֶת הַקֵּינִי וְאֶת הַקְּנִזִּי וְאֵת הַקַּדְמֹנִי. (כ) וְאֶת הַחִתִּי וְאֶת הַפְּרִזִּי וְאֶת הָרְפָאִים. (כא) וְאֶת הָאֱמֹרִי וְאֶת הַכְּנַעֲנִי וְאֶת הַגִּרְגָּשִׁי וְאֶת הַיְבוּסִי.

Bereshit 17:10-14בראשית י״ז:י׳-י״ד

(10) This is my covenant, which you shall keep, between me and you and your seed after you. Every male among you shall be circumcised. (11) You shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin. It will be a token of the covenant between me and you. (12) He who is eight days old will be circumcised among you, every male throughout your generations, he who is born in the house, or bought with money from any foreigner who is not of your seed. (13) He who is born in your house, and he who is bought with your money, must be circumcised. My covenant will be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant. (14) The uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his people. He has broken my covenant.”

(י) זֹאת בְּרִיתִי אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְרוּ בֵּינִי וּבֵינֵיכֶם וּבֵין זַרְעֲךָ אַחֲרֶיךָ הִמּוֹל לָכֶם כׇּל זָכָר. (יא) וּנְמַלְתֶּם אֵת בְּשַׂר עׇרְלַתְכֶם וְהָיָה לְאוֹת בְּרִית בֵּינִי וּבֵינֵיכֶם. (יב) וּבֶן שְׁמֹנַת יָמִים יִמּוֹל לָכֶם כׇּל זָכָר לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם יְלִיד בָּיִת וּמִקְנַת כֶּסֶף מִכֹּל בֶּן נֵכָר אֲשֶׁר לֹא מִזַּרְעֲךָ הוּא. (יג) הִמּוֹל יִמּוֹל יְלִיד בֵּיתְךָ וּמִקְנַת כַּסְפֶּךָ וְהָיְתָה בְרִיתִי בִּבְשַׂרְכֶם לִבְרִית עוֹלָם. (יד) וְעָרֵל זָכָר אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִמּוֹל אֶת בְּשַׂר עׇרְלָתוֹ וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מֵעַמֶּיהָ אֶת בְּרִיתִי הֵפַר.

Bereshit 21:29-32בראשית כ״א:כ״ט-ל״ב

(29) Abimelech said to Abraham, “What do these seven ewe lambs which you have set by themselves mean?” (30) He said, “You shall take these seven ewe lambs from my hand, that it may be a witness to me, that I have dug this well.” (31) Therefore he called that place Beersheba, because they both swore there. (32) So they made a covenant at Beersheba. Abimelech rose up with Phicol, the captain of his army, and they returned into the land of the Philistines.

(כט) וַיֹּאמֶר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ אֶל אַבְרָהָם מָה הֵנָּה שֶׁבַע כְּבָשֹׂת הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר הִצַּבְתָּ לְבַדָּנָה. (ל) וַיֹּאמֶר כִּי אֶת שֶׁבַע כְּבָשֹׂת תִּקַּח מִיָּדִי בַּעֲבוּר תִּהְיֶה לִּי לְעֵדָה כִּי חָפַרְתִּי אֶת הַבְּאֵר הַזֹּאת. (לא) עַל כֵּן קָרָא לַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא בְּאֵר שָׁבַע כִּי שָׁם נִשְׁבְּעוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם. (לב) וַיִּכְרְתוּ בְרִית בִּבְאֵר שָׁבַע וַיָּקׇם אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וּפִיכֹל שַׂר צְבָאוֹ וַיָּשֻׁבוּ אֶל אֶרֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּים.

Bereshit 26:28-31בראשית כ״ו:כ״ח-ל״א

(28) And they said: 'We saw plainly that the Lord was with thee; and we said: Let there now be an oath betwixt us, even betwixt us and thee, and let us make a covenant with thee; (29) that thou wilt do us no hurt, as we have not touched thee, and as we have done unto thee nothing but good, and have sent thee away in peace; thou art now the blessed of the Lord.' (30) And he made them a feast, and they did eat and drink. (31) And they rose up betimes in the morning, and swore one to another; and Isaac sent them away, and they departed from him in peace.

(כח) וַיֹּאמְרוּ רָאוֹ רָאִינוּ כִּי הָיָה י"י עִמָּךְ וַנֹּאמֶר תְּהִי נָא אָלָה בֵּינוֹתֵינוּ בֵּינֵינוּ וּבֵינֶךָ וְנִכְרְתָה בְרִית עִמָּךְ. (כט) אִם תַּעֲשֵׂה עִמָּנוּ רָעָה כַּאֲשֶׁר לֹא נְגַעֲנוּךָ וְכַאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂינוּ עִמְּךָ רַק טוֹב וַנְּשַׁלֵּחֲךָ בְּשָׁלוֹם אַתָּה עַתָּה בְּרוּךְ י"י. (ל) וַיַּעַשׂ לָהֶם מִשְׁתֶּה וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּוּ. (לא) וַיַּשְׁכִּימוּ בַבֹּקֶר וַיִּשָּׁבְעוּ אִישׁ לְאָחִיו וַיְשַׁלְּחֵם יִצְחָק וַיֵּלְכוּ מֵאִתּוֹ בְּשָׁלוֹם.

Bereshit 31:44-54בראשית ל״א:מ״ד-נ״ד

(44) Now come, let us make a covenant, you and I; and let it be for a witness between me and you.” (45) Jacob took a stone, and set it up for a pillar. (46) Jacob said to his relatives, “Gather stones.” They took stones, and made a heap. They ate there by the heap. (47) Laban called it Jegar Sahadutha, but Jacob called it Galeed. (48) Laban said, “This heap is witness between me and you this day.” Therefore it was named Galeed (49) and Mizpah, for he said, “Hashem watch between me and you, when we are absent one from another. (50) If you afflict my daughters, or if you take wives besides my daughters, no man is with us; behold, God is witness between me and you.” (51) Laban said to Jacob, “See this heap, and see the pillar, which I have set between me and you. (52) May this heap be a witness, and the pillar be a witness, that I will not pass over this heap to you, and that you will not pass over this heap and this pillar to me, for harm. (53) The God of Abraham, and the God of Nahor, the God of their father, judge between us.” Then Jacob swore by the fear of his father, Isaac. (54) Jacob offered a sacrifice in the mountain, and called his relatives to eat bread. They ate bread, and stayed all night in the mountain.

(מד) וְעַתָּה לְכָה נִכְרְתָה בְרִית אֲנִי וָאָתָּה וְהָיָה לְעֵד בֵּינִי וּבֵינֶךָ. (מה) וַיִּקַּח יַעֲקֹב אָבֶן וַיְרִימֶהָ מַצֵּבָה. (מו) וַיֹּאמֶר יַעֲקֹב לְאֶחָיו לִקְטוּ אֲבָנִים וַיִּקְחוּ אֲבָנִים וַיַּעֲשׂוּ גָל וַיֹּאכְלוּ שָׁם עַל הַגָּל. (מז) וַיִּקְרָא לוֹ לָבָן יְגַר שָׂהֲדוּתָא וְיַעֲקֹב קָרָא לוֹ גַּלְעֵד. (מח) וַיֹּאמֶר לָבָן הַגַּל הַזֶּה עֵד בֵּינִי וּבֵינְךָ הַיּוֹם עַל כֵּן קָרָא שְׁמוֹ גַּלְעֵד. (מט) וְהַמִּצְפָּה אֲשֶׁר אָמַר יִצֶף י״י בֵּינִי וּבֵינֶךָ כִּי נִסָּתֵר אִישׁ מֵרֵעֵהוּ. (נ) אִם תְּעַנֶּה אֶת בְּנֹתַי וְאִם תִּקַּח נָשִׁים עַל בְּנֹתַי אֵין אִישׁ עִמָּנוּ רְאֵה אֱלֹהִים עֵד בֵּינִי וּבֵינֶךָ. (נא) וַיֹּאמֶר לָבָן לְיַעֲקֹב הִנֵּה הַגַּל הַזֶּה וְהִנֵּה הַמַּצֵּבָה אֲשֶׁר יָרִיתִי בֵּינִי וּבֵינֶךָ. (נב) עֵד הַגַּל הַזֶּה וְעֵדָה הַמַּצֵּבָה אִם אָנִי לֹא אֶעֱבֹר אֵלֶיךָ אֶת הַגַּל הַזֶּה וְאִם אַתָּה לֹא תַעֲבֹר אֵלַי אֶת הַגַּל הַזֶּה וְאֶת הַמַּצֵּבָה הַזֹּאת לְרָעָה. (נג) אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם וֵאלֹהֵי נָחוֹר יִשְׁפְּטוּ בֵינֵינוּ אֱלֹהֵי אֲבִיהֶם וַיִּשָּׁבַע יַעֲקֹב בְּפַחַד אָבִיו יִצְחָק. (נד) וַיִּזְבַּח יַעֲקֹב זֶבַח בָּהָר וַיִּקְרָא לְאֶחָיו לֶאֱכׇל לָחֶם וַיֹּאכְלוּ לֶחֶם וַיָּלִינוּ בָּהָר.

Shemot 18:1-12שמות י״ח:א׳-י״ב

(1) Now Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses' father-in-law, heard of all that God had done for Moses, and for Israel His people, how that the Lord had brought Israel out of Egypt. (2) And Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, took Zipporah, Moses' wife, after he had sent her away, (3) and her two sons; of whom the name of the one was Gershom; for he said: 'I have been a stranger in a strange land'; (4) and the name of the other was Eliezer: 'for the God of my father was my help, and delivered me from the sword of Pharaoh.' (5) And Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, came with his sons and his wife unto Moses into the wilderness where he was encamped, at the mount of God; (6) and he said unto Moses: 'I thy father-in-law Jethro am coming unto thee, and thy wife, and her two sons with her.' (7) And Moses went out to meet his father-in-law, and bowed down and kissed him; and they asked each other of their welfare; and they came into the tent. (8) And Moses told his father-in-law all that the Lord had done unto Pharaoh and to the Egyptians for Israel's sake, all the travail that had come upon them by the way, and how the Lord delivered them. (9) And Jethro rejoiced for all the goodness which the Lord had done to Israel, in that He had delivered them out of the hand of the Egyptians. (10) And Jethro said: 'Blessed be the Lord, who hath delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of Pharaoh; who hath delivered the people from under the hand of the Egyptians. (11) Now I know that the Lord is greater than all gods; yea, for that they dealt proudly against them.' (12) And Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, took a burnt-offering and sacrifices for God; and Aaron came, and all the elders of Israel, to eat bread with Moses' father-in-law before God.

(א) וַיִּשְׁמַע יִתְרוֹ כֹהֵן מִדְיָן חֹתֵן מֹשֶׁה אֵת כָּל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה אֱלֹהִים לְמֹשֶׁה וּלְיִשְׂרָאֵל עַמּוֹ כִּי הוֹצִיא י"י אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרָיִם. (ב) וַיִּקַּח יִתְרוֹ חֹתֵן מֹשֶׁה אֶת צִפֹּרָה אֵשֶׁת מֹשֶׁה אַחַר שִׁלּוּחֶיהָ. (ג) וְאֵת שְׁנֵי בָנֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר שֵׁם הָאֶחָד גֵּרְשֹׁם כִּי אָמַר גֵּר הָיִיתִי בְּאֶרֶץ נׇכְרִיָּה. (ד) וְשֵׁם הָאֶחָד אֱלִיעֶזֶר כִּי אֱלֹהֵי אָבִי בְּעֶזְרִי וַיַּצִּלֵנִי מֵחֶרֶב פַּרְעֹה. (ה) וַיָּבֹא יִתְרוֹ חֹתֵן מֹשֶׁה וּבָנָיו וְאִשְׁתּוֹ אֶל מֹשֶׁה אֶל הַמִּדְבָּר אֲשֶׁר הוּא חֹנֶה שָׁם הַר הָאֱלֹהִים. (ו) וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל מֹשֶׁה אֲנִי חֹתֶנְךָ יִתְרוֹ בָּא אֵלֶיךָ וְאִשְׁתְּךָ וּשְׁנֵי בָנֶיהָ עִמָּהּ. (ז) וַיֵּצֵא מֹשֶׁה לִקְרַאת חֹתְנוֹ וַיִּשְׁתַּחוּ וַיִּשַּׁק לוֹ וַיִּשְׁאֲלוּ אִישׁ לְרֵעֵהוּ לְשָׁלוֹם וַיָּבֹאוּ הָאֹהֱלָה. (ח) וַיְסַפֵּר מֹשֶׁה לְחֹתְנוֹ אֵת כׇּל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה י"י לְפַרְעֹה וּלְמִצְרַיִם עַל אוֹדֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵת כׇּל הַתְּלָאָה אֲשֶׁר מְצָאָתַם בַּדֶּרֶךְ וַיַּצִּלֵם י"י. (ט) וַיִּחַדְּ יִתְרוֹ עַל כׇּל הַטּוֹבָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה י"י לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר הִצִּילוֹ מִיַּד מִצְרָיִם. (י) וַיֹּאמֶר יִתְרוֹ בָּרוּךְ י"י אֲשֶׁר הִצִּיל אֶתְכֶם מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם וּמִיַּד פַּרְעֹה אֲשֶׁר הִצִּיל אֶת הָעָם מִתַּחַת יַד מִצְרָיִם. (יא) עַתָּה יָדַעְתִּי כִּי גָדוֹל י"י מִכׇּל הָאֱלֹהִים כִּי בַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר זָדוּ עֲלֵיהֶם. (יב) וַיִּקַּח יִתְרוֹ חֹתֵן מֹשֶׁה עֹלָה וּזְבָחִים לֵאלֹהִים וַיָּבֹא אַהֲרֹן וְכֹל זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֶאֱכׇל לֶחֶם עִם חֹתֵן מֹשֶׁה לִפְנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים.

