Channah's Prayer/2

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Channah's Prayer

Exegetical Approaches

Overview

Commentators struggle to determine whether Channah's prayer is personal in nature or relates to the nation as a whole and if it is one of praise or petition.  Rashi opts to read the entire song as a thanksgiving prayer relating to Channah's individual circumstances and the birth of her son. This requires reinterpreting some of the imagery, but has the advantage of the song fitting in nicely with its context.

Targum Yonatan, in contrast, attempts to read the prayer as related to the fate of the nation, suggesting that Channah was prophesying about Israel's future victories over its foes. Though this nicely explains the many references to war, it is not clear why Channah would be sharing such news in the aftermath of her son's birth and weaning.

A third approach suggests that the mixture of personal and national in the song is intentional.  Channah rejoices in the birth of her son, but simultaneously requests from Hashem that her son grow to provide the nation with much needed leadership and salvation from their enemies.

Personal Thanksgiving

Channah's prayer is a personal song of thanksgiving to Hashem for granting her request for a child.  It revolves around both her earlier travails as a barren woman and her present happiness in the birth of her son.

"וַתִּתְפַּלֵּל חַנָּה" – This position must posit that this verse is somewhat exceptional in its usage of the verb התפלל, as most occurrences of the word in Tanakh refer to petitionary prayer rather than songs of thanksgiving.2
"עָלַץ לִבִּי בַּי"י רָמָה קַרְנִי בַּי"י" – The opening lines of praise to Hashem are appropriate for the occasion.  Channah gives thanks to Hashem for raising her from despondency. Whereas in her barrenness she had been sad and lowly, now her heart was filled with joy and she had the pride to raise her head.
Reference to enemies
  • According to these sources, the enemy mentioned refers to Peninah (and others like her), who would regularly mock Channah over her barren state.3
  • R"A Bazak4 alternatively suggests that this line of the song is not directly related to Channah's circumstances. He posits that Channah did not compose her own prayer but only utilized a preexisting template of thanksgiving since it had a passing reference to her specific situation.5   As such, certain aspects of the song actually have little to do with Channah's personal story.6
"רָחַב פִּי"Abarbanel explains the choice of language "and my mouth has widened" as a contrast to Channah's quiet ways when she was distressed. He points out that those who are full of sorrow tend to speak quietly, without their voices being heard. Thus, too, Channah had previously prayed in silence ("שְׂפָתֶיהָ נָּעוֹת וְקוֹלָהּ לֹא יִשָּׁמֵעַ"). Now, though, she opened her mouth wide to rejoice in Hashem's aid.
"שָׂמַחְתִּי בִּישׁוּעָתֶךָ" – At first glance, the word salvation is not the expected choice to describe being granted a child.  Nonetheless, in this story, where infertility is accompanied by taunts from a rival wife, Channah might be referring to deliverance from humiliation.
"וְאֵין צוּר כֵּאלֹהֵינוּ"
  • Rashi and R. Yosef Kara, following Bavli BerakhotBerakhot 10aAbout the Bavli,7 take this verse out of its simple meaning and read "צוּר" as "צייר".  Channah is saying that there is no artist like Hashem who can form a living soul, alluding to the birth of Shemuel.
  • Radak more simply reads the word "צוּר" as a metaphor for strength, saying that Channah is praising Hashem's ability to reverse nature and make one who was barren fruitful.
"אַל תַּרְבּוּ תְדַבְּרוּ גְּבֹהָה גְבֹהָה" – These words, too, are aimed at Peninah (and similar women), who had been haughty in their fertility, and looked down upon the barren Channah.
Changing fortunes – The heart of the song speaks of how a person's situation can change overnight, just as Channah's barren state had reversed itself.  Through the many examples that Channah brings, she both gives hope to the unfortunate and quiets those (like Peninah) who gloat in their good fortune.8
"עַד עֲקָרָה יָלְדָה שִׁבְעָה וְרַבַּת בָּנִים אֻמְלָלָה" – This particular example of life's reversals, found exactly in the middle of the prayer, highlights Channah's personal situation.  Indeed, Rashi and Radak maintain that even the second half of the statement ("וְרַבַּת בָּנִים אֻמְלָלָה") refers to Channah and Peninah: while Channah bore many children, Peninah lost hers.9
Mention of a king – These sources differ in how they explain the mention of a king:
  • Prophetic – According to R. Yosef Kara and Radak, mention of the future king was prophetic.  Channah saw that her son was to later anoint the first king of Israel and ended her prayer with a wish that Hashem give him strength. It is not clear, however, why she would mention this right now.
  • Personal – The Hoil Moshe, in contrast, claims that the king and anointed one of verse 10 do not refer to a monarch, but rather to Shemuel himself. The words reflect Channah's hopes that her son grow to be a leader and prophet, strengthened and exalted by Hashem.10

