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<h1>האם ה' פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים?</h1>
 
<h1>האם ה' פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים?</h1>
<h2>Vexing Moral Issues</h2>
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<h2>נושאים מוסריים מטרידים</h2>
<p>Two famous passages from the Decalogue<fn>The text below is from Shemot 20. In the parallel verses in <a href="Devarim5-8" data-aht="source">Devarim 5:9</a>, there are three small orthographic differences (all related to the letter "ו") in the words "אָב<b>וֹ</b>ת",&#8206; "<b>וְ</b>עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים", and "מִצְוֹתָ<b>ו</b>".</fn> and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy<fn>The text below is from Shemot 34 where the Attributes are first transmitted to Moshe. A condensed version appears in Moshe's prayer in <a href="Bemidbar14-17" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 14:18</a>, where "אֵל רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן",&#8206; "וֶאֱמֶת",&#8206; "נֹצֵר חֶסֶד לָאֲלָפִים",&#8206; "וְחַטָּאָה",&#8206; and "וְעַל בְּנֵי בָנִים" are all omitted, while the central theme remains intact.</fn> use virtually identical language to describe Hashem's methods of administering justice:<fn>There are also some noteworthy discrepancies between these two passages:
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<p>שני קטעים מפורסמים מעשרת הדברים<fn>הטקסט המצוטט למטה הוא משמות כ'. בפסוקים המקבילים&#160;ב<a href="Devarim5-8" data-aht="source">דברים ה׳:ט׳</a>, יש שלושה הבדלים אורטוגרפיים (שכולם קשורים לאות ו') במלים "אָב<b>וֹ</b>ת",&#8206; "<b>וְ</b>עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים", ו"מִצְוֹתָ<b>ו</b>".</fn> ומשלוש עשרה מידות של רחמים<fn>הטקסט המצוטט למטה הוא משמות ל"ד, שם נמסרו י"ג המידות לראשונה למשה רבינו. נוסח קצר יותר מופיע בתפילת משה בעקבות חטא המרגלים ב<a href="Bemidbar14-17" data-aht="source">במדבר י״ד:י״ח</a>, שם "אֵ-ל רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן",&#8206; "וֶאֱמֶת",&#8206; "נֹצֵר חֶסֶד לָאֲלָפִים",&#8206; "וְחַטָּאָה",&#8206; ו"וְעַל בְּנֵי בָנִים" הושמטו, בעוד שהמוטיב המרכזי נותר על כנו.</fn> use virtually identical language to describe Hashem's methods of administering justice:<fn>יש גם כמה הבדלים הראויים לציון בין שני הקטעים הללו:<br/>
<ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha">
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<ol style="list-style-type: hebrew;">
<li>Shemot 20 contains the qualifying terms of "לְשֹׂנְאָי" and "לְאֹהֲבַי וּלְשֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֹתָי" which do not appear in Shemot 34.</li>
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<li>שמות כ' מציין את הביטויים המסייגים של "לְשֹׂנְאָי" ו"לְאֹהֲבַי וּלְשֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֹתָי" שאינם מופיעים בשמות ל"ד.</li>
<li>Shemot 34 adds "נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן וָפֶשַׁע וְחַטָּאָה וְנַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה".</li>
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<li>שמות ל"ד מוסיף "נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן וָפֶשַׁע וְחַטָּאָה וְנַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה".</li>
<li>The context of Shemot 20 is the sin of idolatry and the description of how Hashem punishes precedes how He rewards. In contrast, the focus of Shemot 34 is mercy and forgiveness, and the order of Hashem's attributes is reversed.</li>
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<li>ההקשר של שמות כ' הוא חטא עבודה זרה, והתיאור של האופן בו ה' מעניש קודם בו לתיאור האופן שבו ה' מתגמל. לעומת זאת, המוקד של שמות ל"ד הוא רחמים וסליחה, וסדר תכונותיו של הקב"ה הוא הפוך.</li>
<li>Shemot 34 inserts "וְעַל בְּנֵי בָנִים" in the middle of the list of punished generations (Bemidbar 14, though, reads like the Decalogue).</li>
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<li>שמות ל"ד מוסיף "וְעַל בְּנֵי בָנִים"&#160;באמצע רשימת הדורות שנענשים (במדבר י"ד, לעומת זה, דומה לשמות כ').</li>
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</ol></fn></p>
</fn></p>
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<td>לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לָהֶם וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם כִּי אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֵל קַנָּא <span style="color: red;">פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים</span> לְשֹׂנְאָי. וְעֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד לַאֲלָפִים לְאֹהֲבַי וּלְשֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֹתָי.</td>
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<td>לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לָהֶם וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם כִּי אָנֹכִי ה' אֱ-לֹהֶיךָ אֵ-ל קַנָּא <span style="color: red;">פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים</span> לְשֹׂנְאָי. וְעֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד לַאֲלָפִים לְאֹהֲבַי וּלְשֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֹתָי.</td>
<td>וַיַּעֲבֹר ה' עַל פָּנָיו וַיִּקְרָא ה' ה' אֵל רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם וְרַב חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת. נֹצֵר חֶסֶד לָאֲלָפִים נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן וָפֶשַׁע וְחַטָּאָה וְנַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה <span style="color: red;">פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים וְעַל בְּנֵי בָנִים עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים.</span></td>
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<td>וַיַּעֲבֹר ה' עַל פָּנָיו וַיִּקְרָא ה' ה' אֵ-ל רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם וְרַב חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת. נֹצֵר חֶסֶד לָאֲלָפִים נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן וָפֶשַׁע וְחַטָּאָה וְנַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה <span style="color: red;">פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים וְעַל בְּנֵי בָנִים עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים.</span></td>
 