Shemot 19:3-8שמות י״ט:ג׳-ח׳

(3) And Moses went up unto God, and the Lord called unto him out of the mountain, saying: 'Thus shalt thou say to the house of Jacob, and tell the children of Israel: (4) Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto Myself. (5) Now therefore, if ye will hearken unto My voice indeed, and keep My covenant, then ye shall be Mine own treasure from among all peoples; for all the earth is Mine; (6) and ye shall be unto Me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation. These are the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel.' (7) And Moses came and called for the elders of the people, and set before them all these words which the Lord commanded him. (8) And all the people answered together, and said: 'All that the Lord hath spoken we will do.' And Moses reported the words of the people unto the Lord.

(ג) וּמֹשֶׁה עָלָה אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים וַיִּקְרָא אֵלָיו י"י מִן הָהָר לֵאמֹר כֹּה תֹאמַר לְבֵית יַעֲקֹב וְתַגֵּיד לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. (ד) אַתֶּם רְאִיתֶם אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי לְמִצְרָיִם וָאֶשָּׂא אֶתְכֶם עַל כַּנְפֵי נְשָׁרִים וָאָבִא אֶתְכֶם אֵלָי. (ה) וְעַתָּה אִם שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמְעוּ בְּקֹלִי וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת בְּרִיתִי וִהְיִיתֶם לִי סְגֻלָּה מִכׇּל הָעַמִּים כִּי לִי כׇּל הָאָרֶץ. (ו) וְאַתֶּם תִּהְיוּ לִי מַמְלֶכֶת כֹּהֲנִים וְגוֹי קָדוֹשׁ אֵלֶּה הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. (ז) וַיָּבֹא מֹשֶׁה וַיִּקְרָא לְזִקְנֵי הָעָם וַיָּשֶׂם לִפְנֵיהֶם אֵת כׇּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר צִוָּהוּ י"י. (ח) וַיַּעֲנוּ כׇל הָעָם יַחְדָּו וַיֹּאמְרוּ כֹּל אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר י"י נַעֲשֶׂה וַיָּשֶׁב מֹשֶׁה אֶת דִּבְרֵי הָעָם אֶל י"י.

Shemot 20:1-13שמות כ׳:א׳-י״ג

(1) And God spoke all these words, saying: (2) I am the Lord thy God, who brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage; thou shalt have no other gods before Me. (3) Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image, nor any manner of likeness, of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; (4) thou shalt not bow down unto them, nor serve them; for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate Me; (5) and showing mercy unto the thousandth generation of them that love Me and keep My commandments. (6) Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain; for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh His name in vain. (7) Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. (8) Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work; (9) but the seventh day is a sabbath unto the Lord thy God, in it thou shalt not do any manner of work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy man-servant, nor thy maid-servant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates; (10) for in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested on the seventh day; wherefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it. (11) Honour thy father and thy mother, that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. (12) Thou shalt not murder. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not steal. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. (13) Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's house; thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's wife, nor his man-servant, nor his maid-servant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbour's.

(א) וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֵת כׇּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה לֵאמֹר. (ב) אָנֹכִי י"י אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִיךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים עַל פָּנָי. (ג) לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה לְךָ פֶסֶל וְכׇל תְּמוּנָה אֲשֶׁר בַּשָּׁמַיִם מִמַּעַל וַאֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ מִתַָּחַת וַאֲשֶׁר בַּמַּיִם מִתַּחַת לָאָרֶץ. (ד) לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לָהֶם וְלֹא תָעׇבְדֵם כִּי אָנֹכִי י"י אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֵל קַנָּא פֹּקֵד עֲוֺן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים לְשֹׂנְאָי. (ה) וְעֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד לַאֲלָפִים לְאֹהֲבַי וּלְשֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֺתָי. (ו) לֹא תִשָּׂא אֶת שֵׁם י"י אֱלֹהֶיךָ לַשָּׁוְא כִּי לֹא יְנַקֶּה י"י אֵת אֲשֶׁר יִשָּׂא אֶת שְׁמוֹ לַשָּׁוְא. (ז) זָכוֹר אֶת יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת לְקַדְּשׁוֹ. (ח) שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲבֹד וְעָשִׂיתָ כׇּל מְלַאכְתֶּךָ. (ט) וְיוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי שַׁבָּת לַי"י אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה כׇל מְלָאכָה אַתָּה וּבִנְךָ וּבִתֶּךָ עַבְדְּךָ וַאֲמָתְךָ וּבְהֶמְתֶּךָ וְגֵרְךָ אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ. (י) כִּי שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים עָשָׂה י"י אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת הָאָרֶץ אֶת הַיָּם וְאֶת כׇּל אֲשֶׁר בָּם וַיָּנַח בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי עַל כֵּן בֵּרַךְ י"י אֶת יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת וַיְקַדְּשֵׁהוּ. (יא) כַּבֵּד אֶת אָבִיךָ וְאֶת אִמֶּךָ לְמַעַן יַאֲרִכוּן יָמֶיךָ עַל הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר י"י אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לָךְ. (יב) לֹא תִרְצָח לֹא תִנְאָף לֹא תִגְנֹב לֹא תַעֲנֶה בְרֵעֲךָ עֵד שָׁקֶר. (יג) לֹא תַחְמֹד בֵּית רֵעֶךָ לֹא תַחְמֹד אֵשֶׁת רֵעֶךָ וְעַבְדּוֹ וַאֲמָתוֹ וְשׁוֹרוֹ וַחֲמֹרוֹ וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר לְרֵעֶךָ.

Shemot 23:14-17שמות כ״ג:י״ד-י״ז

(14) Three times thou shalt keep a feast unto Me in the year. (15) The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep; seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, at the time appointed in the month Abib — for in it thou camest out from Egypt; and none shall appear before Me empty; (16) and the feast of harvest, the first-fruits of thy labours, which thou sowest in the field; and the feast of ingathering, at the end of the year, when thou gatherest in thy labours out of the field. (17) Three times in the year all thy males shall appear before the Lord God.

(יד) שָׁלֹשׁ רְגָלִים תָּחֹג לִי בַּשָּׁנָה. (טו) אֶת חַג הַמַּצּוֹת תִּשְׁמֹר שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תֹּאכַל מַצּוֹת כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִךָ לְמוֹעֵד חֹדֶשׁ הָאָבִיב כִּי בוֹ יָצָאתָ מִמִּצְרָיִם וְלֹא יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָם. (טז) וְחַג הַקָּצִיר בִּכּוּרֵי מַעֲשֶׂיךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּזְרַע בַּשָּׂדֶה וְחַג הָאָסִף בְּצֵאת הַשָּׁנָה בְּאׇסְפְּךָ אֶת מַעֲשֶׂיךָ מִן הַשָּׂדֶה. (יז) שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים בַּשָּׁנָה יֵרָאֶה כׇּל זְכוּרְךָ אֶל פְּנֵי הָאָדֹן י"י.

Shemot 24:3-12שמות כ״ד:ג׳-י״ב

(3) And Moses came and told the people all the words of the Lord, and all the ordinances; and all the people answered with one voice, and said: 'All the words which the Lord hath spoken will we do.' (4) And Moses wrote all the words of the Lord, and rose up early in the morning, and builded an altar under the mount, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel. (5) And he sent the young men of the children of Israel, who offered burnt-offerings, and sacrificed peace-offerings of oxen unto the Lord. (6) And Moses took half of the blood, and put it in basins; and half of the blood he dashed against the altar. (7) And he took the book of the covenant, and read in the hearing of the people; and they said: 'All that the Lord hath spoken will we do, and obey.' (8) And Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and said: 'Behold the blood of the covenant, which the Lord hath made with you in agreement with all these words.' (9) Then went up Moses, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; (10) and they saw the God of Israel; and there was under His feet the like of a paved work of sapphire stone, and the like of the very heaven for clearness. (11) And upon the nobles of the children of Israel He laid not His hand; and they beheld God, and did eat and drink. (12) And the Lord said unto Moses: 'Come up to Me into the mount and be there; and I will give thee the tables of stone, and the law and the commandment, which I have written, that thou mayest teach them.'

(ג) וַיָּבֹא מֹשֶׁה וַיְסַפֵּר לָעָם אֵת כׇּל דִּבְרֵי י"י וְאֵת כׇּל הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים וַיַּעַן כׇּל הָעָם קוֹל אֶחָד וַיֹּאמְרוּ כׇּל הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר י"י נַעֲשֶׂה. (ד) וַיִּכְתֹּב מֹשֶׁה אֵת כׇּל דִּבְרֵי י"י וַיַּשְׁכֵּם בַּבֹּקֶר וַיִּבֶן מִזְבֵּחַ תַּחַת הָהָר וּשְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה מַצֵּבָה לִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. (ה) וַיִּשְׁלַח אֶת נַעֲרֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיַּעֲלוּ עֹלֹת וַיִּזְבְּחוּ זְבָחִים שְׁלָמִים לַי"י פָּרִים. (ו) וַיִּקַּח מֹשֶׁה חֲצִי הַדָּם וַיָּשֶׂם בָּאַגָּנֹת וַחֲצִי הַדָּם זָרַק עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. (ז) וַיִּקַּח סֵפֶר הַבְּרִית וַיִּקְרָא בְּאׇזְנֵי הָעָם וַיֹּאמְרוּ כֹּל אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר י"י נַעֲשֶׂה וְנִשְׁמָע. (ח) וַיִּקַּח מֹשֶׁה אֶת הַדָּם וַיִּזְרֹק עַל הָעָם וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה דַם הַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר כָּרַת י"י עִמָּכֶם עַל כׇּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה. (ט) וַיַּעַל מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן נָדָב וַאֲבִיהוּא וְשִׁבְעִים מִזִּקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. (י) וַיִּרְאוּ אֵת אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְתַחַת רַגְלָיו כְּמַעֲשֵׂה לִבְנַת הַסַּפִּיר וּכְעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם לָטֹהַר. (יא) וְאֶל אֲצִילֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא שָׁלַח יָדוֹ וַיֶּחֱזוּ אֶת הָאֱלֹהִים וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּוּ. (יב) וַיֹּאמֶר י"י אֶל מֹשֶׁה עֲלֵה אֵלַי הָהָרָה וֶהְיֵה שָׁם וְאֶתְּנָה לְךָ אֶת לֻחֹת הָאֶבֶן וְהַתּוֹרָה וְהַמִּצְוָה אֲשֶׁר כָּתַבְתִּי לְהוֹרֹתָם.

Shemot 25:8-16שמות כ״ה:ח׳-ט״ז

(8) And let them make Me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them. (9) According to all that I show thee, the pattern of the tabernacle, and the pattern of all the furniture thereof, even so shall ye make it. (10) And they shall make an ark of acacia-wood: two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof. (11) And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, within and without shalt thou overlay it, and shalt make upon it a crown of gold round about. (12) And thou shalt cast four rings of gold for it, and put them in the four feet thereof; and two rings shall be on the one side of it, and two rings on the other side of it. (13) And thou shalt make staves of acacia-wood, and overlay them with gold. (14) And thou shalt put the staves into the rings on the sides of the ark, wherewith to bear the ark. (15) The staves shall be in the rings of the ark; they shall not be taken from it. (16) And thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give thee.

(ח) וְעָשׂוּ לִי מִקְדָּשׁ וְשָׁכַנְתִּי בְּתוֹכָם. (ט) כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי מַרְאֶה אוֹתְךָ אֵת תַּבְנִית הַמִּשְׁכָּן וְאֵת תַּבְנִית כׇּל כֵּלָיו וְכֵן תַּעֲשׂוּ. (י) וְעָשׂוּ אֲרוֹן עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים אַמָּתַיִם וָחֵצִי אָרְכּוֹ וְאַמָּה וָחֵצִי רׇחְבּוֹ וְאַמָּה וָחֵצִי קֹמָתוֹ. (יא) וְצִפִּיתָ אֹתוֹ זָהָב טָהוֹר מִבַּיִת וּמִחוּץ תְּצַפֶּנּוּ וְעָשִׂיתָ עָלָיו זֵר זָהָב סָבִיב. (יב) וְיָצַקְתָּ לּוֹ אַרְבַּע טַבְּעֹת זָהָב וְנָתַתָּה עַל אַרְבַּע פַּעֲמֹתָיו וּשְׁתֵּי טַבָּעֹת עַל צַלְעוֹ הָאֶחָת וּשְׁתֵּי טַבָּעֹת עַל צַלְעוֹ הַשֵּׁנִית. (יג) וְעָשִׂיתָ בַדֵּי עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים וְצִפִּיתָ אֹתָם זָהָב. (יד) וְהֵבֵאתָ אֶת הַבַּדִּים בַּטַּבָּעֹת עַל צַלְעֹת הָאָרֹן לָשֵׂאת אֶת הָאָרֹן בָּהֶם. (טו) בְּטַבְּעֹת הָאָרֹן יִהְיוּ הַבַּדִּים לֹא יָסֻרוּ מִמֶּנּוּ. (טז) וְנָתַתָּ אֶל הָאָרֹן אֵת הָעֵדֻת אֲשֶׁר אֶתֵּן אֵלֶיךָ.

