Difference between revisions of "Avot and Mitzvot – Was Avraham the First Jew/2/he"
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<opinion>ה' ציווה | <opinion>ה' ציווה | ||
<mekorot> | <mekorot> | ||
− | <p>ספרי דברים</p> | + | <p><a href="SifreDevarim41" data-aht="source">ספרי דברים</a><fn>ראו את <a href="SifreBemidbar111" data-aht="source">ספרי במדבר</a> שם נרמז כי היו מצוות אשר נתנו למשה בלבד ולא לאבות.</fn>, תרגומים</p> |
<p> <multilink><a href="SifreDevarim41" data-aht="source">Sifre Devarim</a><a href="SifreDevarim41" data-aht="source">Devarim 41</a><a href="Sifre Devarim" data-aht="parshan">About Sifre Devarim</a></multilink>,<fn>Cf. <multilink><a href="SifreBemidbar111" data-aht="source">Sifre Bemidbar</a><a href="SifreBemidbar111" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 111</a><a href="Sifre Bemidbar" data-aht="parshan">About Sifre Bemidbar</a></multilink> which implies that there were commandments which were only given to Moshe and not to the Patriarchs.</fn> <multilink><a href="NeofitiBereshit2-15" data-aht="source">Targumim</a><a href="NeofitiBereshit2-15" data-aht="source">Targum Neofiti Bereshit 2:15</a><a href="PsJBereshit2-15" data-aht="source">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Bereshit 2:15</a><a href="Targum Neofiti" data-aht="parshan">About Targum Neofiti</a><a href="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan" data-aht="parshan">About Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="AvotDRN2-21" data-aht="source">Avot DeRabbi Natan</a><a href="AvotDRN2-21" data-aht="source">Version 2, Chapter 21</a><a href="Avot DeRabbi Natan" data-aht="parshan">About Avot DeRabbi Natan</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="PirkeiDRE11" data-aht="source">Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a><a href="PirkeiDRE11" data-aht="source">11</a><a href="PirkeiDRE20" data-aht="source">20</a><a href="PirkeiDRE21" data-aht="source">21</a><a href="PirkeiDRE31" data-aht="source">31</a><a href="Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer" data-aht="parshan">About Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a></multilink>,<fn>See also <multilink><a href="LekachTovBereshit43-16" data-aht="source">Lekach Tov</a><a href="LekachTovBereshit2-15" data-aht="source">Bereshit 2:15</a><a href="LekachTovBereshit43-16" data-aht="source">Bereshit 43:16</a><a href="R. Toviah b. Eliezer (Lekach Tov)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Toviah b. Eliezer</a></multilink> which links <a href="Bereshit2-15" data-aht="source">Bereshit 2:15</a> to the following verse which serves as the source of Noachide laws in many Rabbinic sources.</fn> <multilink><a href="Kirkisani" data-aht="source">Anan and other Karaite exegetes</a><a href="Kirkisani" data-aht="source">Kirkisani</a><a href="Yefet" data-aht="source">Yefet b. Eli</a><a href="OtzarNechmad" data-aht="source">Otzar Nechmad</a><a href="KaraiteCommentary" data-aht="source">Karaite Commentary</a><a href="KaraiteTract" data-aht="source">Karaite Tract</a></multilink><fn>See also <multilink><a href="RMubashir" data-aht="source">R. Mubashir HaLevi</a><a href="RMubashir" data-aht="source">Critique of the Writings of R. Saadia Gaon (p. 78)</a><a href="R. Mubashir HaLevi" data-aht="parshan">About R. Mubashir HaLevi</a></multilink> and the opinions cited by <multilink><a href="RasagCommentaryBereshit4" data-aht="source">R. Saadia Gaon</a><a href="RasagCommentaryBereshit4" data-aht="source">Commentary Bereshit 4</a><a href="R. Saadia Gaon" data-aht="parshan">About R. Saadia Gaon</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="IbnBalaamBereshit8-2" data-aht="source">R. Yehuda ibn Balaam</a><a href="IbnBalaamBereshit8-2" data-aht="source"></a><a href="R. Yehuda ibn Balaam" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yehuda ibn Balaam</a></multilink>.