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<p>Both of these verses describe how the sin of parents is ultimately followed by the punishment of their descendants. As they give no explicit indication that the children sinned<fn>השאלה אם גם הילדים חטאו, תלויה לפחות במקצת, בהאם המלה "לְשֹׂנְאָי" (שמופיעה רק בשמות כ' ולא בשמות ל"ד) מתייחסת להורה, לצאצאיו, או לשניהם.</fn> or that the parents receive any punishment,<fn>השוו "וְשַׂמְתִּי אֲנִי אֶת פָּנַי בָּאִישׁ הַהוּא וּבְמִשְׁפַּחְתּוֹ" ב<a href="Vayikra20-1" data-aht="source">ויקרא כ׳:ה׳</a>, וראו <a href="2" data-aht="subpage">גישות פרשניות</a> לפירושו של <multilink><a href="HaMeamerVayikra20-5" data-aht="source">המעמר</a><a href="HaMeamerVayikra20-5" data-aht="source">ויקרא כ':ה'</a><a href="R. Meir Wolf (HaMeamer)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' מאיר וולף</a></multilink>. פרשנים הטוענים כי בפסוקים בספר שמות נענשים גם ההורים יסברו כי מטרת הפסוקים הללו היא להדגיש את גודל זעמו של ה' בנקמתו לא רק מהחוטא אלא גם מצאצאיו. שאלת האם "פֹקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת" מהווה תכונה של רחמים או נקמנות, תידון ב<a href="2" data-aht="subpage">גישות פרשניות</a>.
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<p>שאלות נוספות המשפיעות על הבנת הפסוקים הללו כוללות:</p>
<td>Decalogue (Shemot 20:5-6)</td>
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<ol style="list-style-type: hebrew;">
<td>13 Attributes of Mercy (Shemot 34:6-7)</td>
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<li>האם המונחים "אָבוֹת" ו"בָּנִים" מתייחסים ליחידים או לדורות עוקבים של האומה כולה?</li>
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<li>איזוה סוג של עונש מקבלים הצאצאים, והאם זה באמת עונש יותר להוריהם?</li>
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<li>האם עקרון הצדק המוצג בפסוקים אלה חל על כל סוגי עוונות או רק על חטאים ספציפיים?</li>
<td>You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I, Hashem, your God, am a jealous God, <span style="color: red;">visiting the iniquity of parents on children, on third generations, and on fourth generations,</span> of those who hate Me, but doing kindness to thousands, to those who love Me and keep My commandments.</td>
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<li>האם העונש ניתן לכל הדורות הבאים או רק לדור הרביעי?</li>
<td>And Hashem passed over before his face, and called: 'Hashem, Hashem, the God of compassion and mercy, slow to anger, and abounding in kindness and truth, maintaining kindness to thousands, forgiving iniquity, and wickedness, and sin, yet not acquitting entirely, <span style="color: red;">visiting the iniquity of parents on children, and on grandchildren, on third generations, and on fourth generations.'</span></td>
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</ol></fn> these texts ostensibly lead one to the conclusion that Hashem defers the dispensation of justice and punishes innocent generations of the sinner's descendants in place of the sinner himself. This understanding, while supported by various other Biblical passages,<fn>קיימות מספר קטגוריות שונות של פסוקים:<br/>
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<li>על ילדים שנענשים על חטאי הוריהם, ראו <a href="Vayikra20-1" data-aht="source">ויקרא כ׳:ה׳</a> בנוגע לעובד את המולך ומשפחתו, <a href="Yeshayahu14-21" data-aht="source">ישעיהו י"ד:כ"א</a>, <a href="Yirmeyahu32-18" data-aht="source">ירמיהו ל"ב:י"ח</a>, ו<a href="Eikhah5-7" data-aht="source">איכה ה':ז'</a>.&#160;בשלושת הפסוקים האחרונים, בהחלט יתכן שהילדים נענשים במקום הוריהם, וראו <a href="2" data-aht="subpage">גישות פרשניות</a> לפירושו של <multilink><a href="HaMeamerVayikra20-5" data-aht="source">המעמר</a><a href="HaMeamerVayikra20-5" data-aht="source">ויקרא כ':ה'</a><a href="R. Meir Wolf (HaMeamer)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' מאיר וולף</a></multilink> לפסוק בספר ויקרא.</li>
</table>
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<li>לילדים שנענשים הן על חטאי הוריהם והן על חטאי עצמם, ראו <a href="Vayikra26-39" data-aht="source">ויקרא כ"ו:ל"ט-מ'</a>, <a href="Yeshayahu65-7" data-aht="source">ישעיהו ס"ה:ז'</a>, <a href="Yirmeyahu14-20" data-aht="source">ירמיהו י"ד:כ'</a>, <a href="Tehillim109-14" data-aht="source">תהלים ק"ט:י"ד</a>, <a href="Daniel9-16" data-aht="source">דניאל ט':ט"ז</a>, <a href="Nechemyah9-2" data-aht="source">נחמיה ט':ב'</a>.</li>
</multilang><br/>
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<li>לאפשרות שהמונחים "כרת" ו"ערירי" מתייחסים למות צאצאיו של החוטא, ראו <a href="$">כרת</a>.</li>
<p>Both of these verses describe how the sin of parents is ultimately followed by the punishment of their descendants. As they give no explicit indication that the children sinned<fn>The question of whether also the children sinned hinges, at least in part, on whether "לְשֹׂנְאָי" (which appears only in Shemot 20 and not in Shemot 34) refers to the parent, his offspring, or both.</fn> or that the parents receive any punishment,<fn>Cf. "וְשַׂמְתִּי אֲנִי אֶת פָּנַי בָּאִישׁ הַהוּא וּבְמִשְׁפַּחְתּוֹ" in <a href="Vayikra20-1" data-aht="source">Vayikra 20:5</a>, and see <a href="2#VicariousPunishment" data-aht="subpage">Approaches</a> for <multilink><a href="HaMeamerVayikra20-5" data-aht="source">HaMeamer</a><a href="HaMeamerVayikra20-5" data-aht="source">Vayikra 20:5</a><a href="R. Meir Wolf (HaMeamer)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Meir Wolf</a></multilink>'s interpretation. Exegetes who claim that also the parents are punished in the verses in Shemot would maintain that the point of these verses is to emphasize God's wrath in exacting retribution not just from the sinner but also from his descendants. Whether "פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת" constitutes an attribute of mercy or vengeance will be discussed in <a href="2" data-aht="subpage">Approaches</a>.<p>Additional questions which impact the understanding of these verses include:
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<li>לסיפורי המקרא המשקפים את יישום העונש הדחוי, הקולקטיבי, והשילוחי (vicarious), ראו להלן.</li>
</p><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha">
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</ol></fn> raises several troubling theological questions:<fn>קשיים אלה טבועים בהעברת העונש לצאצאים, ולא בעצם דחיית העונש. במידה מסוימת, הם מהווים תת-קבוצה ספציפית של השאלות הגדולות יותר של&#160;"צדיק ורע לו" ו"רשע וטוב לו",&#160;ורבות מהגישות חופפות זו את זו. השוו ל<multilink><a href="BavliBerakhot7a" data-aht="source">בבלי</a><a href="BavliBerakhot7a" data-aht="source">ברכות ז'.</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">אודות הבבלי</a></multilink> שנוקט בניסוחים הללו בהקשר זה.</fn></p>
<li>Do the terms "אָבוֹת" and "בָּנִים" refer to individual sinners or to successive generations of the entire nation?</li>
 