Shemot 32:15-19שמות ל״ב:ט״ו-י״ט

(15) And Moses turned, and went down from the mount, with the two tables of the testimony in his hand; tables that were written on both their sides; on the one side and on the other were they written. (16) And the tables were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, graven upon the tables. (17) And when Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said unto Moses: 'There is a noise of war in the camp.' (18) And he said: 'It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery, neither is it the voice of them that cry for being overcome, but the noise of them that sing do I hear.' (19) And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing; and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tables out of his hands, and broke them beneath the mount.

(טו) וַיִּפֶן וַיֵּרֶד מֹשֶׁה מִן הָהָר וּשְׁנֵי לֻחֹת הָעֵדֻת בְּיָדוֹ לֻחֹת כְּתֻבִים מִשְּׁנֵי עֶבְרֵיהֶם מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה הֵם כְּתֻבִים. (טז) וְהַלֻּחֹת מַעֲשֵׂה אֱלֹהִים הֵמָּה וְהַמִּכְתָּב מִכְתַּב אֱלֹהִים הוּא חָרוּת עַל הַלֻּחֹת. (יז) וַיִּשְׁמַע יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת קוֹל הָעָם בְּרֵעֹה וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל מֹשֶׁה קוֹל מִלְחָמָה בַּמַּחֲנֶה. (יח) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵין קוֹל עֲנוֹת גְּבוּרָה וְאֵין קוֹל עֲנוֹת חֲלוּשָׁה קוֹל עַנּוֹת אָנֹכִי שֹׁמֵעַ. (יט) וַיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר קָרַב אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה וַיַּרְא אֶת הָעֵגֶל וּמְחֹלֹת וַיִּחַר אַף מֹשֶׁה וַיַּשְׁלֵךְ מִיָּדָו אֶת הַלֻּחֹת וַיְשַׁבֵּר אֹתָם תַּחַת הָהָר.

Vayikra 26:44-45ויקרא כ״ו:מ״ד-מ״ה

(44) Yet for all that, when they are in the land of their enemies, I will not reject them, neither will I abhor them, to destroy them utterly, and to break my covenant with them; for I am Hashem their God; (45) but I will for their sake remember the covenant of their ancestors, whom I brought out of the land of Egypt in the sight of the nations, that I might be their God. I am Hashem.’”

(מד) וְאַף גַּם זֹאת בִּהְיוֹתָם בְּאֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיהֶם לֹא מְאַסְתִּים וְלֹא גְעַלְתִּים לְכַלֹּתָם לְהָפֵר בְּרִיתִי אִתָּם כִּי אֲנִי י״י אֱלֹהֵיהֶם. (מה) וְזָכַרְתִּי לָהֶם בְּרִית רִאשֹׁנִים אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִי אֹתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לְעֵינֵי הַגּוֹיִם לִהְיוֹת לָהֶם לֵאלֹהִים אֲנִי י״י.

Devarim 6:5דברים ו׳:ה׳

and you shall love Hashem your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might.

וְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת י״י אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכׇל לְבָבְךָ וּבְכׇל נַפְשְׁךָ וּבְכׇל מְאֹדֶךָ.

Devarim 29:8-14דברים כ״ט:ח׳-י״ד

(8) Observe therefore the words of this covenant, and do them, that ye may make all that ye do to prosper. (9) Ye are standing this day all of you before the Lord your God: your heads, your tribes, your elders, and your officers, even all the men of Israel, (10) your little ones, your wives, and thy stranger that is in the midst of thy camp, from the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy water; (11) that thou shouldest enter into the covenant of the Lord thy God — and into His oath — which the Lord thy God maketh with thee this day; (12) that He may establish thee this day unto Himself for a people, and that He may be unto thee a God, as He spoke unto thee, and as He swore unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. (13) Neither with you only do I make this covenant and this oath; (14) but with him that standeth here with us this day before the Lord our God, and also with him that is not here with us this day —

(ח) וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת דִּבְרֵי הַבְּרִית הַזֹּאת וַעֲשִׂיתֶם אֹתָם לְמַעַן תַּשְׂכִּילוּ אֵת כׇּל אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשׂוּן. (ט) אַתֶּם נִצָּבִים הַיּוֹם כֻּלְּכֶם לִפְנֵי י"י אֱלֹהֵיכֶם רָאשֵׁיכֶם שִׁבְטֵיכֶם זִקְנֵיכֶם וְשֹׁטְרֵיכֶם כֹּל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל. (י) טַפְּכֶם נְשֵׁיכֶם וְגֵרְךָ אֲשֶׁר בְּקֶרֶב מַחֲנֶיךָ מֵחֹטֵב עֵצֶיךָ עַד שֹׁאֵב מֵימֶיךָ. (יא) לְעׇבְרְךָ בִּבְרִית י"י אֱלֹהֶיךָ וּבְאָלָתוֹ אֲשֶׁר י"י אֱלֹהֶיךָ כֹּרֵת עִמְּךָ הַיּוֹם. (יב) לְמַעַן הָקִים אֹתְךָ הַיּוֹם לוֹ לְעָם וְהוּא יִהְיֶה לְּךָ לֵאלֹהִים כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לָךְ וְכַאֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּלְיַעֲקֹב. (יג) וְלֹא אִתְּכֶם לְבַדְּכֶם אָנֹכִי כֹּרֵת אֶת הַבְּרִית הַזֹּאת וְאֶת הָאָלָה הַזֹּאת. (יד) כִּי אֶת אֲשֶׁר יֶשְׁנוֹ פֹּה עִמָּנוּ עֹמֵד הַיּוֹם לִפְנֵי י"י אֱלֹהֵינוּ וְאֵת אֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנּוּ פֹּה עִמָּנוּ הַיּוֹם.

Devarim 30:19-20דברים ל׳:י״ט-כ׳

(19) I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that I have set before thee life and death, the blessing and the curse; therefore choose life, that thou mayest live, thou and thy seed; (20) to love the Lord thy God, to hearken to His voice, and to cleave unto Him; for that is thy life, and the length of thy days; that thou mayest dwell in the land which the Lord swore unto thy fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them.

(יט) הַעִדֹתִי בָכֶם הַיּוֹם אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת הָאָרֶץ הַחַיִּים וְהַמָּוֶת נָתַתִּי לְפָנֶיךָ הַבְּרָכָה וְהַקְּלָלָה וּבָחַרְתָּ בַּחַיִּים לְמַעַן תִּחְיֶה אַתָּה וְזַרְעֶךָ. (כ) לְאַהֲבָה אֶת י"י אֱלֹהֶיךָ לִשְׁמֹעַ בְּקֹלוֹ וּלְדׇבְקָה בוֹ כִּי הוּא חַיֶּיךָ וְאֹרֶךְ יָמֶיךָ לָשֶׁבֶת עַל הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע י"י לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּלְיַעֲקֹב לָתֵת לָהֶם.

Devarim 31:10-13דברים ל״א:י׳-י״ג

(10) And Moses commanded them, saying: 'At the end of every seven years, in the set time of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles, (11) when all Israel is come to appear before the Lord thy God in the place which He shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing. (12) Assemble the people, the men and the women and the little ones, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the Lord your God, and observe to do all the words of this law; (13) and that their children, who have not known, may hear, and learn to fear the Lord your God, as long as ye live in the land whither ye go over the Jordan to possess it.'

(י) וַיְצַו מֹשֶׁה אוֹתָם לֵאמֹר מִקֵּץ שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים בְּמֹעֵד שְׁנַת הַשְּׁמִטָּה בְּחַג הַסֻּכּוֹת. (יא) בְּבוֹא כׇל יִשְׂרָאֵל לֵרָאוֹת אֶת פְּנֵי י"י אֱלֹהֶיךָ בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחָר תִּקְרָא אֶת הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת נֶגֶד כׇּל יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּאׇזְנֵיהֶם. (יב) הַקְהֵל אֶת הָעָם הָאֲנָשִׁים וְהַנָּשִׁים וְהַטַּף וְגֵרְךָ אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ לְמַעַן יִשְׁמְעוּ וּלְמַעַן יִלְמְדוּ וְיָרְאוּ אֶת י"י אֱלֹהֵיכֶם וְשָׁמְרוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת כׇּל דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת. (יג) וּבְנֵיהֶם אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדְעוּ יִשְׁמְעוּ וְלָמְדוּ לְיִרְאָה אֶת י"י אֱלֹהֵיכֶם כׇּל הַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם חַיִּים עַל הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם עֹבְרִים אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן שָׁמָּה לְרִשְׁתָּהּ.

Devarim 31:24-26דברים ל״א:כ״ד-כ״ו

(24) And it came to pass, when Moses had made an end of writing the words of this law in a book, until they were finished, (25) that Moses commanded the Levites, that bore the ark of the covenant of the Lord, saying: (26) 'Take this book of the law, and put it by the side of the ark of the covenant of the Lord your God, that it may be there for a witness against thee.

(כד) וַיְהִי כְּכַלּוֹת מֹשֶׁה לִכְתֹּב אֶת דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת עַל סֵפֶר עַד תֻּמָּם. (כה) וַיְצַו מֹשֶׁה אֶת הַלְוִיִּם נֹשְׂאֵי אֲרוֹן בְּרִית י"י לֵאמֹר. (כו) לָקֹחַ אֵת סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה הַזֶּה וְשַׂמְתֶּם אֹתוֹ מִצַּד אֲרוֹן בְּרִית י"י אֱלֹהֵיכֶם וְהָיָה שָׁם בְּךָ לְעֵד.

Yehoshua 8:30-35יהושע ח׳:ל׳-ל״ה

(30) Then Joshua built an altar unto the Lord, the God of Israel, in mount Ebal, (31) as Moses the servant of the Lord commanded the children of Israel, as it is written in the book of the law of Moses, an altar of unhewn stones, upon which no man had lifted up any iron; and they offered thereon burnt-offerings unto the Lord, and sacrificed peace-offerings. (32) And he wrote there upon the stones a copy of the law of Moses, which he wrote before the children of Israel. (33) And all Israel, and their elders and officers, and their judges, stood on this side the ark and on that side before the priests the Levites, that bore the ark of the covenant of the Lord, as well the stranger as the home-born; half of them in front of mount Gerizim and half of them in front of mount Ebal; as Moses the servant of the Lord had commanded at the first, that they should bless the people of Israel. (34) And afterward he read all the words of the law, the blessing and the curse, according to all that is written in the book of the law. (35) There was not a word of all that Moses commanded, which Joshua read not before all the assembly of Israel, and the women, and the little ones, and the strangers that walked among them.

(ל) אָז יִבְנֶה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מִזְבֵּחַ לַי"י אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּהַר עֵיבָל. (לא) כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה מֹשֶׁה עֶבֶד י"י אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּכָּתוּב בְּסֵפֶר תּוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה מִזְבַּח אֲבָנִים שְׁלֵמוֹת אֲשֶׁר לֹא הֵנִיף עֲלֵיהֶן בַּרְזֶל וַיַּעֲלוּ עָלָיו עֹלוֹת לַי"י וַיִּזְבְּחוּ שְׁלָמִים. (לב) וַיִּכְתׇּב שָׁם עַל הָאֲבָנִים אֵת מִשְׁנֵה תּוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה אֲשֶׁר כָּתַב לִפְנֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. (לג) וְכׇל יִשְׂרָאֵל וּזְקֵנָיו וְשֹׁטְרִים וְשֹׁפְטָיו עֹמְדִים מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה לָאָרוֹן נֶגֶד הַכֹּהֲנִים הַלְוִיִּם נֹשְׂאֵי אֲרוֹן בְּרִית י"י כַּגֵּר כָּאֶזְרָח חֶצְיוֹ אֶל מוּל הַר גְּרִזִים וְהַחֶצְיוֹ אֶל מוּל הַר עֵיבָל כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה מֹשֶׁה עֶבֶד י"י לְבָרֵךְ אֶת הָעָם יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּרִאשֹׁנָה. (לד) וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן קָרָא אֶת כׇּל דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה הַבְּרָכָה וְהַקְּלָלָה כְּכׇל הַכָּתוּב בְּסֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה. (לה) לֹא הָיָה דָבָר מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה מֹשֶׁה אֲשֶׁר לֹא קָרָא יְהוֹשֻׁעַ נֶגֶד כׇּל קְהַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהַנָּשִׁים וְהַטַּף וְהַגֵּר הַהֹלֵךְ בְּקִרְבָּם.

Yehoshua 17:15יהושע י״ז:ט״ו

And Joshua said unto them: 'If thou be a great people, get thee up to the forest, and cut down for thyself there in the land of the Perizzites and of the Rephaim; since the hill-country of Ephraim is too narrow for thee.'

וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵיהֶם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אִם עַם רַב אַתָּה עֲלֵה לְךָ הַיַּעְרָה וּבֵרֵאתָ לְךָ שָׁם בְּאֶרֶץ הַפְּרִזִּי וְהָרְפָאִים כִּי אָץ לְךָ הַר אֶפְרָיִם.