</fn></p> | <p> <multilink><a href="SifreDevarim41" data-aht="source">Sifre Devarim</a><a href="SifreDevarim41" data-aht="source">Devarim 41</a><a href="Sifre Devarim" data-aht="parshan">About Sifre Devarim</a></multilink>,<fn>Cf. <multilink><a href="SifreBemidbar111" data-aht="source">Sifre Bemidbar</a><a href="SifreBemidbar111" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 111</a><a href="Sifre Bemidbar" data-aht="parshan">About Sifre Bemidbar</a></multilink> which implies that there were commandments which were only given to Moshe and not to the Patriarchs.</fn> <multilink><a href="NeofitiBereshit2-15" data-aht="source">Targumim</a><a href="NeofitiBereshit2-15" data-aht="source">Targum Neofiti Bereshit 2:15</a><a href="PsJBereshit2-15" data-aht="source">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Bereshit 2:15</a><a href="Targum Neofiti" data-aht="parshan">About Targum Neofiti</a><a href="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan" data-aht="parshan">About Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="AvotDRN2-21" data-aht="source">Avot DeRabbi Natan</a><a href="AvotDRN2-21" data-aht="source">Version 2, Chapter 21</a><a href="Avot DeRabbi Natan" data-aht="parshan">About Avot DeRabbi Natan</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="PirkeiDRE11" data-aht="source">Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a><a href="PirkeiDRE11" data-aht="source">11</a><a href="PirkeiDRE20" data-aht="source">20</a><a href="PirkeiDRE21" data-aht="source">21</a><a href="PirkeiDRE31" data-aht="source">31</a><a href="Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer" data-aht="parshan">About Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a></multilink>,<fn>See also <multilink><a href="LekachTovBereshit43-16" data-aht="source">Lekach Tov</a><a href="LekachTovBereshit2-15" data-aht="source">Bereshit 2:15</a><a href="LekachTovBereshit43-16" data-aht="source">Bereshit 43:16</a><a href="R. Toviah b. Eliezer (Lekach Tov)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Toviah b. Eliezer</a></multilink> which links <a href="Bereshit2-15" data-aht="source">Bereshit 2:15</a> to the following verse which serves as the source of Noachide laws in many Rabbinic sources.</fn> <multilink><a href="Kirkisani" data-aht="source">Anan and other Karaite exegetes</a><a href="Kirkisani" data-aht="source">Kirkisani</a><a href="Yefet" data-aht="source">Yefet b. Eli</a><a href="OtzarNechmad" data-aht="source">Otzar Nechmad</a><a href="KaraiteCommentary" data-aht="source">Karaite Commentary</a><a href="KaraiteTract" data-aht="source">Karaite Tract</a></multilink><fn>See also <multilink><a href="RMubashir" data-aht="source">R. Mubashir HaLevi</a><a href="RMubashir" data-aht="source">Critique of the Writings of R. Saadia Gaon (p. 78)</a><a href="R. Mubashir HaLevi" data-aht="parshan">About R. Mubashir HaLevi</a></multilink> and the opinions cited by <multilink><a href="RasagCommentaryBereshit4" data-aht="source">R. Saadia Gaon</a><a href="RasagCommentaryBereshit4" data-aht="source">Commentary Bereshit 4</a><a href="R. Saadia Gaon" data-aht="parshan">About R. Saadia Gaon</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="IbnBalaamBereshit8-2" data-aht="source">R. Yehuda ibn Balaam</a><a href="IbnBalaamBereshit8-2" data-aht="source"></a><a href="R. Yehuda ibn Balaam" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yehuda ibn Balaam</a></multilink>.</fn></p> | ||
</mekorot> | </mekorot> |
Version as of 03:31, 23 May 2019
אבות ומצוות
גישות פרשניות
סקירה
בדיון אודות ההיקף בו האבות קיימו את מצוות התורה, פרשנים מציעים שלל אפשרויות, החל בשמירה מלאה על מצוות וכלה בהעדר מוחלט שלהן. חלק מהמקורות מתארים את האבות המייסדים כחלוצים מרצון של עשייה ולא רק של אמונה, וחלקם אף מרחיקים לכת וטוענים שהם שמרו אף על תקנות דרבנן. אחרים מנסים להמחיש כי התורה היא נצחית, וכי המצוות ניתנו כבר לאדם הראשון.
כאשר עמדות אלה נתקלות בקשיים בתירוץ העבירות של האבות על איסורים מקראיים, פרשנים אחרים נוקטים בגישה הפוכה ומציעים כי הרוב המכריע של מצוות התורה החלו רק בסיני. כמה חלופות לגישה מפשרת מציעות שהאבות שמרו על חוקי התורה באופן חלקי. לפתרון זה יש את היתרון ביכולת להסביר את העבירות, בד בבד עם שמירה על תמונה של קיום פולחן מוקדם.
קיום מצוות מלא
כל המצוות היו קיימות ונשמרו לפני שניתנו בסיני. בעמדה זו שיטות חלוקות בשאלה האם הייתה מחויבות אלוקית לקיים את המצוות טרום-סיני או שמא מדובר ביוזמה מרצון של האדם.