<li>What form of penalty do the descendants receive, and is this really more of a punishment for their parents?</li>
 
<li>Does the principle of justice presented in these verses apply across the board or only to specific sins?</li>
 
<li>Is the punishment visited upon all subsequent generations or only upon the fourth generation?</li>
 
</ol><p></p></fn> these texts ostensibly lead one to the conclusion that Hashem defers the dispensation of justice and punishes innocent generations of the sinner's descendants in place of the sinner himself. This understanding, while supported by various other Biblical passages,<fn>There are a number of different categories of verses:<ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha">
 
<li>For children being punished for the sins of their parents, see <a href="Vayikra20-1" data-aht="source">Vayikra 20:5</a> regarding the Molekh worshipper and his family, <a href="Yeshayahu14-21" data-aht="source">Yeshayahu 14:21</a>, <a href="Yirmeyahu32-18" data-aht="source">Yirmeyahu 32:18</a>, and <a href="Eikhah5-7" data-aht="source">Eikhah 5:7</a>. In the latter three passages, it is certainly possible that the children are being punished in place of their parents, and see <a href="2" data-aht="subpage">Approaches</a> for <multilink><a href="HaMeamerVayikra20-5" data-aht="source">HaMeamer</a><a href="HaMeamerVayikra20-5" data-aht="source">Vayikra 20:5</a><a href="R. Meir Wolf (HaMeamer)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Meir Wolf</a></multilink>'s interpretation of the verse in Vayikra.</li>
 
<li>For children being punished both for the sins of their parents as well as for their own sins, see <a href="Vayikra26-39" data-aht="source">Vayikra 26:39-40</a>, <a href="Yeshayahu65-7" data-aht="source">Yeshayahu 65:7</a>, <a href="Yirmeyahu14-20" data-aht="source">Yirmeyahu 14:20</a>, <a href="Tehillim109-14" data-aht="source">Tehillim 109:14</a>, <a href="Daniel9-16" data-aht="source">Daniel 9:16</a>, <a href="Nechemyah9-2" data-aht="source">Nechemyah 9:2</a>.</li>
 
<li>For the possibility that the terms "כרת" and "ערירי" refer to the death of the sinner's descendants, see <a href="$">Karet</a>.</li>
 
<li>For Biblical stories which reflect the implementation of deferred, collective, and vicarious punishment, see below.</li>
 