Yehoshua 24יהושע כ״ד

(1) And Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem, and called for the elders of Israel, and for their heads, and for their judges, and for their officers; and they presented themselves before God. (2) And Joshua said unto all the people: 'Thus saith the Lord, the God of Israel: Your fathers dwelt of old time beyond the River, even Terah, the father of Abraham, and the father of Nahor; and they served other gods. (3) And I took your father Abraham from beyond the River, and led him throughout all the land of Canaan, and multiplied his seed, and gave him Isaac. (4) And I gave unto Isaac Jacob and Esau; and I gave unto Esau mount Seir, to possess it; and Jacob and his children went down into Egypt. (5) And I sent Moses and Aaron, and I plagued Egypt, according to that which I did in the midst thereof; and afterward I brought you out. (6) And I brought your fathers out of Egypt; and ye came unto the sea; and the Egyptians pursued after your fathers with chariots and with horsemen unto the Red Sea. (7) And when they cried out unto the Lord, He put darkness between you and the Egyptians, and brought the sea upon them, and covered them; and your eyes saw what I did in Egypt; and ye dwelt in the wilderness many days. (8) And I brought you into the land of the Amorites, that dwelt beyond the Jordan; and they fought with you;and I gave them into your hand, and ye possessed their land; and I destroyed them from before you. (9) Then Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, arose and fought against Israel; and he sent and called Balaam the son of Beor to curse you. (10) But I would not hearken unto Balaam; therefore he even blessed you; so I delivered you out of his hand. (11) And ye went over the Jordan, and came unto Jericho; and the men of Jericho fought against you, the Amorite, and the Perizzite, and the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Girgashite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite; and I delivered them into your hand. (12) And I sent the hornet before you, which drove them out from before you, even the two kings of the Amorites; not with thy sword, nor with thy bow. (13) And I gave you a land whereon thou hadst not laboured, and cities which ye built not, and ye dwell therein; of vineyards and olive-yards which ye planted not do ye eat. (14) Now therefore fear the Lord, and serve Him in sincerity and in truth; and put away the gods which your fathers served beyond the River, and in Egypt; and serve ye the Lord. (15) And if it seem evil unto you to serve the Lord, choose you this day whom ye will serve; whether the gods which your fathers served that were beyond the River, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell; but as for me and my house, we will serve the Lord.' (16) And the people answered and said: 'Far be it from us that we should forsake the Lord, to serve other gods; (17) for the Lord our God, He it is that brought us and our fathers up out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage, and that did those great signs in our sight, and preserved us in all the way wherein we went, and among all the peoples through the midst of whom we passed; (18) and the Lord drove out from before us all the peoples, even the Amorites that dwelt in the land; therefore we also will serve the Lord; for He is our God.' (19) And Joshua said unto the people: 'Ye cannot serve the Lord; for He is a holy God; He is a jealous God; He will not forgive your transgression nor your sins. (20) If ye forsake the Lord, and serve strange gods, then He will turn and do you evil, and consume you, after that He hath done you good.' (21) And the people said unto Joshua: 'Nay; but we will serve the Lord.' (22) And Joshua said unto the people: 'Ye are witnesses against yourselves that ye have chosen you the Lord, to serve Him. — And they said: 'We are witnesses.'— (23) Now therefore put away the strange gods which are among you, and incline your heart unto the Lord, the God of Israel.' (24) And the people said unto Joshua: 'The Lord our God will we serve, and unto His voice will we hearken.' (25) So Joshua made a covenant with the people that day, and set them a statute and an ordinance in Shechem. (26) And Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God; and he took a great stone, and set it up there under the oak that was by the sanctuary of the Lord. (27) And Joshua said unto all the people: 'Behold, this stone shall be a witness against us; for it hath heard all the words of the Lord which He spoke unto us; it shall be therefore a witness against you, lest ye deny your God.' (28) So Joshua sent the people away, every man unto his inheritance. (29) And it came to pass after these things, that Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the Lord, died, being ahundred and ten years old. (30) And they buried him in the border of his inheritance in Timnath-serah, which is in the hill-country of Ephraim, on the north of the mountain of Gaash. (31) And Israel served the Lord all the days of Joshua, and all the days of the elders that outlived Joshua, and had known all the work of the Lord, that He had wrought for Israel. (32) And the bones of Joseph, which the children of Israel brought up out of Egypt, buried they in Shechem, in the parcel of ground which Jacob bought of the sons of Hamor the father of Shechem for a hundred pieces of money; and they became the inheritance of the children of Joseph. (33) And Eleazar the son of Aaron died; and they buried him in the Hill of Phinehas his son, which was given him in mount Ephraim.

(א) וַיֶּאֱסֹף יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת כׇּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁכֶמָה וַיִּקְרָא לְזִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּלְרָאשָׁיו וּלְשֹׁפְטָיו וּלְשֹׁטְרָיו וַיִּתְיַצְּבוּ לִפְנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים. (ב) וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל כׇּל הָעָם כֹּה אָמַר י״י אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּעֵבֶר הַנָּהָר יָשְׁבוּ אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם מֵעוֹלָם תֶּרַח אֲבִי אַבְרָהָם וַאֲבִי נָחוֹר וַיַּעַבְדוּ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים. (ג) וָאֶקַּח אֶת אֲבִיכֶם אֶת אַבְרָהָם מֵעֵבֶר הַנָּהָר וָאוֹלֵךְ אֹתוֹ בְּכׇל אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן [וָאַרְבֶּה] (וארב) אֶת זַרְעוֹ וָאֶתֶּן לוֹ אֶת יִצְחָק. (ד) וָאֶתֵּן לְיִצְחָק אֶת יַעֲקֹב וְאֶת עֵשָׂו וָאֶתֵּן לְעֵשָׂו אֶת הַר שֵׂעִיר לָרֶשֶׁת אוֹתוֹ וְיַעֲקֹב וּבָנָיו יָרְדוּ מִצְרָיִם. (ה) וָאֶשְׁלַח אֶת מֹשֶׁה וְאֶת אַהֲרֹן וָאֶגֹּף אֶת מִצְרַיִם כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי בְּקִרְבּוֹ וְאַחַר הוֹצֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם. (ו) וָאוֹצִיא אֶת אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם מִמִּצְרַיִם וַתָּבֹאוּ הַיָּמָּה וַיִּרְדְּפוּ מִצְרַיִם אַחֲרֵי אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם בְּרֶכֶב וּבְפָרָשִׁים יַם סוּף. (ז) וַיִּצְעֲקוּ אֶל י״י וַיָּשֶׂם מַאֲפֵל בֵּינֵיכֶם וּבֵין הַמִּצְרִים וַיָּבֵא עָלָיו אֶת הַיָּם וַיְכַסֵּהוּ וַתִּרְאֶינָה עֵינֵיכֶם אֵת אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי בְּמִצְרָיִם וַתֵּשְׁבוּ בַמִּדְבָּר יָמִים רַבִּים. (ח) [וָאָבִיא] (ואבאה) אֶתְכֶם אֶל אֶרֶץ הָאֱמֹרִי הַיּוֹשֵׁב בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן וַיִּלָּחֲמוּ אִתְּכֶם וָאֶתֵּן אוֹתָם בְּיֶדְכֶם וַתִּירְשׁוּ אֶת אַרְצָם וָאַשְׁמִידֵם מִפְּנֵיכֶם. (ט) וַיָּקׇם בָּלָק בֶּן צִפּוֹר מֶלֶךְ מוֹאָב וַיִּלָּחֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּשְׁלַח וַיִּקְרָא לְבִלְעָם בֶּן בְּעוֹר לְקַלֵּל אֶתְכֶם. (י) וְלֹא אָבִיתִי לִשְׁמֹעַ לְבִלְעָם וַיְבָרֶךְ בָּרוֹךְ אֶתְכֶם וָאַצִּל אֶתְכֶם מִיָּדוֹ. (יא) וַתַּעַבְרוּ אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן וַתָּבֹאוּ אֶל יְרִיחוֹ וַיִּלָּחֲמוּ בָכֶם בַּעֲלֵי יְרִיחוֹ הָאֱמֹרִי וְהַפְּרִזִּי וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי וְהַחִתִּי וְהַגִּרְגָּשִׁי הַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִי וָאֶתֵּן אוֹתָם בְּיֶדְכֶם. (יב) וָאֶשְׁלַח לִפְנֵיכֶם אֶת הַצִּרְעָה וַתְּגָרֶשׁ אוֹתָם מִפְּנֵיכֶם שְׁנֵי מַלְכֵי הָאֱמֹרִי לֹא בְחַרְבְּךָ וְלֹא בְקַשְׁתֶּךָ. (יג) וָאֶתֵּן לָכֶם אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָגַעְתָּ בָּהּ וְעָרִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא בְנִיתֶם וַתֵּשְׁבוּ בָּהֶם כְּרָמִים וְזֵיתִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא נְטַעְתֶּם אַתֶּם אֹכְלִים. (יד) וְעַתָּה יְראוּ אֶת י״י וְעִבְדוּ אֹתוֹ בְּתָמִים וּבֶאֱמֶת וְהָסִירוּ אֶת אֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר עָבְדוּ אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם בְּעֵבֶר הַנָּהָר וּבְמִצְרַיִם וְעִבְדוּ אֶת י״י. (טו) וְאִם רַע בְּעֵינֵיכֶם לַעֲבֹד אֶת י״י בַּחֲרוּ לָכֶם הַיּוֹם אֶת מִי תַעֲבֹדוּן אִם אֶת אֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר עָבְדוּ אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר [מֵעֵבֶר] (בעבר) הַנָּהָר וְאִם אֶת אֱלֹהֵי הָאֱמֹרִי אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם יֹשְׁבִים בְּאַרְצָם וְאָנֹכִי וּבֵיתִי נַעֲבֹד אֶת י״י. (טז) וַיַּעַן הָעָם וַיֹּאמֶר חָלִילָה לָּנוּ מֵעֲזֹב אֶת י״י לַעֲבֹד אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים. (יז) כִּי י״י אֱלֹהֵינוּ הוּא הַמַּעֲלֶה אֹתָנוּ וְאֶת אֲבוֹתֵינוּ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים וַאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְעֵינֵינוּ אֶת הָאֹתוֹת הַגְּדֹלוֹת הָאֵלֶּה וַיִּשְׁמְרֵנוּ בְּכׇל הַדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר הָלַכְנוּ בָהּ וּבְכֹל הָעַמִּים אֲשֶׁר עָבַרְנוּ בְּקִרְבָּם. (יח) וַיְגָרֶשׁ י״י אֶת כׇּל הָעַמִּים וְאֶת הָאֱמֹרִי יֹשֵׁב הָאָרֶץ מִפָּנֵינוּ גַּם אֲנַחְנוּ נַעֲבֹד אֶת י״י כִּי הוּא אֱלֹהֵינוּ. (יט) וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל הָעָם לֹא תוּכְלוּ לַעֲבֹד אֶת י״י כִּי אֱלֹהִים קְדֹשִׁים הוּא אֵל קַנּוֹא הוּא לֹא יִשָּׂא לְפִשְׁעֲכֶם וּלְחַטֹּאותֵיכֶם. (כ) כִּי תַעַזְבוּ אֶת י״י וַעֲבַדְתֶּם אֱלֹהֵי נֵכָר וְשָׁב וְהֵרַע לָכֶם וְכִלָּה אֶתְכֶם אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר הֵיטִיב לָכֶם. (כא) וַיֹּאמֶר הָעָם אֶל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ לֹא כִּי אֶת י״י נַעֲבֹד. (כב) וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל הָעָם עֵדִים אַתֶּם בָּכֶם כִּי אַתֶּם בְּחַרְתֶּם לָכֶם אֶת י״י לַעֲבֹד אוֹתוֹ וַיֹּאמְרוּ עֵדִים. (כג) וְעַתָּה הָסִירוּ אֶת אֱלֹהֵי הַנֵּכָר אֲשֶׁר בְּקִרְבְּכֶם וְהַטּוּ אֶת לְבַבְכֶם אֶל י״י אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. (כד) וַיֹּאמְרוּ הָעָם אֶל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת י״י אֱלֹהֵינוּ נַעֲבֹד וּבְקוֹלוֹ נִשְׁמָע. (כה) וַיִּכְרֹת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּרִית לָעָם בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא וַיָּשֶׂם לוֹ חֹק וּמִשְׁפָּט בִּשְׁכֶם. (כו) וַיִּכְתֹּב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה בְּסֵפֶר תּוֹרַת אֱלֹהִים וַיִּקַּח אֶבֶן גְּדוֹלָה וַיְקִימֶהָ שָּׁם תַּחַת הָאַלָּה אֲשֶׁר בְּמִקְדַּשׁ י״י. (כז) וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל כׇּל הָעָם הִנֵּה הָאֶבֶן הַזֹּאת תִּהְיֶה בָּנוּ לְעֵדָה כִּי הִיא שָׁמְעָה אֵת כׇּל אִמְרֵי י״י אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר עִמָּנוּ וְהָיְתָה בָכֶם לְעֵדָה פֶּן תְּכַחֲשׁוּן בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם. (כח) וַיְשַׁלַּח יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת הָעָם אִישׁ לְנַחֲלָתוֹ. (כט) וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵי הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וַיָּמׇת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּן נוּן עֶבֶד י״י בֶּן מֵאָה וָעֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים. (ל) וַיִּקְבְּרוּ אֹתוֹ בִּגְבוּל נַחֲלָתוֹ בְּתִמְנַת סֶרַח אֲשֶׁר בְּהַר אֶפְרָיִם מִצְּפוֹן לְהַר גָּעַשׁ. (לא) וַיַּעֲבֹד יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת י״י כֹּל יְמֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכֹל יְמֵי הַזְּקֵנִים אֲשֶׁר הֶאֱרִיכוּ יָמִים אַחֲרֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וַאֲשֶׁר יָדְעוּ אֵת כׇּל מַעֲשֵׂה י״י אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. (לב) וְאֶת עַצְמוֹת יוֹסֵף אֲשֶׁר הֶעֱלוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם קָבְרוּ בִשְׁכֶם בְּחֶלְקַת הַשָּׂדֶה אֲשֶׁר קָנָה יַעֲקֹב מֵאֵת בְּנֵי חֲמוֹר אֲבִי שְׁכֶם בְּמֵאָה קְשִׂיטָה וַיִּהְיוּ לִבְנֵי יוֹסֵף לְנַחֲלָה. (לג) וְאֶלְעָזָר בֶּן אַהֲרֹן מֵת וַיִּקְבְּרוּ אֹתוֹ בְּגִבְעַת פִּינְחָס בְּנוֹ אֲשֶׁר נִתַּן לוֹ בְּהַר אֶפְרָיִם.