ה' ציווה
ספרי דברים1, תרגומים
Sifre Devarim,2 Targumim, Avot DeRabbi Natan, Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer,3 Anan and other Karaite exegetes4
This position maintains that the Torah and its commandments were given already to Adam.5 The Midrashim derive this by reading the words "לְעָבְדָהּ וּלְשָׁמְרָהּ" in Bereshit 2:15 as referring to the Torah.6
Some exegetes7 point to the Torah's use of the term "הַבְּהֵמָה הַטְּהוֹרָה" in the Noach stories8 as proof that the laws of Kashrut were known already at that time.9
Some Karaite sources assert that the bringing of the Flood, the punishment meted out to the Canaanites for their sins, and the verses in Yechezkel which say that the Israelites deserved to be wiped out in Egypt demonstrate that the commandments existed before Sinai.
This position takes for granted that the Patriarchs observed all of the Torah's commandments.10
This approach encounters difficulties in explaining the instances in which our forefathers seem to have violated the Torah's prohibitions, particularly those of forbidden sexual relationships.11 Thus, Yefet goes so far as to assert that Leah and Rachel were merely relatives and not sisters,12 and that Yocheved was Amram's cousin rather than his aunt.13 Alternatively, these actions were, in fact, problematic.14
The implication of this position is that the laws of the Torah are immutable and eternal. It thus served as a direct response15 to both Christian contentions that the precepts were given only as a corrective for the sin of the Golden Calf, and Islamic claims that the Law is always subject to change.16
הבחירה האנושית
Bavli Yoma, Shemot Rabbah, Midrash Aggadah (Buber), Rashi, as well as other sources, all speak of the Patriarchs fulfilling all of the commandments, but it is difficult to determine whether they think this was obligatory or voluntary.19
These sources ascribe general performance of the mitzvot only to Avraham and his descendants. Avraham's initiative explains his selection to be the father of Hashem's chosen nation. Only a select group of commandments was fulfilled by earlier generations such as Adam and Noach.20
R. Shimon in Bereshit Rabbah attempts to address the question of "אב לא למדו ורב לא היה לו, ומהיכן למד את התורה". He describes in figurative language how Hashem provided Avraham's kidneys with the intuition to teach him Torah.21
The central prooftext for this position is Bereshit 26:5 which describes Avraham's special reward due to his fulfilling of Hashem's commandments.22 The verse refers to three categories of precepts ("מִשְׁמַרְתִּי מִצְוֹתַי חֻקּוֹתַי"). While earlier Rabbinic sources do not distinguish between the terms in this verse, Rashi identifies each with a different group of laws.23
R. Yochanan24 in Bereshit Rabbah deduces from the plural of "וְתוֹרֹתָי" that Avraham kept even the later ordinances of the sages such as הלכות עירובי חצרות.25 The standard printed edition of the Tosefta, though, applies the plural merely to the reasons for the mitzvot and their details.26 There is also room for discussion as to the scope of what is included according to the Bavli.27
According to this approach, the generation of the Flood, the inhabitants of Sedom, and the Canaanites were punished for violating the select group of Noachide laws which were given explicitly or considered to be natural law.28
This approach emphasizes the uniqueness of the Patriarchs in that they voluntarily assumed responsibility for keeping all of Hashem's commandments.
- שמירת מצוות היא עדיין בגדר רשות ועדיין לא חיוב - ככל הנראה גישה זו אומצה ע"י הבבלי בפסחים והיא מופיעה באופן מפורש בדעת זקנים.
- הפרטים של יישומם של חוקים אלה הושפעו ממעמד של בני נח - ראו בבבלי יבמות שאין שושלת יוחסין או יחסי משפחה בקרב בני נח. עיקרון זה מיושם על ידי הבבלי בסנהדרין, ר' יוסף בכור שור ורמב"ן בכדי להיפטר מהבעייתיות במעשי האבות.
In explaining cases like Yaakov's marrying sisters and Amram's marriage to his aunt, these sources have a couple of options open to them:
- Torah observance was still optional and not yet obligatory – This appears to be the approach adopted by Bavli Pesachim, and is explicitly taken by Daat Zekeinim.
- The specifics of the implementation of these laws was affected by Noachide status – See Bavli Yevamot that there is no paternal lineage or familial relationships for Noachides. This principle is applied by Bavli Sanhedrin and R. Yosef Bekhor Shor and Ramban to dispose of the apparent Patriarchal violations.29
This position may have been intended to counter Christian claims that the mitzvot were given only in the aftermath of the sin of the Golden Calf.30 It thus emphasizes that the mitzvot existed and were observed centuries before that, and that the Patriarchs performed them voluntarily and not because they were an imposed penalty.31
העדר מצוות
האבות קיימו רק את מה שצוו באופן מפורש בספר בראשית וציוויים אלו לא כללו מצוות מעבר לברית מילה.