</ol></fn> raises several troubling theological questions:<fn>These difficulties are inherent in the transferring of the punishment to the descendants, not in the mere deferring of the punishment. To some extent, they are a specific subset of the larger questions of "צדיק ורע לו" and "רשע וטוב לו", and many of the approaches overlap. Cf. the <multilink><a href="BavliBerakhot7a" data-aht="source">Talmud Bavli</a><a href="BavliBerakhot7a" data-aht="source">Berakhot 7a</a><a href="Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink> which utilizes those formulations in this context.</fn></p>
 
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
<li><b>Familial collective punishment</b> – Do these verses advocate a form of collective punishment in which innocent children suffer for sins which they didn't commit?<fn>Even if "לְשֹׂנְאָי" implies that the sinner's family continues in his path, this would only explain why they should be punished for their own sins, and would not explain their being punished for the actions of their ancestor.</fn></li>
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<li><b>עונש קולקטיבי של המשפחה</b> – Do these verses advocate a form of collective punishment in which innocent children suffer for sins which they didn't commit?<fn>אפילו אם "לְשֹׂנְאָי" רומז שמשפחתו של החוטא ממשיכה בדרכו, הדבר רק יסביר מדוע יש להעניש אותם על חטאי עצמם, ולא יסביר את ענישתם על מעשי אבותיהם.</fn></li>
<li><b>Intergenerational collective punishment</b> – While collective punishment generally expands the scope of the punishment horizontally to include others alive at the time of the infraction,<fn>In some cases the logic may be that the community bears responsibility for abetting or at least not preventing the culprit from committing the crime. For more, see <a href="Philosophy:Collective Punishment" data-aht="page">Collective Punishment</a>.</fn> these passages extend it vertically to subsequent generations. But why should later generations pay the price for crimes that they might not have even been alive to witness?<fn>It is possible to interpret the verses of "פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת" as saying that punishment is limited only to the generations who are alive during the lifetime of the sinner, but it is difficult to say that in all cases four generations were alive at the time of the sin.</fn></li>
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<li><b>עונש קולקטיבי בין דורי</b> – While collective punishment generally expands the scope of the punishment horizontally to include others alive at the time of the infraction,<fn>במקרים מסוימים ההיגיון יכול להיות שהקהילה נושאת באחריות על שסייעו או לפחות לא מנעו את האשם מלבצע את פשעו. להרחבה, ראו <a href="Philosophy:Collective Punishment" data-aht="page">ענישה קולקטיבית</a>.</fn> these passages extend it vertically to subsequent generations. But why should later generations pay the price for crimes that they might not have even been alive to witness?<fn>אפשר לפרש את הפסוקים של "פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת" כאומרים שהעונש מוגבל רק לדורות שהם בחיים בחייו של החוטא, אך קשה לומר שבכל המקרים ארבעה דורות של החוטא היו בחיים באותו זמן שהחטא נעשה.</fn></li>
<li><b>Vicarious punishment</b> – Even collective punishment only widens the circle of those punished, but does not absolve the sinner. Yet, in the above verses the Torah seems to imply that the sinner himself will escape personal harm<fn>See&#160;<a href="Shemot34-6" data-aht="source">Shemot 34:7</a> which states that Hashem is "נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן וָפֶשַׁע וְחַטָּאָה" before describing the punishment of subsequent generations.</fn> and will be punished only vicariously through his descendants. How does this manifest Divine justice?</li>
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<li><b>עונש Vicarious</b> – Even collective punishment only widens the circle of those punished, but does not absolve the sinner. Yet, in the above verses the Torah seems to imply that the sinner himself will escape personal harm<fn>ראו <a href="Shemot34-6" data-aht="source">שמות ל״ד:ז׳</a> המציין שה' "נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן וָפֶשַׁע וְחַטָּאָה" לפני תיאור עונשם של הדורות הבאים.</fn> and will be punished only vicariously through his descendants. How does this manifest Divine justice?</li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
  
<h2>Contradictory Texts</h2>
+
<h2>פסוקים סותרים</h2>
 
<p>The principles of deferred, collective, and vicarious punishment implied by the above passages appear to place them in direct conflict with several other Biblical texts:</p>
 
