Difference between revisions of "Avraham/0/he"

From AlHaTorah.org
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m
m
Line 56: Line 56:
 
</subcategory>
 
</subcategory>
 
</category>
 
</category>
<category>Unique Traits
+
<category>תכונות אופי ייחודיות
 
<subcategory>Belief in Hashem
 
<subcategory>Belief in Hashem
 
<p>See discussion above.</p>
 
<p>See discussion above.</p>
 
</subcategory>
 
</subcategory>
 
<subcategory>"תִּתֵּן.. חֶסֶד לְאַבְרָהָם"
 
<subcategory>"תִּתֵּן.. חֶסֶד לְאַבְרָהָם"
<p>Avraham is often portrayed as a paradigm of "חסד", with his hosting of guests being held up as a model to emulate.&#160; How unique, though, was Avraham in this regard?&#160;&#160;</p><ul>
+
<p>Avraham is often portrayed as a paradigm of "חסד", with his hosting of guests being held up as a model to emulate.&#160; How unique, though, was Avraham in this regard?&#160;&#160;</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li><b>Comparing Lot and Avraham</b> – Many sources compare the hospitality of the two relatives.&#160; See <multilink><a href="RashbamBereshit18-1" data-aht="source">רשב״ם</a><a href="RashbamBereshit18-1" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:א׳</a><a href="R. Shemuel b. Meir (Rashbam)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמואל בן מאיר</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit18-3" data-aht="source">רמב״ן</a><a href="RambanBereshit18-3" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:ג׳</a><a href="RambanBereshit19-8" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:ח׳</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' משה בן נחמן</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="SefornoBereshit19-3" data-aht="source">ספורנו</a><a href="SefornoBereshit19-3" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:ג׳</a><a href="R. Ovadyah Seforno" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' עובדיה ספורנו</a></multilink>, and <multilink><a href="RSRHirschBereshit19-3" data-aht="source">רש״ר הירש</a><a href="RSRHirschBereshit19-3" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:ג׳</a><a href="R. Samson Raphael Hirsch" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמשון רפאל הירש</a></multilink>.&#160; See also <a href="A Portrait of Lot" data-aht="page">דמותו של לוט</a> for further discussion of Lot's character.</li>
 
<li><b>Comparing Lot and Avraham</b> – Many sources compare the hospitality of the two relatives.&#160; See <multilink><a href="RashbamBereshit18-1" data-aht="source">רשב״ם</a><a href="RashbamBereshit18-1" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:א׳</a><a href="R. Shemuel b. Meir (Rashbam)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמואל בן מאיר</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit18-3" data-aht="source">רמב״ן</a><a href="RambanBereshit18-3" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:ג׳</a><a href="RambanBereshit19-8" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:ח׳</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' משה בן נחמן</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="SefornoBereshit19-3" data-aht="source">ספורנו</a><a href="SefornoBereshit19-3" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:ג׳</a><a href="R. Ovadyah Seforno" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' עובדיה ספורנו</a></multilink>, and <multilink><a href="RSRHirschBereshit19-3" data-aht="source">רש״ר הירש</a><a href="RSRHirschBereshit19-3" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:ג׳</a><a href="R. Samson Raphael Hirsch" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמשון רפאל הירש</a></multilink>.&#160; See also <a href="A Portrait of Lot" data-aht="page">דמותו של לוט</a> for further discussion of Lot's character.</li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
 
</subcategory>
 
</subcategory>
 
<subcategory>"צְדָקָה וּמִשְׁפָּט"
 
<subcategory>"צְדָקָה וּמִשְׁפָּט"
<p>In <a href="Bereshit18-19" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:י״ט</a>, Hashem shares how He chose Avraham because He knew that Avraham was to teach his children "righteousness and justice". Avraham then proceeds to stand up for this very issue, reproaching Hashem's decision to totally destroy Sedom. Avraham makes two somewhat contradictory arguments, condemning collective punishment, yet simultaneously requesting collective salvation. How do these requests relate to each other?&#160; [See <a href="Avraham's Prayer for Sedom" data-aht="page">תפילת אברהם על סדום</a> for elaboration and discussion of the various modes of Divine Justice.]</p><ul>
+
<p>In <a href="Bereshit18-19" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:י״ט</a>, Hashem shares how He chose Avraham because He knew that Avraham was to teach his children "righteousness and justice". Avraham then proceeds to stand up for this very issue, reproaching Hashem's decision to totally destroy Sedom. Avraham makes two somewhat contradictory arguments, condemning collective punishment, yet simultaneously requesting collective salvation. How do these requests relate to each other?&#160; [See <a href="Avraham's Prayer for Sedom" data-aht="page">תפילת אברהם על סדום</a> for elaboration and discussion of the various modes of Divine Justice.]</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li><multilink><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit18-24" data-aht="source">ר׳ יוסף בכור שור</a><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit18-24" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:כ״ד</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יוסף בכור שור</a></multilink>&#160;claims that Avraham was indeed praying for both the righteous and wicked, viewing collective salvation as a merciful act that transcends justice.</li>
 
<li><multilink><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit18-24" data-aht="source">ר׳ יוסף בכור שור</a><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit18-24" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:כ״ד</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יוסף בכור שור</a></multilink>&#160;claims that Avraham was indeed praying for both the righteous and wicked, viewing collective salvation as a merciful act that transcends justice.</li>
 
<li><multilink><a href="MaaseiHashemMaaseiAvot17" data-aht="source">ר׳ אליעזר אשכנזי</a><a href="MaaseiHashemMaaseiAvot17" data-aht="source">מעשי ה׳ מעשי אבות י״ז</a><a href="R. Eliezer Ashkenazi (Ma'asei Hashem)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' אליעזר אשכנזי</a></multilink>&#160;vehemently disagrees, viewing the saving of unrepentant sinners as an injustice.&#160; He claims that Avraham was instead asking that the land of the righteous be saved (while the guilty were still to be punished).<fn>His words, "הַאַף תִּסְפֶּה וְלֹא תִשָּׂא לַמָּקוֹם" refer not to saving the people of the place, but the place itself.</fn></li>
 