Shofetim 19:18-30שופטים י״ט:י״ח-ל׳

(18) And he said unto him: 'We are passing from Beth-lehem in Judah unto the farther side of the hill-country of Ephraim; from thence am I, and I went to Beth-lehem in Judah, and I am now going to the house of the Lord; and there is no man that taketh me into his house. (19) Yet there is both straw and provender for our asses; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for thy handmaid, and for the young man that is with thy servants; there is no want of any thing.' (20) And the old man said: 'Peace be unto thee; howsoever let all thy wants lie upon me; only lodge not in the broad place.' (21) So he brought him into his house, and gave the asses fodder; and they washed their feet, and did eat and drink. (22) As they were making their hearts merry, behold, the men of the city, certain base fellows, beset the house round about, beating at the door; and they spoke to the master of the house, the old man, saying: 'Bring forth the man that came into thy house, that we may know him.' (23) And the man, the master of the house, went out unto them, and said unto them: 'Nay, my brethren, I pray you, do not so wickedly; seeing that this man is come into my house, do not this wanton deed. (24) Behold, here is my daughter a virgin, and his concubine; I will bring them out now, and humble ye them, and do with them what seemeth good unto you; but unto this man do not so wanton a thing.' (25) But the men would not hearken to him; so the man laid hold on his concubine, and brought her forth unto them; and they knew her, and abused her all the night until the morning; and when the day began to spring, they let her go. (26) Then came the woman in the dawning of the day, and fell down at the door of the man's house where her lord was, till it was light. (27) And her lord rose up in the morning, and opened the doors of the house, and went out to go his way; and, behold, the woman his concubine was fallen down at the door of the house, with her hands upon the threshold. (28) And he said unto her.' Up, and let us be going'; but none answered; then he took her up upon the ass; and the man rose up, and got him unto his place. (29) And when he was come into his house, he took a knife, and laid hold on his concubine, and divided her, limb by limb, into twelve pieces, and sent her throughout all the borders of Israel. (30) And it was so, that all that saw it said: 'Such a thing hath not happened nor been seen from the day that the children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt unto this day; consider it, take counsel, and speak.'

(יח) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו עֹבְרִים אֲנַחְנוּ מִבֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה עַד יַרְכְּתֵי הַר אֶפְרַיִם מִשָּׁם אָנֹכִי וָאֵלֵךְ עַד בֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה וְאֶת בֵּית י"י אֲנִי הֹלֵךְ וְאֵין אִישׁ מְאַסֵּף אוֹתִי הַבָּיְתָה. (יט) וְגַם תֶּבֶן גַּם מִסְפּוֹא יֵשׁ לַחֲמוֹרֵינוּ וְגַם לֶחֶם וָיַיִן יֶשׁ לִי וְלַאֲמָתֶךָ וְלַנַּעַר עִם עֲבָדֶיךָ אֵין מַחְסוֹר כׇּל דָּבָר. (כ) וַיֹּאמֶר הָאִישׁ הַזָּקֵן שָׁלוֹם לָךְ רַק כׇּל מַחְסוֹרְךָ עָלָי רַק בָּרְחוֹב אַל תָּלַן. (כא) וַיְבִיאֵהוּ לְבֵיתוֹ [וַיָּבׇל] (ויבול) לַחֲמוֹרִים וַיִּרְחֲצוּ רַגְלֵיהֶם וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּוּ. (כב) הֵמָּה מֵיטִיבִים אֶת לִבָּם וְהִנֵּה אַנְשֵׁי הָעִיר אַנְשֵׁי בְנֵי בְלִיַּעַל נָסַבּוּ אֶת הַבַּיִת מִתְדַּפְּקִים עַל הַדָּלֶת וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֶל הָאִישׁ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת הַזָּקֵן לֵאמֹר הוֹצֵא אֶת הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר בָּא אֶל בֵּיתְךָ וְנֵדָעֶנּוּ. (כג) וַיֵּצֵא אֲלֵיהֶם הָאִישׁ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם אַל אַחַי אַל תָּרֵעוּ נָא אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר בָּא הָאִישׁ הַזֶּה אֶל בֵּיתִי אַל תַּעֲשׂוּ אֶת הַנְּבָלָה הַזֹּאת. (כד) הִנֵּה בִתִּי הַבְּתוּלָה וּפִילַגְשֵׁהוּ אוֹצִיאָה נָּא אוֹתָם וְעַנּוּ אוֹתָם וַעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם הַטּוֹב בְּעֵינֵיכֶם וְלָאִישׁ הַזֶּה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ דְּבַר הַנְּבָלָה הַזֹּאת. (כה) וְלֹא אָבוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים לִשְׁמֹעַ לוֹ וַיַּחֲזֵק הָאִישׁ בְּפִילַגְשׁוֹ וַיֹּצֵא אֲלֵיהֶם הַחוּץ וַיֵּדְעוּ אוֹתָהּ וַיִּתְעַלְּלוּ בָהּ כׇּל הַלַּיְלָה עַד הַבֹּקֶר וַיְשַׁלְּחוּהָ [כַּעֲלוֹת] (בעלות) הַשָּׁחַר. (כו) וַתָּבֹא הָאִשָּׁה לִפְנוֹת הַבֹּקֶר וַתִּפֹּל פֶּתַח בֵּית הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אֲדוֹנֶיהָ שָּׁם עַד הָאוֹר. (כז) וַיָּקׇם אֲדֹנֶיהָ בַּבֹּקֶר וַיִּפְתַּח דַּלְתוֹת הַבַּיִת וַיֵּצֵא לָלֶכֶת לְדַרְכּוֹ וְהִנֵּה הָאִשָּׁה פִילַגְשׁוֹ נֹפֶלֶת פֶּתַח הַבַּיִת וְיָדֶיהָ עַל הַסַּף. (כח) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלֶיהָ קוּמִי וְנֵלֵכָה וְאֵין עֹנֶה וַיִּקָּחֶהָ עַל הַחֲמוֹר וַיָּקׇם הָאִישׁ וַיֵּלֶךְ לִמְקֹמוֹ. (כט) וַיָּבֹא אֶל בֵּיתוֹ וַיִּקַּח אֶת הַמַּאֲכֶלֶת וַיַּחֲזֵק בְּפִילַגְשׁוֹ וַיְנַתְּחֶהָ לַעֲצָמֶיהָ לִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר נְתָחִים וַיְשַׁלְּחֶהָ בְּכֹל גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל. (ל) וְהָיָה כׇל הָרֹאֶה וְאָמַר לֹא נִהְיְתָה וְלֹא נִרְאֲתָה כָּזֹאת לְמִיּוֹם עֲלוֹת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה שִׂימוּ לָכֶם עָלֶיהָ עֻצוּ וְדַבֵּרוּ.

Shemuel I 11:1-8שמואל א׳ י״א:א׳-ח׳

(1) Then Nahash the Ammonite came up, and encamped against Jabesh-gilead; and all the men of Jabesh said unto Nahash: 'Make a covenant with us, and we will serve thee.' (2) And Nahash the Ammonite said unto them: 'On this condition will I make it with you, that all your right eyes be put out; and I will lay it for a reproach upon all Israel.' (3) And the elders of Jabesh said unto him: 'Give us seven days' respite, that we may send messengers unto all the borders of Israel; and then, if there be none to deliver us, wewill come out to thee.' (4) Then came the messengers to Gibeath-shaul, and spoke these words in the ears of the people; and all the people lifted up their voice, and wept. (5) And, behold, Saul came following the oxen out of the field; and Saul said: 'What aileth the people that they weep?' And they told him the words of the men of Jabesh. (6) And the spirit of God came mightily upon Saul when he heard those words, and his anger was kindled greatly. (7) And he took a yoke of oxen, and cut them in pieces, and sent them throughout all the borders of Israel by the hand of messengers, saying: 'Whosoever cometh not forth after Saul and after Samuel, so shall it be done unto his oxen.' And the dread of the Lord fell on the people, and they came out as one man. (8) And he numbered them in Bezek; and the children of Israel were three hundred thousand, and the men of Judah thirty thousand.

(א) וַיַּעַל נָחָשׁ הָעַמּוֹנִי וַיִּחַן עַל יָבֵישׁ גִּלְעָד וַיֹּאמְרוּ כׇּל אַנְשֵׁי יָבֵישׁ אֶל נָחָשׁ כְּרׇת לָנוּ בְרִית וְנַעַבְדֶךָּ. (ב) וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵיהֶם נָחָשׁ הָעַמּוֹנִי בְּזֹאת אֶכְרֹת לָכֶם בִּנְקוֹר לָכֶם כׇּל עֵין יָמִין וְשַׂמְתִּיהָ חֶרְפָּה עַל כׇּל יִשְׂרָאֵל. (ג) וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו זִקְנֵי יָבֵישׁ הֶרֶף לָנוּ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים וְנִשְׁלְחָה מַלְאָכִים בְּכֹל גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִם אֵין מוֹשִׁיעַ אֹתָנוּ וְיָצָאנוּ אֵלֶיךָ. (ד) וַיָּבֹאוּ הַמַּלְאָכִים גִּבְעַת שָׁאוּל וַיְדַבְּרוּ הַדְּבָרִים בְּאׇזְנֵי הָעָם וַיִּשְׂאוּ כׇל הָעָם אֶת קוֹלָם וַיִּבְכּוּ. (ה) וְהִנֵּה שָׁאוּל בָּא אַחֲרֵי הַבָּקָר מִן הַשָּׂדֶה וַיֹּאמֶר שָׁאוּל מַה לָּעָם כִּי יִבְכּוּ וַיְסַפְּרוּ לוֹ אֶת דִּבְרֵי אַנְשֵׁי יָבֵישׁ. (ו) וַתִּצְלַח רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים עַל שָׁאוּל [כְּשׇׁמְעוֹ] (בשמעו) אֶת הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וַיִּחַר אַפּוֹ מְאֹד. (ז) וַיִּקַּח צֶמֶד בָּקָר וַיְנַתְּחֵהוּ וַיְשַׁלַּח בְּכׇל גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּיַד הַמַּלְאָכִים לֵאמֹר אֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנּוּ יֹצֵא אַחֲרֵי שָׁאוּל וְאַחַר שְׁמוּאֵל כֹּה יֵעָשֶׂה לִבְקָרוֹ וַיִּפֹּל פַּחַד י"י עַל הָעָם וַיֵּצְאוּ כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד. (ח) וַיִּפְקְדֵם בְּבָזֶק וַיִּהְיוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת אֶלֶף וְאִישׁ יְהוּדָה שְׁלֹשִׁים אָלֶף.

Shemuel II 3:19-21שמואל ב׳ ג׳:י״ט-כ״א

(19) And Abner also spoke in the ears of Benjamin; and Abner went also to speak in the ears of David in Hebron all that seemed good to Israel, and to the whole house of Benjamin. (20) So Abner came to David to Hebron, and twenty men with him. And David made Abner and the men that were with him a feast. (21) And Abner said unto David: 'I will arise and go, and will gather all Israel unto my lord the king, that they may make a covenant with thee, and that thou mayest reign over all that thy soul desireth.' And David sent Abner away; and he went in peace.

(יט) וַיְדַבֵּר גַּם אַבְנֵר בְּאׇזְנֵי בִנְיָמִין וַיֵּלֶךְ גַּם אַבְנֵר לְדַבֵּר בְּאׇזְנֵי דָוִד בְּחֶבְרוֹן אֵת כׇּל אֲשֶׁר טוֹב בְּעֵינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבְעֵינֵי כׇּל בֵּית בִּנְיָמִן. (כ) וַיָּבֹא אַבְנֵר אֶל דָּוִד חֶבְרוֹן וְאִתּוֹ עֶשְׂרִים אֲנָשִׁים וַיַּעַשׂ דָּוִד לְאַבְנֵר וְלַאֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר אִתּוֹ מִשְׁתֶּה. (כא) וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְנֵר אֶל דָּוִד אָקוּמָה וְאֵלֵכָה וְאֶקְבְּצָה אֶל אֲדֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶת כׇּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִכְרְתוּ אִתְּךָ בְּרִית וּמָלַכְתָּ בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תְּאַוֶּה נַפְשֶׁךָ וַיְשַׁלַּח דָּוִד אֶת אַבְנֵר וַיֵּלֶךְ בְּשָׁלוֹם.