<p>The principles of deferred, collective, and vicarious punishment implied by the above passages appear to place them in direct conflict with several other Biblical texts:</p>
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
<li><a href="Devarim7-9" data-aht="source">Devarim 7:10</a> states that Hashem immediately metes out justice to the sinner himself.<fn>It is noteworthy that&#160;<a href="Devarim7-9" data-aht="source">Devarim 7:9</a> which speaks of the reward for the righteous is almost identical to the Decalogue.</fn></li>
+
<li><a href="Devarim7-9" data-aht="source">דברים ז׳:י׳</a> states that Hashem immediately metes out justice to the sinner himself.<fn>ראוי לציין שהפסוק ב<a href="Devarim7-9" data-aht="source">דברים ז׳:ט׳</a> שמדבר על השכר לצדיקים כמעט זהה לפסוק בעשרת הדברים.</fn></li>
<li><a href="Devarim24-16" data-aht="source">Devarim 24:16</a> commands that children are not to be put to death for the sins of parents, but rather each person should be held responsible for their own actions.<fn>This question is posed by the <multilink><a href="MidrashTannaim24" data-aht="source">Midrash Tannaim</a><a href="MidrashTannaim24" data-aht="source">Devarim 24:16</a><a href="Midrash Tannaim" data-aht="parshan">About Midrash Tannaim</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="BavliBerakhot7a" data-aht="source">Talmud Bavli</a><a href="BavliBerakhot7a" data-aht="source">Berakhot 7a</a><a href="BavliSanhedrin27b" data-aht="source">Sanhedrin 27b</a><a href="Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink>.</fn></li>
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<li><a href="Devarim24-16" data-aht="source">דברים כ"ד:ט"ז</a> commands that children are not to be put to death for the sins of parents, but rather each person should be held responsible for their own actions.<fn>שאלה זו מציבה&#160;<multilink><a href="MidrashTannaim24" data-aht="source">מדרש תנאים</a><a href="MidrashTannaim24" data-aht="source">דברים כ"ד:ט"ז</a><a href="Midrash Tannaim" data-aht="parshan">אודות מדרש תנאים</a></multilink> ו<multilink><a href="BavliBerakhot7a" data-aht="source">בבלי</a><a href="BavliBerakhot7a" data-aht="source">ברכות ז'.</a><a href="BavliSanhedrin27b" data-aht="source">סנהדרין כ"ז:</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">אודות הבבלי</a></multilink>.</fn></li>
<li><a href="Yirmeyahu31-28" data-aht="source">Yirmeyahu 31:28-29</a> prophesies how when Hashem redeems the Children of Israel, it will no longer be said that children are penalized for the sins of parents.</li>
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<li><a href="Yirmeyahu31-28" data-aht="source">ירמיהו ל"א:כ"ח-כ"ט</a> prophesies how when Hashem redeems the Children of Israel, it will no longer be said that children are penalized for the sins of parents.</li>
<li><a href="Yechezkel18" data-aht="source">Yechezkel 18</a> describes in unequivocal terms the system of Divine justice, according to which only the sinner is punished, and no son is held liable for the wickedness of his father.<fn>This question is the backdrop for the statement in <multilink><a href="BavliMakkot24a" data-aht="source">Bavli Makkot</a><a href="BavliMakkot24a" data-aht="source">Makkot 24a</a><a href="Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink> that Yechezkel annulled the Torah's principle of "פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת".</fn></li>
+
<li><a href="Yechezkel18" data-aht="source">יחזקאל י"ח</a> describes in unequivocal terms the system of Divine justice, according to which only the sinner is punished, and no son is held liable for the wickedness of his father.<fn>שאלה זו מהווה הרקע להצהרה ב<multilink><a href="BavliMakkot24a" data-aht="source">בבלי מכות כ"ד.</a><a href="BavliMakkot24a" data-aht="source">בבלי מכות כ"ד.</a><a href="Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink>&#160;כי יחזקאל ביטל את עקרון התורה של "פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת".</fn></li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
<p>What is the relationship between the two texts from Shemot<fn>This question applies equally to the collection of assorted Biblical texts cited in the note above which also imply the existence of collective or vicarious punishment.</fn> and these four other Biblical texts? Can all of these passages be harmonized? Must any of them be reinterpreted? Does Hashem employ contrasting principles of justice in different situations? Is there a distinction between the Divine and human judicial systems? Is it possible that Hashem's doctrine of justice changed at some point in history, and if so, why?</p>
+
<p>What is the relationship between the two texts from Shemot<fn>שאלה זו חלה באותה מידה על אוסף הטקסטים המקראיים השונים המובאים בהערה לעיל אשר גם מרמזים על קיומו של ענישה קולקטיבית או ענישה שילוחית (vicarious).</fn> and these four other Biblical texts? Can all of these passages be harmonized? Must any of them be reinterpreted? Does Hashem employ contrasting principles of justice in different situations? Is there a distinction between the Divine and human judicial systems? Is it possible that Hashem's doctrine of justice changed at some point in history, and if so, why?</p>
  
<h2>The Historical Record</h2>
+
<h2>התיעוד ההיסטורי</h2>
 
<p>There are many cases in Tanakh which reflect the fulfillment of various facets of the principle of "פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים":</p>
 