<li><multilink><a href="MaaseiHashemMaaseiAvot17" data-aht="source">ר׳ אליעזר אשכנזי</a><a href="MaaseiHashemMaaseiAvot17" data-aht="source">מעשי ה׳ מעשי אבות י״ז</a><a href="R. Eliezer Ashkenazi (Ma'asei Hashem)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' אליעזר אשכנזי</a></multilink>&#160;vehemently disagrees, viewing the saving of unrepentant sinners as an injustice.&#160; He claims that Avraham was instead asking that the land of the righteous be saved (while the guilty were still to be punished).<fn>His words, "הַאַף תִּסְפֶּה וְלֹא תִשָּׂא לַמָּקוֹם" refer not to saving the people of the place, but the place itself.</fn></li>
Line 72: Line 74:
 
</subcategory>
 
</subcategory>
 
<subcategory>Conduct in Battle
 
<subcategory>Conduct in Battle
<p><a href="Bereshit14" data-aht="source">Bereshit 14</a>&#160;describes the Battle of the Kings and Avraham's military intervention so as to save his nephew Lot from captivity. Many suggest that the story was included in Tanakh since Avraham's conduct in war was worthy of emulation: [See <a href="Battle of the Kings – Purpose of the Story" data-aht="page">מלחמת המלכים – מטרת הסיפור</a> for elaboration.]</p><ul>
+
<p><a href="Bereshit14" data-aht="source">Bereshit 14</a>&#160;describes the Battle of the Kings and Avraham's military intervention so as to save his nephew Lot from captivity. Many suggest that the story was included in Tanakh since Avraham's conduct in war was worthy of emulation: [See <a href="Battle of the Kings – Purpose of the Story" data-aht="page">מלחמת המלכים – מטרת הסיפור</a> for elaboration.]</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li>According to&#160;<multilink><a href="RBachyaBereshit14-1" data-aht="source">ר׳ בחיי</a><a href="RBachyaBereshit14-1" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ד:א׳</a><a href="R. Bachya b. Asher" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' בחיי בן אשר</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit14-1" data-aht="source">אברבנאל</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit14-1" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ד:א׳</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק אברבנאל</a></multilink>, the story teaches us about Avraham's bravery and his capabilities as a <b>military strategist</b> and warrior.</li>
 
<li>According to&#160;<multilink><a href="RBachyaBereshit14-1" data-aht="source">ר׳ בחיי</a><a href="RBachyaBereshit14-1" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ד:א׳</a><a href="R. Bachya b. Asher" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' בחיי בן אשר</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit14-1" data-aht="source">אברבנאל</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit14-1" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ד:א׳</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק אברבנאל</a></multilink>, the story teaches us about Avraham's bravery and his capabilities as a <b>military strategist</b> and warrior.</li>
 
<li><multilink><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannBereshit14Introduction" data-aht="source">ר׳ דוד צבי הופמן</a><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannBereshit14Introduction" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ד הקדמה</a><a href="R. David Zvi Hoffmann" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' דוד צבי הופמן</a></multilink>&#160;claims that this alone could not possibly be the story's purpose, as the Torah does not come to glorify its heroes as mighty warriors.<fn>He writes, "גיבורי התנ"ך 'גיבורי כח עושי דברו' הם, ולא גיבורי מלאכת המלחמה".</fn> Instead, he suggests that Avraham's refusal to benefit from the spoils of battle reveals both his <b>generosity and recognition that all belongs to Hashem</b>.<fn>Avraham's conduct stands out particularly in light of the norms of the Ancient Near East in which the victor took the spoils of battle.</fn></li>
 
<li><multilink><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannBereshit14Introduction" data-aht="source">ר׳ דוד צבי הופמן</a><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannBereshit14Introduction" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ד הקדמה</a><a href="R. David Zvi Hoffmann" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' דוד צבי הופמן</a></multilink>&#160;claims that this alone could not possibly be the story's purpose, as the Torah does not come to glorify its heroes as mighty warriors.<fn>He writes, "גיבורי התנ"ך 'גיבורי כח עושי דברו' הם, ולא גיבורי מלאכת המלחמה".</fn> Instead, he suggests that Avraham's refusal to benefit from the spoils of battle reveals both his <b>generosity and recognition that all belongs to Hashem</b>.<fn>Avraham's conduct stands out particularly in light of the norms of the Ancient Near East in which the victor took the spoils of battle.</fn></li>
Line 81: Line 84:
 
<category>Possible Sins
 
<category>Possible Sins
 
<subcategory>Avraham in Egypt
 
<subcategory>Avraham in Egypt
<p><a href="Bereshit12-10-20" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב</a>&#160;describes Avraham's descent to Egypt due to famine. Commentators debate the propriety of his conduct throughout the episode. [For a full discussion of the various issues, see <a href="Endangering Sarai in Egypt" data-aht="page">הכנסת שרי לסכנה במצרים</a>.]</p><p><b>Leaving Israel</b> – Was Avraham justified in leaving the land promised to him by Hashem, or should he have trusted that Hashem would care for him during the famine and stayed put?</p><ul>
+
<p><a href="Bereshit12-10-20" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב</a>&#160;describes Avraham's descent to Egypt due to famine. Commentators debate the propriety of his conduct throughout the episode. [For a full discussion of the various issues, see <a href="Endangering Sarai in Egypt" data-aht="page">הכנסת שרי לסכנה במצרים</a>.]</p>
 +
<p><b>Leaving Israel</b> – Was Avraham justified in leaving the land promised to him by Hashem, or should he have trusted that Hashem would care for him during the famine and stayed put?</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li><b>Justified</b> –&#160;<multilink><a href="RalbagBereshitToalot12-10-13" data-aht="source">רלב״ג</a><a href="RalbagBereshitToalot12-10-13" data-aht="source">בראשית תועלות י״ב:י׳-י״ג</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' לוי בן גרשום</a></multilink> claims that, in times of famine, a person must do what they can to provide for themselves, as one cannot rely on miracles.</li>
 