National Prophecy

Channah's song contains prophetic material relating to the nation as a whole.  It speaks of events throughout the nation's history from the defeat of the Philistines by the hand of Shemuel until the coming of the Mashiach.

"וַתִּתְפַּלֵּל חַנָּה" – Radak12 attempts to support this approach by claiming that the language of "תפילה" usually refers to events which are to occur in the future rather than to that which has transpired in the past.  Nonetheless, it is still not the expected verb to connote prophecy, as it usually refers to a request rather than a foretelling of the future.
Opening lines of praise – According to Targum Yonatan, the various expressions of praise ("עָלַץ לִבִּי בַּי"י רָמָה קַרְנִי בַּי"י" etc.) do not represent Channah's own feelings, but rather the nation's future exultation after their victories over various opponents.
References to enemies and imagery of war – Since much of the song relates to Israel vanquishing its foes, references to enemies are expected.
"שָׂמַחְתִּי בִּישׁוּעָתֶךָ" – Similarly, the language of "ישועה" is appropriate for this approach as Channah is speaking about actual salvation from enemies, and not just the granting of her request for a child.
Specific allusions – Targum Yonatan presents each of the song's opening verses as referring to Israel's salvation from a different enemy: the Philistines, Assyria, Babylonia, Greece, and Persia.  However, the Targum only loosely links the words of the text with the event alluded to.  Thus, for example, it connects the phrase "אֵין קָדוֹשׁ כַּי"י" to the defeat of Sancheriv by saying that, with his downfall, all the nations of the world will recognize that there is none like Hashem.  It also connects the war against Greece with the verse "קֶשֶׁת גִּבֹּרִים חַתִּים וְנִכְשָׁלִים אָזְרוּ חָיִל", as it is a story in which the weak defeat the mighty.
Changing fortunes: "עַד עֲקָרָה יָלְדָה שִׁבְעָה" – Radak raises the possibility that the barren woman is not a reference to Channah, but is rather a metaphor for Israel in distress.  Similarly, the fertile lady is not Peninah, but is rather symbolic of Israel's enemies.  Channah prophesies that, in the future, Israel will be the one to flourish while her enemies become desolate.  This idea can be applied to the other examples of reversal of fortunes as well.
Watching over the righteous – According to Targum Yonatan, verses 6-9 focus on the rewards and punishments of people in the World to Come.
Mention of a king – As this position claims that the whole prayer is prophetic, there is no problem speaking of a king, even though Israel had yet to appoint a monarch.  According to Targum Yonatan, however, the verse actually speaks neither of Shaul nor the Davidic dynasty but of the defeat of Gog and Magog and the Messianic era.,
Relevance to the story – One of the difficulties of this approach is its lack of relevance to the surrounding story.  Why does Channah prophesy about all these events right now, and why are they important for the reader?

Personal Thanks and National Petition

Channah's prayer relates to both her personal life and to the fate of the nation. She simultaneously thanks Hashem for a son, and requests that her child grow up to usher in a new era of leadership for Israel.