Shemuel II 7:12-16שמואל ב ז׳:י״ב-ט״ז

(12) When thy days are fulfilled, and thou shalt sleep with thy fathers, I will set up thy seed after thee, that shall proceed out of thy body, and I will establish his kingdom. (13) He shall build a house for My name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom for ever. (14) I will be to him for a father, and he shall be to Me for a son; if he commit iniquity, I will chasten him with the rod of men, and with the stripes of the children of men; (15) but My mercy shall not depart from him, as I took it from Saul, whom I put away before thee. (16) And thy house and thy kingdom shall be made sure for ever before thee; thy throne shall be established for ever.'

(יב) כִּי יִמְלְאוּ יָמֶיךָ וְשָׁכַבְתָּ אֶת אֲבֹתֶיךָ וַהֲקִימֹתִי אֶת זַרְעֲךָ אַחֲרֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר יֵצֵא מִמֵּעֶיךָ וַהֲכִינֹתִי אֶת מַמְלַכְתּוֹ. (יג) הוּא יִבְנֶה בַּיִת לִשְׁמִי וְכֹנַנְתִּי אֶת כִּסֵּא מַמְלַכְתּוֹ עַד עוֹלָם. (יד) אֲנִי אֶהְיֶה לּוֹ לְאָב וְהוּא יִהְיֶה לִּי לְבֵן אֲשֶׁר בְּהַעֲוֺתוֹ וְהֹכַחְתִּיו בְּשֵׁבֶט אֲנָשִׁים וּבְנִגְעֵי בְּנֵי אָדָם. (טו) וְחַסְדִּי לֹא יָסוּר מִמֶּנּוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר הֲסִרֹתִי מֵעִם שָׁאוּל אֲשֶׁר הֲסִרֹתִי מִלְּפָנֶיךָ. (טז) וְנֶאְמַן בֵּיתְךָ וּמַמְלַכְתְּךָ עַד עוֹלָם לְפָנֶיךָ כִּסְאֲךָ יִהְיֶה נָכוֹן עַד עוֹלָם.

Shemuel II 19:7שמואל ב י״ט:ז׳

in that thou lovest them that hate thee, and hatest them that love thee. For thou hast declared this day, that princes and servants are nought unto thee; for this day I perceive, that if Absalom had lived, and all we had died this day, then it had pleased thee well.

לְאַהֲבָה אֶת שֹׂנְאֶיךָ וְלִשְׂנֹא אֶת אֹהֲבֶיךָ כִּי הִגַּדְתָּ הַיּוֹם כִּי אֵין לְךָ שָׂרִים וַעֲבָדִים כִּי יָדַעְתִּי הַיּוֹם כִּי [לוּ] (לא) אַבְשָׁלוֹם חַי וְכֻלָּנוּ הַיּוֹם מֵתִים כִּי אָז יָשָׁר בְּעֵינֶיךָ.

Melakhim I 5:15מלכים א ה׳:ט״ו

And Hiram king of Tyre sent his servants unto Solomon; for he had heard that they had anointed him king in the room of his father; for Hiram was ever a lover of David.

וַיִּשְׁלַח חִירָם מֶלֶךְ צוֹר אֶת עֲבָדָיו אֶל שְׁלֹמֹה כִּי שָׁמַע כִּי אֹתוֹ מָשְׁחוּ לְמֶלֶךְ תַּחַת אָבִיהוּ כִּי אֹהֵב הָיָה חִירָם לְדָוִד כׇּל הַיָּמִים.

Melakhim I 20:31-34מלכים א כ׳:ל״א-ל״ד

(31) And his servants said unto him: 'Behold now, we have heard that the kings of the house of Israel are merciful kings; let us, we pray thee, put sackcloth on our loins, and ropes upon our heads, and go out to the king of Israel; peradventure he will save thy life.' (32) So they girded sackcloth on their loins, and put ropes on their heads, and came to the king of Israel, and said: 'Thy servant Ben-hadad saith: I pray thee, let me live.' And he said: 'Is he yet alive? he is my brother.' (33) Now the men took it for a sign, and hastened to catch it fromhim; and they said: 'Thy brother Ben-hadad.' Then he said: 'Go ye, bring him.' Then Ben-hadad came forth to him; and he caused him to come up into his chariot. (34) And [Ben-hadad] said unto him: 'The cities which my father took from thy father I will restore; and thou shalt make streets for thee in Damascus, as my father made in Samaria.' 'And I, said Ahab, will let thee go with this covenant.' So he made a covenant with him, and let him go.

(לא) וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו עֲבָדָיו הִנֵּה נָא שָׁמַעְנוּ כִּי מַלְכֵי בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי מַלְכֵי חֶסֶד הֵם נָשִׂימָה נָּא שַׂקִּים בְּמׇתְנֵינוּ וַחֲבָלִים בְּרֹאשֵׁנוּ וְנֵצֵא אֶל מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אוּלַי יְחַיֶּה אֶת נַפְשֶׁךָ. (לב) וַיַּחְגְּרוּ שַׂקִּים בְּמׇתְנֵיהֶם וַחֲבָלִים בְּרָאשֵׁיהֶם וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמְרוּ עַבְדְּךָ בֶן הֲדַד אָמַר תְּחִי נָא נַפְשִׁי וַיֹּאמֶר הַעוֹדֶנּוּ חַי אָחִי הוּא. (לג) וְהָאֲנָשִׁים יְנַחֲשׁוּ וַיְמַהֲרוּ וַיַּחְלְטוּ הֲמִמֶּנּוּ וַיֹּאמְרוּ אָחִיךָ בֶן הֲדַד וַיֹּאמֶר בֹּאוּ קָחֻהוּ וַיֵּצֵא אֵלָיו בֶּן הֲדַד וַיַּעֲלֵהוּ עַל הַמֶּרְכָּבָה. (לד) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו הֶעָרִים אֲשֶׁר לָקַח אָבִי מֵאֵת אָבִיךָ אָשִׁיב וְחֻצוֹת תָּשִׂים לְךָ בְדַמֶּשֶׂק כַּאֲשֶׁר שָׂם אָבִי בְּשֹׁמְרוֹן וַאֲנִי בַּבְּרִית אֲשַׁלְּחֶךָּ וַיִּכְרׇת לוֹ בְרִית וַיְשַׁלְּחֵהוּ.

Yirmeyahu 20:4ירמיהו כ׳:ד׳

For thus saith the Lord: Behold, I will make thee a terror to thyself, and to all thy friends; and they shall fall by the sword of their enemies, and thine eyes shall behold it; and I will give all Judah into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall carry them captive to Babylon, and shall slay them with the sword.

כִּי כֹה אָמַר י״י הִנְנִי נֹתֶנְךָ לְמָגוֹר לְךָ וּלְכׇל אֹהֲבֶיךָ וְנָפְלוּ בְּחֶרֶב אֹיְבֵיהֶם וְעֵינֶיךָ רֹאוֹת וְאֶת כׇּל יְהוּדָה אֶתֵּן בְּיַד מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל וְהִגְלָם בָּבֶלָה וְהִכָּם בֶּחָרֶב.

Yirmeyahu 22:20ירמיהו כ״ב:כ׳

Go up to Lebanon, and cry, And lift up thy voice in Bashan; And cry from Abarim, For all thy lovers are destroyed.

עֲלִי הַלְּבָנוֹן וּצְעָקִי וּבַבָּשָׁן תְּנִי קוֹלֵךְ וְצַעֲקִי מֵעֲבָרִים כִּי נִשְׁבְּרוּ כׇּל מְאַהֲבָיִךְ.

Yirmeyahu 34:8-22ירמיהו ל״ד:ח׳-כ״ב

(8) The word that came unto Jeremiah from the Lord, after that the king Zedekiah had made a covenant withall the people that were at Jerusalem, to proclaim liberty unto them; (9) that every man should let his manservant, and every man his maidservant, being a Hebrew man or a Hebrew woman, go free; that none should make bondmen of them, even of a Jew his brother; (10) and all the princes and all the people hearkened, that had entered into the covenant to let every one his manservant, and every one his maidservant, go free, and not to make bondmen of them any more; they hearkened, and let them go; (11) but afterwards they turned, and caused the servants and the handmaids, whom they had let go free, to return, and brought them into subjection for servants and for handmaids; (12) therefore the word of the Lord came to Jeremiah from the Lord, saying: (13) Thus saith the Lord, the God of Israel: I made a covenant with your fathers in the day that I brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage, saying: (14) 'At the end of seven years ye shall let go every man his brother that is a Hebrew, that hath been sold unto thee, and hath served thee six years, thou shalt let him go free from thee'; but your fathers hearkened not unto Me, neither inclined their ear. (15) And ye were now turned, and had done that which is right in Mine eyes, in proclaiming liberty every man to his neighbour; and ye had made a covenant before Me in the house whereon My name is called; (16) but ye turned and profaned My name, and caused every man his servant, and every man his handmaid, whom ye had let go free at their pleasure, to return; and ye brought them into subjection, to be unto you for servants and for handmaids. (17) Therefore thus saith the Lord: Ye have not hearkened unto Me, to proclaim liberty, every man to his brother, and every man to his neighbour; behold, I proclaim for you a liberty, saith the Lord, unto the sword, unto the pestilence, and unto the famine; and I will make you a horror unto all the kingdoms of the earth. (18) And I will give the men that have transgressed My covenant, that have not performed the words of the covenant which they made before Me, when they cut the calf in twain and passed between the parts thereof; (19) the princes of Judah, and the princes of Jerusalem, the officers, and the priests, and all the people of the land, that passed between the parts of the calf; (20) I will even give them into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them that seek their life; and their dead bodies shall be for food unto the fowls of the heaven, and to the beasts of the earth. (21) And Zedekiah king of Judah and his princes will I give into the hand of their enemies, and into the hand of them that seek their life, and into the hand of the king of Babylon's army, that are gone up from you. (22) Behold, I will command, saith the Lord, and cause them to return to this city; and they shall fight against it, and take it, and burn it with fire; and I will make the cities of Judah a desolation, without inhabitant.

(ח) הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר הָיָה אֶל יִרְמְיָהוּ מֵאֵת י"י אַחֲרֵי כְּרֹת הַמֶּלֶךְ צִדְקִיָּהוּ בְּרִית אֶת כׇּל הָעָם אֲשֶׁר בִּירוּשָׁלַ‍ִם לִקְרֹא לָהֶם דְּרוֹר. (ט) לְשַׁלַּח אִישׁ אֶת עַבְדּוֹ וְאִישׁ אֶת שִׁפְחָתוֹ הָעִבְרִי וְהָעִבְרִיָּה חׇפְשִׁים לְבִלְתִּי עֲבׇד בָּם בִּיהוּדִי אָחִיהוּ אִישׁ. (י) וַיִּשְׁמְעוּ כׇל הַשָּׂרִים וְכׇל הָעָם אֲשֶׁר בָּאוּ בַבְּרִית לְשַׁלַּח אִישׁ אֶת עַבְדּוֹ וְאִישׁ אֶת שִׁפְחָתוֹ חׇפְשִׁים לְבִלְתִּי עֲבׇד בָּם עוֹד וַיִּשְׁמְעוּ וַיְשַׁלֵּחוּ. (יא) וַיָּשׁוּבוּ אַחֲרֵי כֵן וַיָּשִׁבוּ אֶת הָעֲבָדִים וְאֶת הַשְּׁפָחוֹת אֲשֶׁר שִׁלְּחוּ חׇפְשִׁים [וַיִּכְבְּשׁוּם] (ויכבישום) לַעֲבָדִים וְלִשְׁפָחוֹת. (יב) וַיְהִי דְבַר י"י אֶל יִרְמְיָהוּ מֵאֵת י"י לֵאמֹר. (יג) כֹּה אָמַר י"י אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אָנֹכִי כָּרַתִּי בְרִית אֶת אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם בְּיוֹם הוֹצִאִי אוֹתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים לֵאמֹר. (יד) מִקֵּץ שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים תְּשַׁלְּחוּ אִישׁ אֶת אָחִיו הָעִבְרִי אֲשֶׁר יִמָּכֵר לְךָ וַעֲבָדְךָ שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים וְשִׁלַּחְתּוֹ חׇפְשִׁי מֵעִמָּךְ וְלֹא שָׁמְעוּ אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם אֵלַי וְלֹא הִטּוּ אֶת אׇזְנָם. (טו) וַתָּשֻׁבוּ אַתֶּם הַיּוֹם וַתַּעֲשׂוּ אֶת הַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינַי לִקְרֹא דְרוֹר אִישׁ לְרֵעֵהוּ וַתִּכְרְתוּ בְרִית לְפָנַי בַּבַּיִת אֲשֶׁר נִקְרָא שְׁמִי עָלָיו. (טז) וַתָּשֻׁבוּ וַתְּחַלְּלוּ אֶת שְׁמִי וַתָּשִׁבוּ אִישׁ אֶת עַבְדּוֹ וְאִישׁ אֶת שִׁפְחָתוֹ אֲשֶׁר שִׁלַּחְתֶּם חׇפְשִׁים לְנַפְשָׁם וַתִּכְבְּשׁוּ אֹתָם לִהְיוֹת לָכֶם לַעֲבָדִים וְלִשְׁפָחוֹת. (יז) לָכֵן כֹּה אָמַר י"י אַתֶּם לֹא שְׁמַעְתֶּם אֵלַי לִקְרֹא דְרוֹר אִישׁ לְאָחִיו וְאִישׁ לְרֵעֵהוּ הִנְנִי קֹרֵא לָכֶם דְּרוֹר נְאֻם י"י אֶל הַחֶרֶב אֶל הַדֶּבֶר וְאֶל הָרָעָב וְנָתַתִּי אֶתְכֶם [לְזַעֲוָה] (לזועה) לְכֹל מַמְלְכוֹת הָאָרֶץ. (יח) וְנָתַתִּי אֶת הָאֲנָשִׁים הָעֹבְרִים אֶת בְּרִתִי אֲשֶׁר לֹא הֵקִימוּ אֶת דִּבְרֵי הַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר כָּרְתוּ לְפָנָי הָעֵגֶל אֲשֶׁר כָּרְתוּ לִשְׁנַיִם וַיַּעַבְרוּ בֵּין בְּתָרָיו. (יט) שָׂרֵי יְהוּדָה וְשָׂרֵי יְרוּשָׁלַ‍ִם הַסָּרִסִים וְהַכֹּהֲנִים וְכֹל עַם הָאָרֶץ הָעֹבְרִים בֵּין בִּתְרֵי הָעֵגֶל. (כ) וְנָתַתִּי אוֹתָם בְּיַד אֹיְבֵיהֶם וּבְיַד מְבַקְשֵׁי נַפְשָׁם וְהָיְתָה נִבְלָתָם לְמַאֲכָל לְעוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וּלְבֶהֱמַת הָאָרֶץ. (כא) וְאֶת צִדְקִיָּהוּ מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה וְאֶת שָׂרָיו אֶתֵּן בְּיַד אֹיְבֵיהֶם וּבְיַד מְבַקְשֵׁי נַפְשָׁם וּבְיַד חֵיל מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל הָעֹלִים מֵעֲלֵיכֶם. (כב) הִנְנִי מְצַוֶּה נְאֻם י"י וַהֲשִׁבֹתִים אֶל הָעִיר הַזֹּאת וְנִלְחֲמוּ עָלֶיהָ וּלְכָדוּהָ וּשְׂרָפֻהָ בָאֵשׁ וְאֶת עָרֵי יְהוּדָה אֶתֵּן שְׁמָמָה מֵאֵין יֹשֵׁב.

