Channah's Prayer/2

Channah's Prayer

Exegetical Approaches

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Personal Praise

Channah's prayer is a personal song of thanksgiving to Hashem for granting her request for a child.  It revolves around her earlier travails as a barren woman and her present happiness in the birth of her son.

Sources:RashiShemuel I 2:1-10About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki, R. Yosef KaraShemuel I 2:1-10About R. Yosef Kara, RadakShemuel I 2:1-10About R. David Kimchi,¹ AbarbanelShemuel I 2:1-10About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel, Hoil MosheShemuel I 2:10About R. Moshe Yitzchak Ashkenazi

"וַתִּתְפַּלֵּל חַנָּה" – Abarbanel points to Tanakh's description of Channah's words as a "prayer" as support that Channah's words were not a prophecy but rather a song of thanksgiving.

"עָלַץ לִבִּי בַּיהוָה רָמָה קַרְנִי בַּי"י " – The opening lines of praise to Hashem are understood simply as praise to Hashem for raising Channah up from despondency. Whereas in her barrenness she had been sad and lowly, now her heart was filled with joy and she had the pride to raise her head.

"רָחַב פִּי עַל אוֹיְבַי " – According to these sources, the enemy mentioned refers to Penina (and others like her), who had upset Channah yearly regarding her barren state. Abarbanel explains the choice of language "and my mouth has widened" as a contrast to Channah's quiet ways when she was distressed.  He points out that those who are full of sorrow tend to speak quietly, without their voices being heard.  Thus, too, Channah had previously prayed in silence ("שְׂפָתֶיהָ נָּעוֹת וְקוֹלָהּ לֹא יִשָּׁמֵעַ").  Now, though, she opened her mouth wide to rejoice in Hashem's aid.

"וְאֵין צוּר כֵּאלֹהֵינוּ"

• Rashi and R. Yosef Kara, following Bavli BerakhotBerakhot 10aAbout the Bavli,² take this verse out of its simple meaning and read "צוּר" as "צייר".  Channah is saying that there is no artist like Hashem who can form a living soul, alluding to the birth of Shemuel.
• Radak more simply reads the word "צוּר" as a metaphor for strength, saying that Channah is praising Hashem's ability to reverse nature and make one who was barren fruitful.

"אַל תַּרְבּוּ תְדַבְּרוּ גְּבֹהָה גְבֹהָה" – These words, too, are aimed at Penina (and others like her), who had been haughty in their fruitfulness, and looked down upon the barren Channah.

Changing fortunes of man – The heart of the song speaks of how a person's situation can change overnight, just as Channah's barren state had reversed itself.  Through the many examples that Channah brings she both gives hope to the unfortunate and quiets those who gloat in their good fortune.

"עַד עֲקָרָה יָלְדָה שִׁבְעָה וְרַבַּת בָּנִים אֻמְלָלָה" – This example of life reversals, found exactly in the middle of the prayer, highlights Channah's personal situation.  Rashi and Radak maintain that even the second half of the statement (וְרַבַּת בָּנִים אֻמְלָלָה) refers to her specific story: while Channah bore many children, Penina lost hers.³

Requests for Shemuel – According to Abarbanel, in contrast to the rest of the song, verse ten constitutes not praise, but requests regarding Shemuel. Channah prays that Hashem will break Shemuel's enemies and thunder upon them from on high.⁴  She further requests that Shemuel grow to judge Israel, and appoint upon them a king who will be given strength and glory by Hashem.

Mention of king – Hoil Moshe claims that the king and anointed one of verse 10 do not refer to a monarch, but to Shemuel himself. The words reflect Channah's hopes that her son grow to be a leader and prophet, strengthened and exalted by Hashem.  He points out that Moshe, too, is referred to as a king even though he was not one,⁵ and that Eliyahu is told to anoint Elisha as prophet, suggesting that prophets can be referred to as anointed ones. Nonetheless, the choice of language is still somewhat difficult.

Historical Prophecy

Channah's song contains prophetic material relating to the nation as a whole.  This approach subdivides regarding the time period to which the song refers:

Distant Future

The prayer relates to events throughout the nation's history from the defeat of the Philistines by the hand of Shemuel until the time of Mashiach.

Sources:Targum Yonatan, Radak⁶

"וַתִּתְפַּלֵּל חַנָּה" – Radak claims that the language of "תפילה" refers more often to events which are to occur in the future than to that which has transpired in the past.

Allusions to future salvation – According to Targum Yonatan, almost every sentence of the song refers to Israel's salvation from a different enemy: the Philistines, Sancheriv, Nebuchadnezzer, Greece, and Haman.  However, the Targum only loosely links the words of the text with the event alluded to.  Thus, for example, it connects the phrase "אֵין קָדוֹשׁ כַּי"י" to the defeat of Sancheriv by saying that with his downfall all the nations will claim that there is none like Hashem.  It connects the war against Greece with the verse "קֶשֶׁת גִּבֹּרִים חַתִּים וְנִכְשָׁלִים אָזְרוּ חָיִל" as the story is one in which the weak defeat the mighty.

עַד עֲקָרָה יָלְדָה שִׁבְעָה – Radak raises the possibility that the barren woman is a metaphor for Israel in distress, while the fruitful one represents Israel's enemies.  Channah prophecies that at some point, Isarel will be te one to bear fruit while her enemies become desolate.

Changing fortunes of man – Radak explains that Channah is relaying to the nation that all the goings-on in the world are in the hand of Hashem and thus they should always pray to hashem for all their needs.  Just as Channah's pryaer was heeded, so too will their requests be granted.

Close Future

The entire song focuses on the time period of Shemuel, weaving present events with future actions to be done by the prophet.

Sources:RalbagShemuel I 2:1-10About R. Levi b. Gershom

National Request

Channah's prayer relates not to her personal life but to the fate of the nation.  It focuses on the themes of dominion and kingship as a segue into her request that Hashem appoint an appropriate leader for the nation.

Sources:R. Silber

Pre-existing Song

Channah's prayer was not her own composition.  Rather, she utilized a song that was prevalent in her day  since it had a passing reference to her specific situation.

¹ Radak also brings the opinion of Targum Yonatan below that the prayer is in essence a prophecy relating to the entire nation.

² See also Bavli MegillahMegillah 14aAbout the Bavli.

³ Radak claims that the number seven should not be taken literally and simply means that she had many children (as attested to later: ).  Rashi, in contrast, following the Midrash, suggests that the number be taken literally.  He calims that each time that Channah bore a child, Peninah lost two.  Thus, when Channah bore her fifth, she prayed for Peninah that she not lose her final two children, and these two are thus attributed to Channah (5+2=7).

⁴ Abarbanel claims that this request is granted when Shemuel is victorious over the Philistines, as the verse states, "וַיַּרְעֵם י"י בְּקוֹל גָּדוֹל בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא עַל פְּלִשְׁתִּים" (Shemuel I 7:10).  He also raises the possibility that it refers to Chapter 12, when Shemuel has Hashem rain and thunder on the people in the dry season as a warning sign regarding their request for a king.

⁵ Moshe is never explicitly referred to as a king in Torah.  Hoil Moshe points to Bereshit 36:31, " וְאֵלֶּה הַמְּלָכִים אֲשֶׁר מָלְכוּ בְּאֶרֶץ אֱדוֹם לִפְנֵי מְלׇךְ מֶלֶךְ לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" assuming that the king of Israel mentioned in the verse is Moshe.  This reading, however, is not at all clear.

⁶ Radak also brings the possibility that Channah's words were a personal prayer of thanksgiving.