<p>There are many cases in Tanakh which reflect the fulfillment of various facets of the principle of "פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים":</p>
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
<li><b>Deferred punishment of the sinner</b> – In the cases of the <a href="Shemot32-33" data-aht="source">Golden Calf</a><fn>The Thirteen Attributes of Mercy were first given in the context of the atonement for this sin. See also the similar language of "וּבְיוֹם <b>פָּקְדִי וּפָקַדְתִּי</b> עֲלֵהֶם חַטָּאתָם".</fn> and the generation of the <a href="Bemidbar14-17" data-aht="source">Spies</a>,<fn>While the generation of the Exodus perished over the course of the forty years in the wilderness,&#160;<a href="Bemidbar14-37" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 14:37</a> implies that the Spies themselves died immediately. There is room to question whether the forty years in the wilderness was a punishment more for the generation which perished (but lived out their lives) or for their children who had to sit and wait out the process.</fn> punishment was postponed but ultimately meted out to the sinners themselves.</li>
+
<li><b>עונש נדחה של החוטא</b>&#160;&#160;במקרים של <a href="Shemot32-33" data-aht="source">עגל הזהב</a><fn>שלוש עשרה מידות הרחמים ניתנו לראשונה במסגרת הכפרה על חטא זה. ראו גם את הלשון הדומה של&#160;"וּבְיוֹם <b>פָּקְדִי וּפָקַדְתִּי</b> עֲלֵהֶם חַטָּאתָם".</fn> ו<a href="Bemidbar14-17" data-aht="source">דור המרגלים</a>,<fn>בעוד דור יציאת מצרים נספה במהלך ארבעים השנים במדבר,&#160;<a href="Bemidbar14-37" data-aht="source">במדבר י"ד:ל"ז</a> מרמז כי המרגלים עצמם מתו מייד. יש מקום לשאול האם ארבעים השנים במדבר היו עונש יותר לדור שנספה (אך השלים את שנות חייו) או לבניהם שנאלצו לחכות להיכנס לארץ עד שייגמר העונש.</fn> punishment was postponed but ultimately meted out to the sinners themselves.</li>
<li><b>Familial collective punishment</b><fn>For cases of general collective punishment or destruction which do not specifically target family members, see <a href="Philosophy:Collective Punishment" data-aht="page">Collective Punishment</a>.</fn> – In the stories of <a href="Bemidbar16-27" data-aht="source">Datan and Aviram</a> and <a href="Amos7-10" data-aht="source">Amatzyah the priest of Beit El</a>, it appears that Hashem punished their children along with them.<fn>This is indicated by <a href="Bemidbar16-27" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 16:27-33</a> and <a href="Devarim11-6" data-aht="source">Devarim 11:6</a>. In contrast,&#160;<a href="Bemidbar26-11" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 26:11</a> states explicitly that the sons of Korach did not perish, and Korach's descendants later become prominent Levites. Regarding Korach, Ramban and Ralbag emphasize that no innocent family members perished.</fn> In the instances of <a href="Yehoshua7-24" data-aht="source">Akhan</a><fn>This appears to be the simple reading of <a href="Yehoshua7-24" data-aht="source">Yehoshua 7:24-25</a>. However, many commentators reinterpret these verses. See Bavli Sanhedrin 44a that the children were only brought to witness the execution, and see&#160;<a href="PirkeiDeRabbiEliezer38" data-aht="source">Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 38</a> and&#160;<multilink><a href="RadakYehoshua7-15" data-aht="source">Radak Yehoshua 7:15</a><a href="RadakYehoshua7-15" data-aht="source">Yehoshua 7:15</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">About R. David Kimchi</a></multilink> who say that the children were killed only because they were complicit in the crime. For more, see <a href="2" data-aht="subpage">Exegetical Approaches</a> and <a href="$">Akhan's Children</a>.</fn> and <a href="Shofetim21-10" data-aht="source">Yavesh Gilad</a>, the Israelites seemingly kill children along with the guilty parents.<fn>See also <a href="2" data-aht="subpage">Exegetical Approaches</a> for the dispute regarding the case of the <a href="Devarim13-13" data-aht="source">עיר הנדחת</a>.</fn></li>
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<li><b>עונש קולקטיבי של המשפחה</b><fn>למקרים של ענישה קיבוצית שאינם מענישים באופן ספציפי את בני המשפחה, ראו <a href="Philosophy:Collective Punishment" data-aht="page">ענישה קולקטיבית</a>.</fn> – בסיפורים של <a href="Bemidbar16-27" data-aht="source">דתן ואבירם</a> ו<a href="Amos7-10" data-aht="source">אמציה כהן בית אל</a>, it appears that Hashem punished their children along with them.<fn>כך משתמע מן הפסוקים ב<a href="Bemidbar16-27" data-aht="source">במדבר ט"ז:כ"ז-ל"ג</a> ו<a href="Devarim11-6" data-aht="source">דברים י"א:ו'</a>. לעומת זאת,&#160;<a href="Bemidbar26-11" data-aht="source">במדבר כ"ו:י"א</a> קובע במפורש שבני קורח לא נספו, וצאצאי קורח נמנו לימים בין הלוויים המשוררים בבית המקדש. בנוגע לקורח, רמב"ן ורלב"ג מדגישים כי בני משפחתו שהיו חפים מפשע לא נספו.</fn> במקרים של <a href="Yehoshua7-24" data-aht="source">עכן</a><fn>נראה כי זו הקריאה הפשוטה של&#160;<a href="Yehoshua7-24" data-aht="source">יהושע ז':כ"ד-כ"ה</a>.&#160;עם זאת, פרשנים רבים מפרשים פסוקים אלה מחדש. ראו בבלי סנהדרין מ"ד. שהילדים הובאו רק כדי להיות עדים להוצאה להורג. וראו <a href="PirkeiDeRabbiEliezer38" data-aht="source">פרקי דרבי אליעזר ל"ח</a> ו<multilink><a href="RadakYehoshua7-15" data-aht="source">רד"ק יהושע ז':ט"ו</a><a href="RadakYehoshua7-15" data-aht="source">יהושע ז':ט"ו</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' דוד קמחי</a></multilink> שאומרים שהילדים נהרגו רק בגלל שהם היו שותפים לפשע. להרחבה, ראו <a href="2" data-aht="subpage">גישות פרשניות</a> ו<a href="$" data-aht="page">משפחת עכן</a>.</fn> ו<a href="Shofetim21-10" data-aht="source">יבש גלעד</a>, the Israelites seemingly kill children along with the guilty parents.<fn>ראו גם <a href="2" data-aht="subpage">גישות פרשניות</a> למחלוקת לגבי המקרה של <a href="Devarim13-13" data-aht="source">עיר הנדחת</a>.</fn></li>