Yechezkel 23:47יחזקאל כ״ג:מ״ז

And the assembly shall stone them with stones,and despatch them with their swords; they shall slay their sons and their daughters, and burn up their houses with fire.

וְרָגְמוּ עֲלֵיהֶן אֶבֶן קָהָל וּבָרֵא אוֹתְהֶן בְּחַרְבוֹתָם בְּנֵיהֶם וּבְנוֹתֵיהֶם יַהֲרֹגוּ וּבָתֵּיהֶן בָּאֵשׁ יִשְׂרֹפוּ.

Tehillim 50:5תהלים נ׳:ה׳

'Gather My saints together unto Me; Those that have made a covenant with Me by sacrifice.'

אִסְפוּ לִי חֲסִידָי כֹּרְתֵי בְרִיתִי עֲלֵי זָבַח.

Letter from Mari (C. F. Jean, Archives royales de Mari II [1950], No. 37: 6-14)

To my lord say: Thus Ibal-Il, thy servant The tablet of Ibal-Adad from Aslalcka reached me and I went to Aslalcka to "kill an ass" between the Hanu and Idamaras. A "puppy and lettuce" they brought, but I obeyed my lord and I did not give the "puppy and lettuce." I caused the foal of an ass  to be slaughtered. I established peace between the Hanu and Idamaras.  In Hurra, in all of Idamaras, the Hanu are victorious, as a victor who has no enemy.  May my lord be pleased. This tablet of mine will have delivered to my lord in Rataspatum. I will reach my lord by the third day after this tablet of mine. The camp and the Banu-Sim’al 8 are well.

Treaty of Rea-mashesha mai Amana and Hattusilis (ANET, ed. James Pritchard (Princeton, 1969): 202 )

Preamble These are the words of Rea-mashesha mai Amana, the great king of the land of Egypt, the valiant of all lands, the son  of Min-mua-rea," the great king, the king of the land of Egypt, the valiant, the grandson of Min-pakhta-rea,s the great king, the king of the land of Egypt, the valiant, (spoken) to Hattusilis, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant, the son of Mursilis, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant, the grandson of Suppiluliumas, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant. Relations up to the Conclusion of the Treaty Now I have established good brotherhood (and) good peace between us forever. In order to establish good peace (and) good brotherhood in [the relationship] of the land of Egypt with the Hatti land forever (I speak) thus: Behold, as for the relationship between the land of Egypt (10) and the Hatti land, since eternity the god does not permit the making of hostility between them because of a treaty (valid) forever. Behold, Rea-mashesha mai Amana, the great king, the king of the land of Egypt, in order to bring about the relationship that the Sun-god and the Storm-gods have effected for the land of Egypt with the Hatti land finds himself in a relationship valid since eternity which [does not permi]t the making of hostility between [them] until all and everlasting time. The Present Treaty Rea-mashesha mai Amana, the great king, the king of the land of Egypt, has entered into a treaty (written) upon a silver tablet with Hattusilis, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, [his] brother, [from] this [da]y on to establish good peace (and) good brotherhood be[tween us] forever. He is a brother [to me] and I am a brother to him and at peace with him forever. And as for us, our brotherhood and our peace is being brought about and it will be better than the brotherhood and the peace which existed formerly for the land of Egypt with the Hatti land. Future Relations of the  Countries Behold, Rea-mashesha mai Amana, the king of the land of Egypt, is in good peace (and) in good brotherhood with [Hattusilis], the great king, the king of the Hatti land. Behold the sons of Rea-mashesha mai Amana, the king of the land of Egypt,  are in peace with (and) brothers of the sons of Hattusilis, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, forever. They are in the same relationship of brotherhood and peace as we. And as for (the relationship of) the land of Egypt with the Hatti land, they are at peace and brothers like us forever. Mutual Renunciation of Aggression Rea-mashesha mai Amana, the great king, the king of the land of Egypt, shall not tresspass into the Hatti land to take anything therefrom in the future. And Hattusilis, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, shall not tresspass into the land of Egypt to take anything therefrom in the future.  Behold, the holy ordinance (valid) forever which the Sun-god and the Storm-god had brought about (25) for the land of Egypt with the Hatti land (calls for) peace and brotherhood so as not to make hostility between them. Behold, Rea-mashesha mai Amana, the great king, the king of the land of Egypt, has seized hold of it in order to bring about well-being from this day on. Behold, the land of Egypt (in its relation) with the Hatti land— they are at peace and brothers forever. Defensive Alliance If an enemy from abroad comes against the Hatti land, and Hattusilis, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, sends to me saying: "Come to me to help me against him," Rea-mashesha mai Amana, the great king, the king of the land of Egypt, (30) shall send his foot soldiers (and) his charioteers and they shall slay [his enemy and] take revenge upon him for the sake of the Hatti land....

Treaty Between Mursilis and Duppi-Tessub of Amurru (ANET, ed. James Pritchard (Princeton, 1969): 203)

Preamble 1. These are the words of the Sun 1 Mursilis, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant, the favorite of the Storm-god, the son of Suppiluliumas, the great king, the king of the Hatti land, the valiant. Historical Introduction  Aziras was the grandfather of you, Duppi-Tessub. He rebelled against my father, but submitted again to my father. When the kings of Nuhasse land and the kings of Kinza rebelled against my father, Aziras did not rebel. As he was bound by treaty, he remained bound by treaty. As my father fought against his enemies, in the same manner fought Aziras. Aziras remained loyal toward my father [as his overlord] and did not incite my father's anger. My father was loyal toward Aziras and his country; he did not undertake any unjust action against him or incite his or his country's anger in any way. 300 (shekels of) refined and first-class gold, the tribute which my father had imposed upon your father, he brought year for year; he never refused it. When my father became gods and I seated myself on the throne of my father, Aziras behaved toward me just as he had behaved toward my father. It happened that the Nuhasse kings and the king of Kinza rebelled a second time against me. But Aziras, your grandfather, and Du-Tessub, your father, [did not take their side]; they remained loyal to me as their lord. [When he grew too old] and could no longer go to war and fight, Du-Tessub fought against the enemy with the foot soldiers and the charioteers of the Amurru land just as he had fought with foot soldiers and charioteers against the enemy. And the Sun destroyed them.father's word I did not drop you. Since your father had mentioned to me your name with great praise, I sought after you. To be sure, you were sick and ailing, but although you were ailing, I, the Sun, put you in the place of your father and took your brothers (and) sisters and the Amurru land in oath for you. Future Relations of the Two Countries When I, the Sun, sought after you in accordance with your father's word and put you in your father's place, I took you in oath for the king of the Hatti land, the Hatti land, and for my sons and grandsons. So honor the oath (of loyalty) to the king and the king's kin! And I, the king, will be loyal toward you, Duppi- Tessub. When you take a wife, and when you beget an heir, he shall be king in the Amurru land likewise. And just as I shall be loyal toward you, even so shall I be loyal toward your son. But you, Duppi-Tessub, remain loyal toward the king of the Hatti land, the Hatti land, my sons (and) my  grandsons forever! The tribute which was imposed upon your grandfather and your father— they presented 300 shekels of good, refined first-class gold weighed with standard weights— you shall present them likewise. Do not turn your eyes to anyone else! Your fathers presented tribute to Egypt; you [shall not do that!]... Invocation of the Gods [xhe Sun-god of Heaven, the Sun-goddess of Arinna, the Storm-god of Heaven, the Hattian Storm- god, Sens (and) Hurris," Mount Nanni (and) Mount Hazzi," the Storm-god of [...], the Storm-god of Halab, the Storm-god of Zippalanda, the Storm-god of Nerik, the Storm-god of Lihzina, the Storm-god of Hissashapa, the Storm-god of Sabina, the Storm-god of Tahaya, the Storm-god of Bettiyarik, the Storm-god of Samuha, the Storm-god of Hurma, the Storm-god of Saressa, the Storm-god of ... , the Storm-god of Uda, the Storm-god of Kizzuwatna, the Storm-god of Ishu- pitta, the Storm-god of Nuhasse... Ereskigal, the gods and goddesses of the Hatti land, the gods and goddesses of Amurru land, all the olden gods, Naras, Napsaras, Minki, Tuhusi, Ammunki, Ammizadu, Allalu, Anu, Antu, Apantu, Ellil, Ninlil, the mountains, the rivers, the springs, the great Sea, heaven and earth, the winds (and) the clouds— let these be witnesses to this treaty and to the oath. Curses and Blessings The words of the treaty and the oath that are inscribed on this tablet— should Duppi-Tessub not honor these words of the treaty and the oath, may these gods of the oath destroy Duppi-Tessub together with his person, his wife, his son, his grandson, his house, his land and together with everything that he owns.  But if Duppi-Tessub honors these words of the treaty and the oath that are inscribed on this tablet, may these gods of the oath protect him together with his person, his wife, his son, his grandson, his house (and) his country.

Treaty Between Suppiluliumas and Kuriwaza (ANET, ed. James Pritchard (Princeton, 1969): 205 )

A duplicate of this tablet has been deposited before the Sun-goddess of Arinna, because the Sun-goddess of Arinna regulates kingship and queenship. In the Mitanni land (a duplicate) has been deposited before Tessub, the lord of the \urinnu of Kahat. At regular intervals shall they read it in the presence of the king of the Mitanni land and in the presence of the sons of the Hurri country. Whoever will remove this tablet from before Tessub, the lord of the \urinnu of Kahat, and put it in a hidden place, if he breaks it or causes anyone else to change the wording of the tablet— at the conclusion of this treaty we have called the gods to be assembled and the gods of the contracting parties to be present, to listen and to serve as witnesses: The Son- goddess of Arinna who regulates kingship and queenship in the Hatti land, the Sun-god, the lord of heaven, the Storm-god, the lord of the Hatti land, Sens (and) Hurris... If you, Kurtiwaza, the prince, and (you) the sons of the Hurri country do not fulfill the words ofthis treaty, may the gods, the lords of the oath, blot you out, (you) Kurtiwaza and (you) the Hurri men together with your country, your wives and all that you have....

Treaty between Tudhaliya of Hatti and Kurunta of Tarhuntassa

This document is made in seven copies and is sealed with the seal of the Sun-goddess of Arinna and the seal of the Storm-god of Hatti. One tablet is deposited in the presence of the Sun-goddess of Arinna, one tablet in the presence of the Storm-god of Hatti, one tablet in the presence of  Lelwani, one tablet in the presence of Hebat of Kizzuwatna, one tablet in the presence of the Storm-god of Lightning, and one tablet in the presence of Zithariya. And Kurunta, king of the land of Tarhuntassa, has one tablet in his residence.

Treaty between Muwattalli II of Hatti and Alaksandu of Wilusa (G. Beckman, Hittite Diplomatic Texts, ed. H. A. Hoffner Jr. (Atlanta, 1999):85).

Furthermore, this tablet which I have made for you, Alaksandu, shall be read out before you three times yearly, and you, Alaksandu, shall know it. These words are by no means reciprocal. They issue from Hatti. Now you, Alaksandu, must not do evil against My Majesty. Hatti must not prepare [evil] against you. I, Labarna, Great King, Beloved of the Stormgod of Lightning, have now summoned [the Thousand Gods] in this [matter] and invoked them as witnesses...