<li><b>Justified</b> –&#160;<multilink><a href="RalbagBereshitToalot12-10-13" data-aht="source">רלב״ג</a><a href="RalbagBereshitToalot12-10-13" data-aht="source">בראשית תועלות י״ב:י׳-י״ג</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' לוי בן גרשום</a></multilink> claims that, in times of famine, a person must do what they can to provide for themselves, as one cannot rely on miracles.</li>
 
<li><b>Not Justified</b> – <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit12-10" data-aht="source">רמב״ן</a><a href="RambanBereshit12-10" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י׳</a><a href="RambanBereshit16-6" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ז:ו׳</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' משה בן נחמן</a></multilink>, in contrast, claims that Avraham should have had faith that Hashem would save him from famine.</li>
 
<li><b>Not Justified</b> – <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit12-10" data-aht="source">רמב״ן</a><a href="RambanBereshit12-10" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י׳</a><a href="RambanBereshit16-6" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ז:ו׳</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' משה בן נחמן</a></multilink>, in contrast, claims that Avraham should have had faith that Hashem would save him from famine.</li>
</ul><p><b>Endangering Sarah</b> – Should Avraham have risked Sarah's honor to save his own life? After all, by posing as Avraham's sister, Sarah presented herself as available, making it much more likely that the Egyptians would take her!</p><ul>
+
</ul>
 +
<p><b>Endangering Sarah</b> – Should Avraham have risked Sarah's honor to save his own life? After all, by posing as Avraham's sister, Sarah presented herself as available, making it much more likely that the Egyptians would take her!</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li><b>Justified</b> – Most commentators attempt to defend Avraham's actions. Thus,&#160;<multilink><a href="RalbagBereshitToalot12-10-13" data-aht="source">רלב״ג</a><a href="RalbagBereshitToalot12-10-13" data-aht="source">בראשית תועלות י״ב:י׳-י״ג</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' לוי בן גרשום</a></multilink> claims that preserving human life is more important than preventing forced sexual activity in a case where relations are not a Torah offense.&#160; <multilink><a href="RanBereshit12-11" data-aht="source">ר״ן</a><a href="RanBereshit12-11" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י״א</a><a href="R. Nissim Gerondi (Ran)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' נסים גירונדי</a></multilink>, in contrast, suggests that Avraham was hoping to protect not only himself but also Sarah.&#160; He planned to act as her guardian, in charge of her nuptials, and to ask for such a high dowry that no one would be able to pay it.<fn>See also&#160;<multilink><a href="SefornoBereshit12-13-16" data-aht="source">ספורנו</a><a href="SefornoBereshit12-13-16" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י״ג-ט״ז</a><a href="R. Ovadyah Seforno" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' עובדיה ספורנו</a></multilink> and&#160;<multilink><a href="ShadalBereshit12-13" data-aht="source">שד״ל</a><a href="ShadalBereshit12-13" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י״ג</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמואל דוד לוצאטו</a></multilink> who follow his reading.&#160; See also <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah40-5" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah40-5" data-aht="source">מ׳:ה׳</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="RashiBereshit12-10-14" data-aht="source">רש״י</a><a href="RashiBereshit12-10-14" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י׳-י״ד</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שלמה יצחקי</a></multilink> who suggest that Avram was hoping to hide Sarah during their stay.</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Justified</b> – Most commentators attempt to defend Avraham's actions. Thus,&#160;<multilink><a href="RalbagBereshitToalot12-10-13" data-aht="source">רלב״ג</a><a href="RalbagBereshitToalot12-10-13" data-aht="source">בראשית תועלות י״ב:י׳-י״ג</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' לוי בן גרשום</a></multilink> claims that preserving human life is more important than preventing forced sexual activity in a case where relations are not a Torah offense.&#160; <multilink><a href="RanBereshit12-11" data-aht="source">ר״ן</a><a href="RanBereshit12-11" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י״א</a><a href="R. Nissim Gerondi (Ran)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' נסים גירונדי</a></multilink>, in contrast, suggests that Avraham was hoping to protect not only himself but also Sarah.&#160; He planned to act as her guardian, in charge of her nuptials, and to ask for such a high dowry that no one would be able to pay it.<fn>See also&#160;<multilink><a href="SefornoBereshit12-13-16" data-aht="source">ספורנו</a><a href="SefornoBereshit12-13-16" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י״ג-ט״ז</a><a href="R. Ovadyah Seforno" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' עובדיה ספורנו</a></multilink> and&#160;<multilink><a href="ShadalBereshit12-13" data-aht="source">שד״ל</a><a href="ShadalBereshit12-13" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י״ג</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמואל דוד לוצאטו</a></multilink> who follow his reading.&#160; See also <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah40-5" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah40-5" data-aht="source">מ׳:ה׳</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="RashiBereshit12-10-14" data-aht="source">רש״י</a><a href="RashiBereshit12-10-14" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י׳-י״ד</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שלמה יצחקי</a></multilink> who suggest that Avram was hoping to hide Sarah during their stay.</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Not Justified</b> -&#160;<multilink><a href="RambanBereshit12-10" data-aht="source">רמב״ן</a><a href="RambanBereshit12-10" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י׳</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' משה בן נחמן</a></multilink> and&#160;<multilink><a href="UCassutoBereshit12-13" data-aht="source">מ״ד קאסוטו</a><a href="UCassutoBereshit12-13" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י״ג</a><a href="Prof. Umberto Cassuto" data-aht="parshan">אודות פרופ' משה דוד קאסוטו</a></multilink> assert that Avraham erred.&#160; His actions betrayed a lack of faith in Hashem, and endangered Sarah unnecessarily.</li>
 