The Patriarchs fulfilled only what they were explicitly commanded in Sefer Bereshit, and these did not include mitzvot other than circumcision.
Bereshit 18:19 and Bereshit 26:5 refer merely to ethical laws or to ad hoc instructions given to the Patriarchs.32
The generation of the Flood, the inhabitants of Sedom, and the Canaanites were punished for violating natural law.33 This position is presented by Chizkuni.
The religiosity of our forefathers was manifest in their monotheistic dedication to following Hashem's instructions and in their moral and ethical standard of behavior, but it did not generally reflect itself through ritual performance.
These commentators explain that the Patriarchs and their families were not yet bound by Torah laws.34
שמירת מצוות חלקית
האבות קיימו מצוות באופן חלקי. וריאציות רבות של גישה זו טוענות כי ישנם הבדלים בין סוגי המצוות והאבות השונים חלקית כתלות במיקומם.
The Patriarchs only partially observed the commandments. The multiple variations of this approach maintain that distinctions existed between different Patriarchs, types of commandments, and locations.
אברהם לבדו
According to this position, only Avraham chose to keep all of the mitzvot, while his descendants observed, at most, only selected commandments.
Bereshit 26:5 speaks specifically of Avraham's performance of all of the various types of mitzvot. According to the Rema, Bereshit 18:19, which describes Avraham's legacy to his descendants, is referring only to the seven basic Noachide laws.
The generation of the Flood, the inhabitants of Sedom, and the Canaanites were punished for disregarding the basic Noachide laws.
According to this approach, there is a fundamental difference in character between Avraham, as the first Patriarch and the founder of monotheism, and the other Patriarchs and their descendants.37
Rema notes that this opinion entirely avoids the problem raised by Yaakov's marrying two sisters. Only cases regarding Avraham would still be an issue, and see Maharal's discussion of Avraham's possible marriage to his half sister.
This position is able to maintain that the mitzvot predate Sinai and the Golden Calf, without being forced to defend each and every action of the Patriarchs and their households.
רק מצוות מסויימות
According to this approach, all of the Patriarchs observed the commandments only selectively. Jubilees attributes the performance of certain mitzvot already to Noach.
- רשב"ם מציע שרק מצוות רציונליות המתייחסות לערכים מוסריים נשמרו.
- על פי המהר"ל, מאחר והמצוות עדיין לא נצטוו, היתה מגמת בנייה ולכן המצוות החיוביות נשמרו, בניגוד למצוות השליליות.
- Rashbam suggests that only rational mitzvot which relate to a moral ethic were observed.39
- According to the Maharal, since the mitzvot had not yet been commanded, there was a constructive purpose in keeping only the positive, but not the negative, commandments.
Jubilees maintains that books and traditions were transmitted through the generations forming an unbroken
chain from Chanokh40 all the way down to Levi.41 For Rashbam, though, Avraham could have deduced ethical commandments on his own.
This position maintains that Bereshit 18:19 and Bereshit 26:5 constitute proof only for certain precepts being
observed. Jubilees and R. Saadia also find numerous additional verses which hint at the observance of other individual mitzvot.
The generation of the Flood, the inhabitants of Sedom, and the Canaanites were punished for their immoral behavior.42
With regard to the actions of Reuven and Yehuda, Jubilees notes that their violations were not punished because the Torah was not yet given.
Some maintain that Jubilees was motivated to associate various commandments with characters going as far back as Noach, in order to combat Hellenist claims that the Jewish people's difficulties with the nations of the world began when the Israelites began to observe the mitzvot.43
רק בישראל
Avraham and his descendants kept all of the commandments of their own volition ("as one who is permitted but not obligated"), but they did so only while living in Israel.44
Ramban says that Avraham learned the Torah and its commandments through Divine inspiration
.
Bereshit 26:5 refers to all of the commandments.45
The generation of the Flood, the inhabitants of Sedom, and the Canaanites were punished for disregarding the
basic Noachide laws.
According to this approach, part of the greatness of the Patriarchs lies in their voluntarily keeping all of Hashem's commandments.
Ramban explains that the Patriarchs did not abide by the commandments only when they were outside the Land of Israel, where obligations that are not "חובות הגוף" are not enforced.46 This is consistent with Ramban's overall take on the connection between observance of mizvot and living in the Land of Israel.47