Historical background – Channah stands at a period of transition in the leadership of Israel.  Sefer Shofetim ends with a picture of a nation in anarchy.  The last few chapters describe the mockery of the idol of Michah14 and the atrocities of the concubine of Giv'ah, revealing how low the nation had sunk, both in their relation to Hashem and to their fellow man.  The refrain of these chapters "בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם אֵין מֶלֶךְ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל אִישׁ הַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינָיו יַעֲשֶׂה"‎15 proclaims the need for a new form of leadership.
Channah's request for son – When Channah requested a child, it was not only for herself but for Israel as a whole.16 As such, she vowed to immediately return him to Hashem. Shemuel was to be raised in the Mikdash, training to become a leader while surrounded by holiness.
Opening lines of praise – According to Abarbanel, the opening verses of praise refer to Channah's rejoicing over the birth of her son. Ralbag, in contrast, suggests that her happiness relates to what she hopes her son will accomplish as a future leader: vanquishing Israel's enemies and returning the nation to the worship of Hashem.
Reference to enemies
  • External – According to Ralbag, the enemies refer to the Philistines whom Shemuel is to defeat. Since there is a spark of prophecy in Channah's words, she can speak as if the salvation has already occurred.
  • Internal – R. Silber, in contrast, claims that Channah is speaking of the corrupt leaders of Israel whom Shemuel is to replace.  He could maintain that Channah speaks in the past tense despite this being a request, in the manner of many psalmists who do the same, thereby expressing confidence that the desired outcome will come to fruition.
Changing fortunes – The many examples of reversals in man's plight highlight the main theme of Channah's song, Hashem's dominion in the world.  Channah emphasizes how Hashem can change life's trajectory overnight, a lesson she has experienced in her personal life, and one that is essential for Israel's future leaders to recognize.  As Devarim 17 warns, one of the dangers of monarchy is that power goes to the ruler's head and he begins to trust in himself, leading him to forget the true King, Hashem.17 Thus, throughout her song, as she prays for leadership, Channah emphasizes that "לֹא בְכֹחַ יִגְבַּר אִישׁ"; it is Hashem who is the true King.
"י"י יֵחַתּוּ מְרִיבָיו עָלָיו בַּשָּׁמַיִם יַרְעֵם" – According to Ralbag and Abarbanel, these words are a request that Hashem pulverize Shemuel's enemies, the Philistines,18 and thunder upon them from on high.19
"יָדִין אַפְסֵי אָרֶץ" – This is a request that Shemuel merit to judge the people.
Mention of a king – In mentioning a king, Channah is not necessarily a prophetess but a visionary.20  She sees the leadership vacuum and implores Hashem: "וְיִתֶּן עֹז לְמַלְכּוֹ", and that, through her son, He anoint a monarch.
The song as introduction to Sefer Shemuel – Channah's prayer is a very apt introduction to the Book of Shemuel which revolves around the theme of discovering the appropriate monarch for Israel. David is chosen because he recognizes the lesson of "לֹא בְכֹחַ יִגְבַּר אִישׁ",  that wars are won not with swords or spears but "בְּשֵׁם י"י צְבָאוֹת".‎21  Shaul, in contrast lost his kingship because he let himself be his own guide, rather than obeying Hashem's commands.22  R. Silber suggests that Channah's story "stands in the beginning of a book on kingship as a definition of what a king must be, "מַלְכּוֹ", His king".  While David recognized this, Shaul did not.
The song and Rosh Hashanah – Channah's prayer is read as the haftarah for Rosh HaShanah.  One of the reasons for the choice might be its focus on the theme of Hashem's dominion and kingship, which is one of the focal points of the day (מלכויות).23  In fact, the well known liturgical poem, "ונתנה תוקף", which emphasizes how all is in God's hands, appears to be constructed on the foundations of Channah's song.24