<li><b>Intergenerational collective punishment</b> – In the cases of <a href="ShemuelI2-27" data-aht="source">Eli</a> and <a href="MelakhimII5-27" data-aht="source">Geichazi</a>,<fn>However, see&#160;<multilink><a href="RadakMelakhimII5-27" data-aht="source">Radak</a><a href="RadakMelakhimII5-27" data-aht="source">Melakhim II 5:27</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">About R. David Kimchi</a></multilink> who says that only the sons of Geichazi who had abetted his actions were punished, and not their descendants.</fn> Hashem ostensibly punishes them and all of their future descendants.<fn>In <a href="ShemuelII3-29" data-aht="source">Shemuel II 3:29</a>, David calls for Yoav's household to be similarly punished.</fn></li>
+
<li><b>עונש קולקטיבי בין-דורי</b> –&#160;במקרים של <a href="ShemuelI2-27" data-aht="source">עלי</a> ו<a href="MelakhimII5-27" data-aht="source">גיחזי</a>,<fn>אולם, ראו <multilink><a href="RadakMelakhimII5-27" data-aht="source">רד"ק</a><a href="RadakMelakhimII5-27" data-aht="source">מל"ב ה':כ"ז</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' דוד קמחי</a></multilink> האומר שרק בני גיחזי שסייעו למעשיו נענשו, ולא צאצאיהם.</fn> Hashem ostensibly punishes them and all of their future descendants.<fn>ב<a href="ShemuelII3-29" data-aht="source">שמואל ב' ג':כ"ט</a>, דוד מקלל את יואב שביתו ייענש באופן דומה.</fn></li>
<li><b>Immediate vicarious punishment</b> – In the examples of <a href="ShemuelII12-10" data-aht="source">David and Batsheva</a> and <multilink><a href="MelakhimI16-34" data-aht="source">Chiel Beit HaEli</a><a href="Yehoshua6-26" data-aht="source">Yehoshua 6:26</a><a href="MelakhimI16-34" data-aht="source">Melakhim I 16:34</a></multilink>,<fn>The death of the sons is not explicit in these verses, but is implied by context.</fn> Hashem kills the children instead of the parents.<fn>See also <a href="ShemuelII24-15" data-aht="source">David's Census</a> where the nation is punished for the sin of its leader. R. Saadia, however, attempts to reinterpret this episode see <a href="2" data-aht="subpage">Exegetical Approaches</a>.</fn></li>
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<li><b>עונש vicarious מיידי</b> – בדוגמאות של <a href="ShemuelII12-10" data-aht="source">דוד ובת-שבע</a> ו<multilink><a href="MelakhimI16-34" data-aht="source">חיאל בית האלי</a><a href="Yehoshua6-26" data-aht="source">יהושע ו':כ"ו</a><a href="MelakhimI16-34" data-aht="source">מלכים א' ט"ז:ל"ד</a></multilink>,<fn>מותם של הבנים אינו מפורש בפסוקים אלה, אלא משתמע מהקשרם.</fn> Hashem kills the children instead of the parents.<fn>ראו גם <a href="ShemuelII24-15" data-aht="source">מפקד דוד</a>, שם נענש האומה על חטא מנהיגו. אולם ר' סעדיה מנסה לפרש מחדש סיפור זה ראו <a href="2" data-aht="subpage">גישות פרשניות</a>.</fn></li>
<li><b>Intergenerational vicarious punishment</b> – In the cases of <a href="MelakhimI15-29" data-aht="source">Yorovam</a>, <a href="MelakhimI21-20" data-aht="source">Achav</a>,<fn>In this case, while the full implementation of the punishment is deferred, Achav himself is punished see <a href="MelakhimI22-35-38" data-aht="source">Melakhim I 22:35-38</a>.</fn> <a href="MelakhimII20-16" data-aht="source">Chizkiyahu</a>, and <a href="MelakhimII23-25" data-aht="source">Menashe</a>,<fn>See also&#160;<a href="MelakhimII21-10-15" data-aht="source">Melakhim II 21:10-15</a> and <a href="Yirmeyahu15-4" data-aht="source">Yirmeyahu 15:4</a>.</fn> the Divine punishment for their actions is realized only during future generations.<fn>See also the need for the delayed punishment of the <a href="Bereshit15-16" data-aht="source">Amorites</a> in the Covenant of the Pieces.</fn> The same is true in the story of <a href="ShemuelII21-1" data-aht="source">Shaul's descendants and the Givonim</a>, in which punishment is exacted from Shaul's descendants after his death.</li>
+
<li><b>עונש vicarious&#160;בין-דורי</b> –&#160;במקרים של <a href="MelakhimI15-29" data-aht="source">ירבעם</a>, <a href="MelakhimI21-20" data-aht="source">אחאב</a>,<fn>במקרה זה, בעוד שיישום העונש במלואו נדחה, אחאב עצמו כן נענש ראו <a href="MelakhimI22-35-38" data-aht="source">מלכים א כ"ב:ל"ה-ל"ח</a>.</fn> <a href="MelakhimII20-16" data-aht="source">חזקיהו</a>, ו<a href="MelakhimII23-25" data-aht="source">מנשה</a>,<fn>ראו גם <a href="MelakhimII21-10-15" data-aht="source">מלכים ב כ"א:י'-ט"ו</a> ו<a href="Yirmeyahu15-4" data-aht="source">ירמיהו ט"ו:ד'</a>.</fn> the Divine punishment for their actions is realized only during future generations.<fn>ראו גם את הצורך בעיכוב העונש של <a href="Bereshit15-16" data-aht="source">האמורי</a> בברית בין הבתרים.</fn> The same is true in the story of <a href="ShemuelII21-1" data-aht="source">צאצאי שאול והגבעונים</a>, in which punishment is exacted from Shaul's descendants after his death.</li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
 