Sefire Inscription (ANET, 659)

[As] this calf is cut up, thus Matti'el and his nobles shall be cut up.

Treaty Between Ashurnirari V of Assyria and Mati'ilu of Arpad (ANET 532)

This spring lamb has been brought from its fold not for sacrifice, not for a banquet, not for a purchase,  not for (divination concerning) a sick man, not to be slaughtered for [...]: it has been brought to sanction the treaty between Ashurnirari and Mati'ilu. If Mati'ilu sins against (this) treaty made under oath by the gods, then, just as this spring lamb, brought from its fold, will not return to its fold, will not behold its fold again, alas, Mati'ilu, together with his sons, daughters, officials, and the people of his land [will be ousted] from his country, will not return to his country, and not behold his coun- try again. This head is not the head of a lamb, it is the head of Mati'ilu, it is the head of his sons, his officials, and the people of his land. If Mati'ilu sins against this treaty, so may, just as the head of this spring lamb is torn off, and its knuckle placed in its mouth, [...], the head of Mati'ilu be torn off, and his sons [. . . ]. This shoulder is not the shoulder of a spring lamb, it is the shoulder of Mati'ilu, it is the shoulder of his sons, his officials, and the people of his land. If Mati'ilu sins against this treaty, so may, just as the shoulder of this spring lamb is torn out, and [. . . ], the shoulder of Mati'ilu, of his sons, his officials, and the people of his land be torn out and [. . . ] in [. . . ].

Vassal-Treaty of Esarhaddon (ANET 239)

Just as this ewe is cut open and the flesh of its young placed in its mouth, so may he (Shamash?) make you eat in your hunger the flesh of your brothers, your sons, and your daughters. Just as (these) yearlings and spring lambs, male and female, are cut open and their entrails are rolled around their feet, so may the entrails of your sons and daughters be rolled around your feet.

Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael Shemot 20:12מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל שמות כ׳:י״ב

"You shall not kill": (Genesis 9:6) "One who spills a man's blood, etc." tells us of the punishment. Whence the exhortation? "You shall not kill." "You shall not commit adultery": (Leviticus 20:10) "The adulterer and the adulteress shall be put to death" tells us of the punishment. Whence the exhortation? "You shall not commit adultery." "You shall not steal": (Exodus 21:14) "One who steals a man and sells him, etc." tells us of the punishment. Whence the exhortation? "You shall not steal." This is an exhortation against stealing a soul (i.e., kidnapping). You say this, but perhaps it is an exhortation against stealing money. (Leviticus 19:11) "You shall not steal" is an exhortation against stealing money. What, then, must be the meaning of "You shall not steal" (here)? You shall not steal a soul. __ But perhaps this, (and not the other) is an exhortation against stealing money, and not an exhortation against stealing a soul? Would you say that? Go out and learn from the thirteen principles (by which the Torah is expounded, one of which is learning a thing from its context), viz.: Three mitzvoth are stated in this context, two ("You shall not kill" and "You shall not commit adultery") and one ("You shall not steal") ambiguous. Just as the explicit are mitzvoth punishable by judicial death penalty, so, the ambiguous must be a mitzvah punishable by judicial death penalty. You cannot understand it, then, as per the second option (i.e., You shall not steal money), but as per the first (i.e., You shall not kidnap.) This, (our verse, then, must be an exhortation against stealing a soul, and the other, an exhortation against stealing money. (Ibid.) "You shall not testify against your neighbor false testimony." (Devarim 19:19) "And you shall do to him as he (a scheming witness) schemed to do against his brother, etc." tells us of the punishment. Whence the exhortation? "You shall not testify against your neighbor, etc."

כֵּיצַד נִתְּנוּ עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת? חֲמִשָּׁה עַל לוּחַ זֶה, וַחֲמִשָּׁה עַל לוּחַ זֶה. כְּתִיב ״אָנֹכִי יי אֱלֹהֶיךָ״, וּכְנֶגְדּוֹ ״לֹא תִרְצָח״, מַגִּיד הַכָּתוּב שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁשּׁוֹפֵךְ דָּם, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ מְמַעֵט בִּדְמוּת הַמֶּלֶךְ. מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁנִּכְנַס לַמְּדִינָה, וְהֶעֱמִיד לוֹ אִיקוֹנוֹת, וְעָשָׂה לוֹ צְלָמִים, וְטָבְעוּ לוֹ מַטְבְּעוֹת. לְאַחַר זְמַן, כָּפוּ לוֹ אִיקוֹנוֹתָיו, שִׁבְּרוּ לוֹ צְלָמָיו, וּבִטְּלוּ לוֹ מַטְבְּעוֹתָיו, וּמִעֲטוּ בִּדְמוּתוֹ שֶׁלַּמֶּלֶךְ. כָּךְ, כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא שׁוֹפֵךְ דָּמִים, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ מְמַעֵט בִּדְמוּת הַמֶּלֶךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״שֹׁפֵךְ דַּם הָאָדָם, בָּאָדָם דָּמוֹ יִשָּׁפֵךְ, כִּי בְּצֶלֶם אֱלֹהִים עָשָׂה אֶת הָאָדָם״ (בראשית ט׳:ו׳). כְּתִיב ״לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ״, וּכְתִיב כְּנֶגְדּוֹ ״לֹא תִנְאָף״. מַגִּיד הַכָּתוּב, שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁעוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ מְנָאֵף אַחַר הַמָּקוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הָאִשָּׁה הַמְּנָאָפֶת תַּחַת אִישָׁהּ תִּקַּח אֶת זָרִים״ (יחזקאל ט״ז:ל״ב). וְכָתוּב: ״וַיֹּאמֶר יי אֵלַי: עוֹד לֵךְ אֱהַב אִשָּׁה אֲהֻבַת רֵעַ וּמְנָאָפֶת, כְּאַהֲבַת יי אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְהֵם פֹּנִים אֶל אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים, וְאֹהֲבֵי אֲשִׁישֵׁי עֲנָבִים״ (הושע ג׳:א׳). כְּתִיב ״לֹא תִשָּׂא אֶת שֵׁם יי אֱלֹהֶיךָ לַשָּׁוְא״, וּכְנֶגְדּוֹ כְּתִיב ״לֹא תִגְנֹב״. מַגִּיד הַכָּתוּב, שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא גּוֹנֵב, לַסּוֹף בָּא לִידֵי שְׁבוּעַת שָׁוְא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הֲגָנֹב רָצֹחַ וְנָאֹף וְהִשָּׁבֵעַ לַשֶּׁקֶר״ (ירמיהו ז׳:ט׳). וּכְתִיב: ״אָלֹה וְכַחֵשׁ וְרָצֹחַ וְגָנֹב וְנָאֹף״ (הושע ד׳:ב׳). כְּתִיב ״זָכוֹר אֶת יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת לְקַדְּשׁוֹ״, וּכְנֶגְדּוֹ כְּתִיב ״לֹא תַעֲנֶה״. מַגִּיד הַכָּתוּב, שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁמְּחַלֵּל אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת, מֵעִיד לִפְנֵי מִי שֶׁאָמַר וְהָיָה הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁלֹּא בָרָא עוֹלָמוֹ לְשִׁשָּׁה יָמִים וְלֹא נָח בַּשְּׁבִיעִי. וְכָל מִי שֶׁמְּשַׁמֵּר אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת, מֵעִיד לִפְנֵי מִי שֶׁאָמַר וְהָיָה הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁבָּרָא עוֹלָמוֹ לְשִׁשָּׁה יָמִים וְנָח בַּשְּׁבִיעִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְאַתֶּם עֵדַי נְאֻם יי וַאֲנִי אֵל״ (ישעיהו מ״ג:י״ב). כְּתִיב ״כַּבֵּד אֶת אָבִיךָ וְאֶת אִמֶּךָ״, וּכְנֶגְדּוֹ כְּתִיב ״לֹא תַחְמֹד״. מַגִּיד הַכָּתוּב, שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא חוֹמֵד, סוֹף מוֹלִיד בֶּן שֶׁהוּא מְקַלֵּל אֶת אָבִיו וְאֶת אִמּוֹ, וּמְכַבֵּד לְמִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ אָבִיו. לְכָךְ נִתְּנוּ עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת חֲמִשָּׁה עַל לוּחַ זֶה, וַחֲמִשָּׁה עַל לוּחַ זֶה. דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: עֲשָׂרָה עַל לוּחַ זֶה וַעֲשָׂרָה עַל לוּחַ זֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אֶת הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה דִּבֶּר יי... עַל שְׁנֵי לֻחֹת אֲבָנִים״ (דברים ה׳:י״ח). וְאוֹמֵר: ״שְׁנֵי שָׁדַיִךְ כִּשְׁנֵי עֳפָרִים תְּאוֹמֵי צְבִיָּה״ (שיר השירים ד׳:ה׳). וְאוֹמֵר: ״יָדָיו גְּלִילֵי זָהָב מְמֻלָּאִים בַּתַּרְשִׁישׁ״ (שיר השירים ה׳:י״ד).

Rashbam Bereshit 25:31רשב״ם בראשית כ״ה:ל״א

Mikhrah SELL ka-yom: I.e. immediately. "Sell me right away your first-born's share in father's money in exchange for money that I will give you and afterwards I will give you the food in order to corroborate and confirm the transaction." The transaction would follow the same pattern as is described in the verse (Gen. 31.46), "And they partook of a meal there on the mound," to confirm the pact between Laban and Jacob.

מכרה כיום – כלומר: לאלתר, מיד מכור לי חלק בכורתך הראוי לך {ב}ממון אבי בממון שאתן לך, ואחר כך אתן לך המאכל לעדות לקיום. כדרך שמצינו: ויאכלו שם על הגל (בראשית ל״א:מ״ו) לקיום ברית בין לבן ליעקב.

Ibn Ezra Bereshit First Commentary 6:18אבן עזרא בראשית פירוש ראשון ו׳:י״ח

והקמתי את בריתי – לאות שהשם נשבע לו שלא ימות הוא ובניו במבול, ואם לא נמצא בתחלה מפורש. כאשר מצאנו במשנה התורה: נשלחה אנשים לפנינו (דברים א׳:כ״ב). ומלת והקמתי – שאקיים שבועתי. והקרוב אלי: שזאת הברית רמז לקשת. וטעם ברית – הסכמה, ודבר שבחרו שנים, והוא מגזרת: ברו לכם איש (שמואל א י״ז:ח׳). והמלה בסמוך ובמוכרת שוה, וכן: שבית יעקב (תהלים פ״ה:ב׳), ובנותיו בשבית (במדבר כ״א:כ״ט). ויש אומרים: כי טעם ברית גבול כרות.

R. David Zvi Hoffmann Shemot 18:12ר׳ דוד צבי הופמן שמות י״ח:י״ב

עולה וזבחים לאלהים – רמב״ןתמיה על השימוש בשם ״אלהים״ ביחס לקרבנות – ״וככה לא יימצא בכל הקרבנות שבתורת כהנים״ וכו׳, והוא משיב שיתרו עדיין לא הכיר את שם ה׳. ברם, פירוש זה קשה להולמו אפילו אם נקבל את דבריו של רמבמ״ן ב״ביאור״ שלו – ״אלא שכיוון הרב ז״ל (רמב״ן) למה שכתב בפרשת וארא בפסוק ושמי ה׳ לא נודעתי להם (ו, ג), שגם לאבות הקדושים לא נודעה מעלת השם הנכבד ההוא, כאשר נתפרסמה על ידי משה עבד ה׳. ויתרו, אף שהתחיל להכיר את ה׳, עדיין לא התחזקה האמונה ההיא בלבו עד שיהיה ראוי לומר עליו שהקריב להשם הנכבד״. שכן נאמר בפסוק י ״ברוך ה׳ אשר הציל״ וגו׳. ועוד, הרי כבר נח ואברהם הקריבו קרבנות לשם ה׳; השוה בראשית ח, כ; כב, יג ואילך. אלא שלכאורה צריך להבחין בין הקרבנות שנצטוו עליהם ישראל, ובין הזבחים שהקריבו לפני מתן תורה, ואשר בעצם לא היו אלא ארוחות קדושות שכלל לא הקריבו לו ית׳, אבל יש לראותן כאלו הן נעשות לכבודו או שנאכלות לכבוד ה׳. על כן גם לא נאמר בזבחי יעקב אלא ״לאלהי אביו יצחק״. לפיכך מוסבת המלה ״לאלהים״ רק על זבחים שנאכלו לפניו ית׳. היתה כאן מעין סעודת-ברית, כאשר יתרו, שאמנם כבר קשור היה אל משה בקשרי-משפחה וקשרי-ידידות, כורת ברית עם ישראל בשביל עצמו ובשביל זרעו אחריו, ואוכל סעודת-ברית זו עם אהרן וזקני ישראל, שהם נציגי העם, כסעודת-הברית שהיתה בין יעקב ולבן ואחיו. ובזה גם מתפרש, מדוע אין משה מוזכר בהקשר זה, שאלה שאין המפרשים משיבים עליה במידה מספקת. יש מבארים, שכמארח שירת משה את אורחיו ״ומשמש לפניהם״, ויש מבארים, שאין צריך להזכירו, משום שהסעודה התקיימה באהלו של משה.