<li><b>Not Justified</b> -&#160;<multilink><a href="RambanBereshit12-10" data-aht="source">רמב״ן</a><a href="RambanBereshit12-10" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י׳</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' משה בן נחמן</a></multilink> and&#160;<multilink><a href="UCassutoBereshit12-13" data-aht="source">מ״ד קאסוטו</a><a href="UCassutoBereshit12-13" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ב:י״ג</a><a href="Prof. Umberto Cassuto" data-aht="parshan">אודות פרופ' משה דוד קאסוטו</a></multilink> assert that Avraham erred.&#160; His actions betrayed a lack of faith in Hashem, and endangered Sarah unnecessarily.</li>
</ul><p><b>Lying</b> – Was lying justified under the circumstances?</p><ul>
+
</ul>
 +
<p><b>Lying</b> – Was lying justified under the circumstances?</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li><b>Avraham lied</b> – Most sources assume that in cases of danger to life, one is allowed to lie.&#160;</li>
 
<li><b>Avraham lied</b> – Most sources assume that in cases of danger to life, one is allowed to lie.&#160;</li>
 
<li><b>Avraham did not lie</b>&#160;–&#160;<multilink><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit20" data-aht="source">ר׳ סעדיה גאון</a><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit20" data-aht="source">פירוש בראשית כ׳</a><a href="R. Saadia Gaon" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' סעדיה גאון</a></multilink> adds that Avraham did not actively lie, but rather used a word with a dual meaning ("sister" can refer to either a sister or any relative).</li>
 
<li><b>Avraham did not lie</b>&#160;–&#160;<multilink><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit20" data-aht="source">ר׳ סעדיה גאון</a><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit20" data-aht="source">פירוש בראשית כ׳</a><a href="R. Saadia Gaon" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' סעדיה גאון</a></multilink> adds that Avraham did not actively lie, but rather used a word with a dual meaning ("sister" can refer to either a sister or any relative).</li>
Line 93: Line 102:
 
</subcategory>
 
</subcategory>
 
<subcategory>"בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה"
 
<subcategory>"בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה"
<p>After Hashem promises Avraham the Land of Israel in <a href="Bereshit15-7-8" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו</a>, Avraham questions, "בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה".&#160; Is this an expression of lack of belief in Hashem?</p><ul>
+
<p>After Hashem promises Avraham the Land of Israel in <a href="Bereshit15-7-8" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו</a>, Avraham questions, "בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה".&#160; Is this an expression of lack of belief in Hashem?</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li><b>Sin</b> – Shemuel in <multilink><a href="BavliNedarim32a" data-aht="source">בבלי נדרים ל״ב.</a><a href="BavliNedarim32a" data-aht="source">בבלי נדרים ל״ב.</a><a href="Bavli Nedarim" data-aht="parshan">About Bavli Nedarim</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="VayikraRabbah11-5" data-aht="source">ויקרא רבה</a><a href="VayikraRabbah11-5" data-aht="source">י״א:ה׳</a><a href="Vayikra Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות ויקרא רבה</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="TargumPseudo-JonathanBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן)</a><a href="TargumPseudo-JonathanBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו:י״ג</a><a href="Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan)" data-aht="parshan">אודות תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן)</a></multilink> and&#160;<multilink><a href="TanchumaKedoshim13" data-aht="source">תנחומא</a><a href="TanchumaKedoshim13" data-aht="source">קדושים י״ג</a><a href="Tanchuma" data-aht="parshan">אודות התנחומא</a></multilink> all maintain that Avraham displayed a lack of faith in Hashem when he asked for a sign that he would inherit the land.&#160; Moreover, they claim that he was punished severely for it; the decree of bondage in Egypt was a direct result of this speech. [See <a href="Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage" data-aht="page">מטרות שעבוד מצרים</a> for further discussion.]</li>
 
<li><b>Sin</b> – Shemuel in <multilink><a href="BavliNedarim32a" data-aht="source">בבלי נדרים ל״ב.</a><a href="BavliNedarim32a" data-aht="source">בבלי נדרים ל״ב.</a><a href="Bavli Nedarim" data-aht="parshan">About Bavli Nedarim</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="VayikraRabbah11-5" data-aht="source">ויקרא רבה</a><a href="VayikraRabbah11-5" data-aht="source">י״א:ה׳</a><a href="Vayikra Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות ויקרא רבה</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="TargumPseudo-JonathanBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן)</a><a href="TargumPseudo-JonathanBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו:י״ג</a><a href="Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan)" data-aht="parshan">אודות תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן)</a></multilink> and&#160;<multilink><a href="TanchumaKedoshim13" data-aht="source">תנחומא</a><a href="TanchumaKedoshim13" data-aht="source">קדושים י״ג</a><a href="Tanchuma" data-aht="parshan">אודות התנחומא</a></multilink> all maintain that Avraham displayed a lack of faith in Hashem when he asked for a sign that he would inherit the land.&#160; Moreover, they claim that he was punished severely for it; the decree of bondage in Egypt was a direct result of this speech. [See <a href="Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage" data-aht="page">מטרות שעבוד מצרים</a> for further discussion.]</li>
 
<li><b>No sin</b> – Many medieval and modern commentators (see, for example, <multilink><a href="IbnEzraBereshitFirstCommentary15-8" data-aht="source">אבן עזרא</a><a href="IbnEzraBereshitFirstCommentary15-8" data-aht="source">בראשית פירוש ראשון ט״ו:ח׳</a><a href="R. Avraham ibn Ezra" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' אברהם אבן עזרא</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">ר׳ יוסף בכור שור</a><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו:ח׳</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יוסף בכור שור</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="HaKetavVeHaKabbalahBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">הכתב והקבלה</a><a href="HaKetavVeHaKabbalahBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו:ח׳</a><a href="R. Yaakov Mecklenburg (HaKetav VeHaKabbalah)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יעקב מקלנבורג</a></multilink>,&#160;<multilink><a href="ShadalBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">שד״ל</a><a href="ShadalBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו:ח׳</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמואל דוד לוצאטו</a></multilink> and&#160;<multilink><a href="RSRHirschBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">רש״ר הירש</a><a href="RSRHirschBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו:ח׳</a><a href="R. Samson Raphael Hirsch" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמשון רפאל הירש</a></multilink> ) reject the possibility that Avraham doubted Hashem. R"Y Bekhor Shor suggests that Avraham was simply asking a factual question, when and how he will inherit. Ibn Ezra, instead, suggests that Avraham was asking that Hashem turn the promise of inheritance into an unconditional covenant.</li>
 