<p>One of the challenges is to explain why the principle is implemented in so many different ways. When is the punishment delayed and when is it exacted immediately? Why in some cases is just the sinner himself penalized, in others only his descendants pay the price, and in additional ones both the sinner and his offspring are punished? And what determines whether the punishment will be visited upon the second generation, the fourth generation, or upon all future generations for eternity?</p>
 
<p>One of the challenges is to explain why the principle is implemented in so many different ways. When is the punishment delayed and when is it exacted immediately? Why in some cases is just the sinner himself penalized, in others only his descendants pay the price, and in additional ones both the sinner and his offspring are punished? And what determines whether the punishment will be visited upon the second generation, the fourth generation, or upon all future generations for eternity?</p>

Latest revision as of 01:24, 5 September 2019

האם ה' פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים?

הקדמה

נושאים מוסריים מטרידים

שני קטעים מפורסמים מעשרת הדברים1 ומשלוש עשרה מידות של רחמים2 use virtually identical language to describe Hashem's methods of administering justice:3

עשרת הדברות (שמות כ':ה'-ו') שלוש עשרה מידות (שמות ל"ד:ו'-ז')
לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לָהֶם וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם כִּי אָנֹכִי ה' אֱ-לֹהֶיךָ אֵ-ל קַנָּא פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבֹת עַל בָּנִים עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים לְשֹׂנְאָי. וְעֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד לַאֲלָפִים לְאֹהֲבַי וּלְשֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֹתָי. וַיַּעֲבֹר ה' עַל פָּנָיו וַיִּקְרָא ה' ה' אֵ-ל רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם וְרַב חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת. נֹצֵר חֶסֶד לָאֲלָפִים נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן וָפֶשַׁע וְחַטָּאָה וְנַקֵּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים וְעַל בְּנֵי בָנִים עַל שִׁלֵּשִׁים וְעַל רִבֵּעִים.


Both of these verses describe how the sin of parents is ultimately followed by the punishment of their descendants. As they give no explicit indication that the children sinned4 or that the parents receive any punishment,5 these texts ostensibly lead one to the conclusion that Hashem defers the dispensation of justice and punishes innocent generations of the sinner's descendants in place of the sinner himself. This understanding, while supported by various other Biblical passages,6 raises several troubling theological questions:7

  • עונש קולקטיבי של המשפחה – Do these verses advocate a form of collective punishment in which innocent children suffer for sins which they didn't commit?8
  • עונש קולקטיבי בין דורי – While collective punishment generally expands the scope of the punishment horizontally to include others alive at the time of the infraction,9 these passages extend it vertically to subsequent generations. But why should later generations pay the price for crimes that they might not have even been alive to witness?10
  • עונש Vicarious – Even collective punishment only widens the circle of those punished, but does not absolve the sinner. Yet, in the above verses the Torah seems to imply that the sinner himself will escape personal harm11 and will be punished only vicariously through his descendants. How does this manifest Divine justice?

פסוקים סותרים

The principles of deferred, collective, and vicarious punishment implied by the above passages appear to place them in direct conflict with several other Biblical texts:

  • דברים ז׳:י׳ states that Hashem immediately metes out justice to the sinner himself.12
  • דברים כ"ד:ט"ז commands that children are not to be put to death for the sins of parents, but rather each person should be held responsible for their own actions.13
  • ירמיהו ל"א:כ"ח-כ"ט prophesies how when Hashem redeems the Children of Israel, it will no longer be said that children are penalized for the sins of parents.
  • יחזקאל י"ח describes in unequivocal terms the system of Divine justice, according to which only the sinner is punished, and no son is held liable for the wickedness of his father.14

What is the relationship between the two texts from Shemot15 and these four other Biblical texts? Can all of these passages be harmonized? Must any of them be reinterpreted? Does Hashem employ contrasting principles of justice in different situations? Is there a distinction between the Divine and human judicial systems? Is it possible that Hashem's doctrine of justice changed at some point in history, and if so, why?

התיעוד ההיסטורי

There are many cases in Tanakh which reflect the fulfillment of various facets of the principle of "פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים":

One of the challenges is to explain why the principle is implemented in so many different ways. When is the punishment delayed and when is it exacted immediately? Why in some cases is just the sinner himself penalized, in others only his descendants pay the price, and in additional ones both the sinner and his offspring are punished? And what determines whether the punishment will be visited upon the second generation, the fourth generation, or upon all future generations for eternity?