<li><b>No sin</b> – Many medieval and modern commentators (see, for example, <multilink><a href="IbnEzraBereshitFirstCommentary15-8" data-aht="source">אבן עזרא</a><a href="IbnEzraBereshitFirstCommentary15-8" data-aht="source">בראשית פירוש ראשון ט״ו:ח׳</a><a href="R. Avraham ibn Ezra" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' אברהם אבן עזרא</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">ר׳ יוסף בכור שור</a><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו:ח׳</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יוסף בכור שור</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="HaKetavVeHaKabbalahBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">הכתב והקבלה</a><a href="HaKetavVeHaKabbalahBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו:ח׳</a><a href="R. Yaakov Mecklenburg (HaKetav VeHaKabbalah)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יעקב מקלנבורג</a></multilink>,&#160;<multilink><a href="ShadalBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">שד״ל</a><a href="ShadalBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו:ח׳</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמואל דוד לוצאטו</a></multilink> and&#160;<multilink><a href="RSRHirschBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">רש״ר הירש</a><a href="RSRHirschBereshit15-8" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ו:ח׳</a><a href="R. Samson Raphael Hirsch" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמשון רפאל הירש</a></multilink> ) reject the possibility that Avraham doubted Hashem. R"Y Bekhor Shor suggests that Avraham was simply asking a factual question, when and how he will inherit. Ibn Ezra, instead, suggests that Avraham was asking that Hashem turn the promise of inheritance into an unconditional covenant.</li>
Line 99: Line 109:
 
</subcategory>
 
</subcategory>
 
<subcategory>Afflicting Hagar
 
<subcategory>Afflicting Hagar
<p>In <a href="Bereshit16-1-9" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ז</a>, Sarah gives Hagar to Avraham in marriage, hoping that she will bear him a son.&#160; After conceiving, Hagar begins to belittle her mistress, acting with disrespect ("וַתֵּקַל גְּבִרְתָּהּ בְּעֵינֶיהָ").&#160; When Sarah complains, Avraham tells her, "הִנֵּה שִׁפְחָתֵךְ בְּיָדֵךְ עֲשִׂי לָהּ הַטּוֹב בְּעֵינָיִךְ," leading Sarah to afflict the maidservant ("וַתְּעַנֶּהָ שָׂרַי") and Hagar to flee. How should both Sarah and Avraham's actions be viewed?&#160; Was Sarah being overly harsh? Even if so, should Avraham be held accountable?</p><ul>
+
<p>In <a href="Bereshit16-1-9" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ז</a>, Sarah gives Hagar to Avraham in marriage, hoping that she will bear him a son.&#160; After conceiving, Hagar begins to belittle her mistress, acting with disrespect ("וַתֵּקַל גְּבִרְתָּהּ בְּעֵינֶיהָ").&#160; When Sarah complains, Avraham tells her, "הִנֵּה שִׁפְחָתֵךְ בְּיָדֵךְ עֲשִׂי לָהּ הַטּוֹב בְּעֵינָיִךְ," leading Sarah to afflict the maidservant ("וַתְּעַנֶּהָ שָׂרַי") and Hagar to flee. How should both Sarah and Avraham's actions be viewed?&#160; Was Sarah being overly harsh? Even if so, should Avraham be held accountable?</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li><b>Both Sarah and Avraham acted properly</b>&#160;– <multilink><a href="RChananelBereshit16" data-aht="source">ר׳ חננאל</a><a href="RChananelBereshit16" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ז</a><a href="R. Chananel b. Chushiel" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' חננאל בן חושיאל</a></multilink>claims that "וַתְּעַנֶּהָ" means that Sarah re-enslaved rather than afflicted Hagar.&#160; The angel's command "שׁוּבִי אֶל גְּבִרְתֵּךְ וְהִתְעַנִּי תַּחַת יָדֶיהָ" proves that Sarah did no wrong.</li>
 
<li><b>Both Sarah and Avraham acted properly</b>&#160;– <multilink><a href="RChananelBereshit16" data-aht="source">ר׳ חננאל</a><a href="RChananelBereshit16" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ז</a><a href="R. Chananel b. Chushiel" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' חננאל בן חושיאל</a></multilink>claims that "וַתְּעַנֶּהָ" means that Sarah re-enslaved rather than afflicted Hagar.&#160; The angel's command "שׁוּבִי אֶל גְּבִרְתֵּךְ וְהִתְעַנִּי תַּחַת יָדֶיהָ" proves that Sarah did no wrong.</li>
 
<li><b>Only Sarah acted improperly</b> – <multilink><a href="RadakBereshit16-6" data-aht="source">רד״ק</a><a href="RadakBereshit16-6" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ז:ו׳</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' דוד קמחי</a></multilink>blames Sarah, but excuses Avraham who acted only out of a desire to keep peace in the home.</li>
 
<li><b>Only Sarah acted improperly</b> – <multilink><a href="RadakBereshit16-6" data-aht="source">רד״ק</a><a href="RadakBereshit16-6" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ז:ו׳</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' דוד קמחי</a></multilink>blames Sarah, but excuses Avraham who acted only out of a desire to keep peace in the home.</li>
Line 111: Line 122:
 
<category>Family Life
 
<category>Family Life
 
<subcategory>Sarah
 
<subcategory>Sarah
<p><b>Sarah's Status</b> – When did Avraham and Sarah realize that Sarah was to be the mother of the chosen heir?</p><ul>
+
<p><b>Sarah's Status</b> – When did Avraham and Sarah realize that Sarah was to be the mother of the chosen heir?</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li><b>Knew from the beginning</b>&#160;– Most assume that the couple knew from the very beginning that Avraham's line and legacy was to continue through the son born from Sarah.</li>
 
<li><b>Knew from the beginning</b>&#160;– Most assume that the couple knew from the very beginning that Avraham's line and legacy was to continue through the son born from Sarah.</li>
 
<li><b>Knew only in Chapter 17</b>&#160;– It is only in <a href="Bereshit17-15-22" data-aht="source">פרק י"ז</a>, though, that Hashem makes this explicit, leading to the possibility that until then Sarah's status was in doubt.&#160; This could explain Sarah's overly harsh reaction to Hagar's belittling of her in <a href="Bereshit16-1-9" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ז</a>.<fn>It might also partially explain why Avraham appears not to be overly concerned about the possibility that she was to be taken by the Egyptians.</fn>&#160; It also suggests that the first few Avraham stories might be aimed at presenting the rejected possibilities&#160;– Lot, Avraham's servant Eliezer, and Yishmael.</li>
 
<li><b>Knew only in Chapter 17</b>&#160;– It is only in <a href="Bereshit17-15-22" data-aht="source">פרק י"ז</a>, though, that Hashem makes this explicit, leading to the possibility that until then Sarah's status was in doubt.&#160; This could explain Sarah's overly harsh reaction to Hagar's belittling of her in <a href="Bereshit16-1-9" data-aht="source">בראשית ט״ז</a>.<fn>It might also partially explain why Avraham appears not to be overly concerned about the possibility that she was to be taken by the Egyptians.</fn>&#160; It also suggests that the first few Avraham stories might be aimed at presenting the rejected possibilities&#160;– Lot, Avraham's servant Eliezer, and Yishmael.</li>
</ul><p><b>Endangering Sarah</b> – See sources and discussion above, and see <a href="Endangering Sarai in Egypt" data-aht="page">הכנסת שרי לסכנה במצרים</a> for more.</p>
+
</ul>
 +
<p><b>Endangering Sarah</b> – See sources and discussion above, and see <a href="Endangering Sarai in Egypt" data-aht="page">הכנסת שרי לסכנה במצרים</a> for more.</p>
 
</subcategory>
 
</subcategory>
 
<subcategory name="Hagar &amp; Yishmael">
 
<subcategory name="Hagar &amp; Yishmael">
Line 122: Line 135:
 
<subcategory name="Keturah">
 
<subcategory name="Keturah">
 
Keturah
 
Keturah
<p><a href="Bereshit25-1" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ה</a>&#160;speaks of Avraham's marriage to Keturah.&#160; Who is this woman?&#160; Based on the simple chronology of the chapters, Avraham is at least 140 when marrying her; why does he feel a need to remarry at such an advanced age? Finally, what is the Torah trying to teach us by recounting this episode? See <a href="Avraham's Many Wives" data-aht="page">Avraham's Many Wives</a> for discussion of these issues.</p><ul>
+
<p><a href="Bereshit25-1" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ה</a>&#160;speaks of Avraham's marriage to Keturah.&#160; Who is this woman?&#160; Based on the simple chronology of the chapters, Avraham is at least 140 when marrying her; why does he feel a need to remarry at such an advanced age? Finally, what is the Torah trying to teach us by recounting this episode? See <a href="Avraham's Many Wives" data-aht="page">Avraham's Many Wives</a> for discussion of these issues.</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li><b>A third wife</b> –&#160;<multilink><a href="RadakBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">רד״ק</a><a href="RadakBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ה:א׳</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' דוד קמחי</a></multilink> and&#160;<multilink><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannBereshit25Introduction" data-aht="source">ר׳ דוד צבי הופמן</a><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannBereshit25Introduction" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ה הקדמה</a><a href="R. David Zvi Hoffmann" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' דוד צבי הופמן</a></multilink> think Keturah is a new wife, taken after Sarah's death.&#160; In contrast,<multilink><a href="ShadalBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">שד״ל</a><a href="ShadalBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ה:א׳</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמואל דוד לוצאטו</a></multilink> suggests that Avraham married her while Sarah was still alive.</li>
 
<li><b>A third wife</b> –&#160;<multilink><a href="RadakBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">רד״ק</a><a href="RadakBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ה:א׳</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' דוד קמחי</a></multilink> and&#160;<multilink><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannBereshit25Introduction" data-aht="source">ר׳ דוד צבי הופמן</a><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannBereshit25Introduction" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ה הקדמה</a><a href="R. David Zvi Hoffmann" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' דוד צבי הופמן</a></multilink> think Keturah is a new wife, taken after Sarah's death.&#160; In contrast,<multilink><a href="ShadalBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">שד״ל</a><a href="ShadalBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ה:א׳</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שמואל דוד לוצאטו</a></multilink> suggests that Avraham married her while Sarah was still alive.</li>
 
<li><b>Hagar</b> – Rav in <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah61-4" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah61-4" data-aht="source">ס״א:ד׳</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="TanchumaChayyeiSarah" data-aht="source">תנחומא</a><a href="TanchumaChayyeiSarah" data-aht="source">חיי שרה</a><a href="Tanchuma" data-aht="parshan">אודות התנחומא</a></multilink>, and&#160;<multilink><a href="RashiBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">רש״י</a><a href="RashiBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ה:א׳</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שלמה יצחקי</a></multilink> all claim that Keturah is simply another name for Hagar, and that Avraham remarried her after Sarah's death.</li>
 
<li><b>Hagar</b> – Rav in <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah61-4" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah61-4" data-aht="source">ס״א:ד׳</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="TanchumaChayyeiSarah" data-aht="source">תנחומא</a><a href="TanchumaChayyeiSarah" data-aht="source">חיי שרה</a><a href="Tanchuma" data-aht="parshan">אודות התנחומא</a></multilink>, and&#160;<multilink><a href="RashiBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">רש״י</a><a href="RashiBereshit25-1" data-aht="source">בראשית כ״ה:א׳</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שלמה יצחקי</a></multilink> all claim that Keturah is simply another name for Hagar, and that Avraham remarried her after Sarah's death.</li>
Line 135: Line 149:
 
<category name="Comparisons">
 
<category name="Comparisons">
 
Comparison to Other Figures
 
Comparison to Other Figures
<p>Setting up foils is often a useful method to highlight the unique aspects of a character&#160; or story.&#160; What can be learned about Avraham from the following comparisons?</p><ul>
+
<p>Setting up foils is often a useful method to highlight the unique aspects of a character&#160; or story.&#160; What can be learned about Avraham from the following comparisons?</p>
 +
<ul>
 
<li><a href="Avraham and Yitzchak" data-aht="page">אברהם ויצחק</a></li>
 
<li><a href="Avraham and Yitzchak" data-aht="page">אברהם ויצחק</a></li>
 
<li><a href="Avraham and Yaakov" data-aht="page">אברהם ויעקב</a></li>
 
<li><a href="Avraham and Yaakov" data-aht="page">אברהם ויעקב</a></li>

Version as of 04:36, 18 July 2019

אברהם – סקירה

סקירה

אברהם, הראשון מבין האבות, סלל את הדרך בה צעד העם היהודי מימי המקרא ועד היום, הן ברמה האמונית והן ברמה המעשית. הוא עזב את ביתו ואת משפחתו וצעד אל הלא נודע. כל חייו נמלאו בניסיונות, לרבות רעב, עקרותה של אשתו, וסכסוכים משפחתיים ופוליטיים. אולם, הוא תמיד נותר נאמן לה', איש "חסד" ו"אמת". הוא היה אמיץ מספיק בכדי להתנגד לה' כשחשב שהוא אינו עושה צדק עם בני האדם, אך צנוע מספיק בכדי להיכנע בפני ה' כאשר התבקש להקריב את בנו.

הפרשנים דנים בכל אחד מסיפורי חייו של אברהם, וחוקרים את מסעו הדתי, את כישורי מנהיגותו ואת חיי המשפחה שלו. הם מנסים להפיק לקחים מסיפורי חייו השונים, ומדגישים תכונות אופי בהן הם רואים מודל לחיקוי. במאמר זה, ננסה לצלול לעומק דמותו של אברהם, ונתייחס לאירועים מרכזיים בחייו, ולמורשת אותה הוא הותיר לעם היהודי לדורותיו.

זהות דתית

הדרך לאמונה

אף שבמדרשל״ח:י״גאודות בראשית רבה מסופר שאברהם הרס את פסלי אביו, ואף נידון למוות על אמונותיו, אין אנו יודעים דבר מהפסוקים עצמם בנוגע לדרכו אל האמונה. רמב"ן והכוזרי הציעו שתי אפשרויות, בהתאם לגישותיהם הפילוסופיות והאמוניות:  

ייחודיות?

 

האם המונותאיזם של אברהם היה ייחודי בדורו? התשובה לשאלה זו תלוייה באופן אותו מבינים את הביטוי "וּמַלְכִּי צֶדֶק מֶלֶךְ שָׁלֵם... כֹהֵן לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן" (בראשית י״ד:י״ח):

שמירת המצוות של אברהם

האם אברהם שמר את כל מצוות התורה? שאלה זו עוררה דיון סוער בקרב הפרשנים לאורך כל הדורות. מצד אחד, אברהם חי מאות שנים לפני שניתנה התורה לבני ישראל, ורבים מחוקי התורה לא יכלו להיות רלוונטיים לגביו. מצד שני, לא סביר להניח כי אבי היהדות לא שמר את מצוות התורה הבסיסיות ביותר. [לדיון נרחב בנושא, ראו אבות ומצוות.]

עבודת ה' ייחודית?

עד כמה אופן עבודת הא-ל של אברהם הייתה מובחנת מסביבתו? שאלה זו היא פועל יוצא של זו הקודמת. אם אברהם לא ידע על המצוות שבני ישראל קיבלו לאחר מותו, האם אפשרי שהאופן בו עבד את ה' היה דומה לדרכי הפגאנים שסבבו אותו?

  • עקידת יצחק – ראו שד״לבראשית כ״ב:א׳אודות ר' שמואל דוד לוצאטו המציע כי אברהם, כמו שאר בני תקופתו, במקור ראה בהקרבת ילדים את האופן הנשגב ביותר של עבודת ה'. רק דרך סיפור העקידה עצמו, ה' לימד את אברהם ואת העולם המונותאיסטי כולו כי הקרבת ילדים היא למעשה מעשה נתעב ולא מוסרי. להרחבה בנושא, ראו מטרת עקידת יצחק.
  • "וַיִּטַּע אֶשֶׁל... וַיִּקְרָא שָׁם בְּשֵׁם י"י" – האם אפשרי שאברהם נטע עץ כפולחן לה', בהשפעת עבודת האלילים הכנענית שהייתה נהוגה באיזורו לפי הכתוב מאוחר יותר בספר דברים, "לֹא תִטַּע לְךָ אֲשֵׁרָה כׇּל עֵץ אֵצֶל מִזְבַּח ה'‏" (דברים ט"ז:כ"א)? [ראו בהמשך את המקורות המציעים במקום זאת, שהעץ נועד להזמין אנשים להיאסף סביבו, בכדי שאברהם יוכל ללמדם על עבודת ה'].

מיסיונריות?

האם אברהם ניסה להמיר את דתם של הסובבים אותו לעבודת ה'? אף שספר בראשית אינו מציג במפורש את אברהם מנסה לעשות כך, הפרשנים מצביעים על פסוקים רבים שיכולים לתרום לדיון זה:

"הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ בְחָרָן"ספרי דבריםו׳:ה׳אודות ספרי דברים, בבלי סנהדריןסנהדרין צ״ט:אודות הבבלי, ור' אלעזר בבראשית רבהל״ט:י״דפ״ד:ד׳אודות בראשית רבה, כולם מציעים שהפסוק מתייחס להמרת דתם של אנשי חרן. לעומת זאת, רוב הפרשנים הלא-מדרשיים, מניחים כי הכוונה ב"נפש" היא העבדים והשפחות שהיא ברשות אברהם.

ניסיונות אמוניים

במשנה אבותאבות ה׳:ג׳אודות המשנה כתוב שאברהם נוסה בעשרה ניסיונות. אף שברור שחייו של אברהם היו מלאים בקשיים רבים, רק אחד מהם כונה 'ניסיון' במפורש בטקסט המקראי, העקידה ("וְהָאֱלֹהִים נִסָּה אֶת אַבְרָהָם"). 

פרשנים אחדים מנסים למנות את כל עשרת הניסיונות אליהם מתייחסת המשנה. ביניהם ישנם כאלו המכלילים רק אירועים שהתרחשו בתורה, ואחרים הסופרים גם אירועים שתוארו רק במדרשים. לכמה דוגמאות, ראו את רשימותיהם של פרקי דרבי אליעזרכ״ואודות פרקי דרבי אליעזר, רמב״םפירוש המשנה אבות ה׳רמב"ם הלכות עבודת כוכבים א׳:ג׳אודות ר' משה בן מיימון, ור׳ עובדיה מברטנוראאבות ה׳:ג׳אודות ר' עובדיה מברטנורא.

תכונות אופי ייחודיות

Belief in Hashem

See discussion above.

"תִּתֵּן.. חֶסֶד לְאַבְרָהָם"

Avraham is often portrayed as a paradigm of "חסד", with his hosting of guests being held up as a model to emulate.  How unique, though, was Avraham in this regard?  

"צְדָקָה וּמִשְׁפָּט"

In בראשית י״ח:י״ט, Hashem shares how He chose Avraham because He knew that Avraham was to teach his children "righteousness and justice". Avraham then proceeds to stand up for this very issue, reproaching Hashem's decision to totally destroy Sedom. Avraham makes two somewhat contradictory arguments, condemning collective punishment, yet simultaneously requesting collective salvation. How do these requests relate to each other?  [See תפילת אברהם על סדום for elaboration and discussion of the various modes of Divine Justice.]

Conduct in Battle

Bereshit 14 describes the Battle of the Kings and Avraham's military intervention so as to save his nephew Lot from captivity. Many suggest that the story was included in Tanakh since Avraham's conduct in war was worthy of emulation: [See מלחמת המלכים – מטרת הסיפור for elaboration.]

Possible Sins

Avraham in Egypt

בראשית י״ב describes Avraham's descent to Egypt due to famine. Commentators debate the propriety of his conduct throughout the episode. [For a full discussion of the various issues, see הכנסת שרי לסכנה במצרים.]

Leaving Israel – Was Avraham justified in leaving the land promised to him by Hashem, or should he have trusted that Hashem would care for him during the famine and stayed put?

Endangering Sarah – Should Avraham have risked Sarah's honor to save his own life? After all, by posing as Avraham's sister, Sarah presented herself as available, making it much more likely that the Egyptians would take her!

Lying – Was lying justified under the circumstances?

"בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה"

After Hashem promises Avraham the Land of Israel in בראשית ט״ו, Avraham questions, "בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה".  Is this an expression of lack of belief in Hashem?

Afflicting Hagar

In בראשית ט״ז, Sarah gives Hagar to Avraham in marriage, hoping that she will bear him a son.  After conceiving, Hagar begins to belittle her mistress, acting with disrespect ("וַתֵּקַל גְּבִרְתָּהּ בְּעֵינֶיהָ").  When Sarah complains, Avraham tells her, "הִנֵּה שִׁפְחָתֵךְ בְּיָדֵךְ עֲשִׂי לָהּ הַטּוֹב בְּעֵינָיִךְ," leading Sarah to afflict the maidservant ("וַתְּעַנֶּהָ שָׂרַי") and Hagar to flee. How should both Sarah and Avraham's actions be viewed?  Was Sarah being overly harsh? Even if so, should Avraham be held accountable?

Covenant with Philistines

Though most sources do not view Avraham's covenant with Avimelekh in בראשית כ״א as problematic, רשב״םבראשית כ״ב:א׳אודות ר' שמואל בן מאיר uniquely faults Avraham for making the treaty.  He asserts that the Philistine land was included in Hashem's promise to Avraham, and thus the prohibition "לֹא תְחַיֶּה כׇּל נְשָׁמָה" applied to them as well. According to Rashbam, the command to sacrifice Yitzchak was meant to distress Avraham and punish him for this deed.7  See מטרת עקידת יצחק for elaboration.

Family Life

Sarah

Sarah's Status – When did Avraham and Sarah realize that Sarah was to be the mother of the chosen heir?

  • Knew from the beginning – Most assume that the couple knew from the very beginning that Avraham's line and legacy was to continue through the son born from Sarah.
  • Knew only in Chapter 17 – It is only in פרק י"ז, though, that Hashem makes this explicit, leading to the possibility that until then Sarah's status was in doubt.  This could explain Sarah's overly harsh reaction to Hagar's belittling of her in בראשית ט״ז.8  It also suggests that the first few Avraham stories might be aimed at presenting the rejected possibilities – Lot, Avraham's servant Eliezer, and Yishmael.

Endangering Sarah – See sources and discussion above, and see הכנסת שרי לסכנה במצרים for more.

Hagar & Yishmael

See discussion about the affliction of Hagar above, and see גירוש הגר וישמעאל for discussion of their expulsion.

Keturah

בראשית כ״ה speaks of Avraham's marriage to Keturah.  Who is this woman?  Based on the simple chronology of the chapters, Avraham is at least 140 when marrying her; why does he feel a need to remarry at such an advanced age? Finally, what is the Torah trying to teach us by recounting this episode? See Avraham's Many Wives for discussion of these issues.

A Wife for Yitzchak

Before his death, Avraham entrusts his servant with the mission of finding a wife for Yitzchak. What was Avraham's main criterion in looking for a spouse for his son? Was lineage, beliefs or character most important? Commentators debate the issue:

Comparison to Other Figures

Setting up foils is often a useful method to highlight the unique aspects of a character  or story.  What can be learned about Avraham from the following comparisons?

In the Arts

The sacrifice of Yitzchak is considered by many to be the pinnacle of Avraham's career. To compare how the story has been interpreted by artist and commentator alike, see עקידת יצחק באמנות.