Chronology of the Flood/2/en

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Chronology of the Flood

Exegetical Approaches

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One Set of 150 Days Which Includes the First 40 Days

The two mentions of 150 days refer to the same time period and encompass the forty days of rain. The ark landed at the conclusion of these 150 days.  This approach subdivides regarding how the commentators understand the chapter's dating:

Months from creation

All the months mentioned in the verses are calculated according to the yearly calendar, from creation.

Months – These commentators assume that all the months mentioned in the account of the flood are numbered from the beginning of the calendar year.  They disagree, though, regarding whether the first month is Tishrei or Nissan.1
150 and 40 Overlap – This position assumes that the forty days of rain are subsumed in the 150 day period, reading the final verse of Chapter 7 "וַיִּגְבְּרוּ הַמַּיִם עַל הָאָרֶץ חֲמִשִּׁים וּמְאַת יוֹם", as a summary statement of the previously described events rather than a successive event.2
One set of 150 – They similarly assume that the statement "וַיַּחְסְרוּ הַמַּיִם מִקְצֵה חֲמִשִּׁים וּמְאַת יוֹם" does not mean that the water receded after a second set of 150 days, but rather that it decreased after, or the reduction was first noticeable at the end of, the 150 days previously mentioned.
"וַיִּגְבְּרוּ הַמַּיִם" and "וַיַּחְסְרוּ הַמַּיִם" – Though all these sources agree that there was but one set of 150 days, they disagree in how they understand the relationship between the periods of increasing and receding waters:3
  • Water first decreased after 150 days ­ - The author of the Qumran Scroll, Yefet the Karaite, Ibn Ezra,4 Ramban, and Seforno all understand the phrase "וַיַּחְסְרוּ הַמַּיִם מִקְצֵה חֲמִשִּׁים וּמְאַת יוֹם" to mean that the water only began to decrease at the end of the 150 days. Until that point the water level was either still rising, or at least, maintaining its height. Seforno suggests that even though the rain stopped after 40 days, the underground sources of water were still open,5 causing continued water pressure during this entire period.6 Ramban, in contrast, seems to maintain that though the waters did not continue to increase after the fortieth day, due to the great humidity7 they retained their height throughout this period.
  • Water decreased after the forty days of rain – Most of the other commentators in this approach8 assume that the water started to recede right after the rain stopped. The phrase " וַיִּגְבְּרוּ הַמַּיִם עַל הָאָרֶץ חֲמִשִּׁים וּמְאַת יוֹם" simply means that the waters were is a state of strength (relative to normal water heights), not that they were increasing, or even maintaining their level.  R"Y Bekhor Shor, R. Hoffmann and U. Cassuto explain the verse "וַיַּחְסְרוּ הַמַּיִם מִקְצֵה חֲמִשִּׁים וּמְאַת יוֹם"   to mean not that the water first began to recede at this point but that the decrease was first noticeable to Noach after this period, when the ark landed.9
Chronology
  • Chronological –Those who maintain that the waters maintained their strength throughout the 150 days, read the verses chronologically, with Chapter 7 describing the rising  flood and Chapter 8 detailing the decreasing waters at the end of the 150 days.10
  • Achronological – The other commentators, though, assume that verses 8:2-4 (the sending of the wind and closing of the heavenly windows) occurred in the midst of the 150 days that are mentioned in the preceding chapter and that there is an element of achronology in the verses.  Akeidat Yitzchak and Shadal explain that the Torah purposely separated the images of destruction and salvation, detailing the world's collapse in Chapter 7 before describing its rebuilding in Chapter 8.
How do 150 days fit in five months? According to the fixed lunar calendar, months generally alternate between having 29 and 30 days,11 which means that there can be at most 147-149 days in any 5 month period.12  As such, this position must explain how the 150 days fit into the five months between 2/17 when the rain began and 7/17 when the ark rested.   The commentators resolve this issue in different ways:
  • Different calendar – Several sources question the assumption that the dates in the story are based on the Hebrew lunar calendar:
    • Solar Calendar –  Some commentators13 assert that the months mentioned relate to the solar calendar. According to this reckoning there are 152 days in five months and the 150 day period ended a couple of days before the ark rested.14
    • Persian/Egyptian – Ibn Ezra suggests, in contrast, that Noach was using a calendar like that of the Egyptians or Persians who would intercalate their year by adding 5 days to a certain month. The total days in the five month period can thus equal or surpass 150.15
  • Lunar calendar based on eyewitnesses – Yefet and Anan the Karaites maintain that Noach did use a lunar calendar, but one in which the months were determined by eyewitnesses rather than calculations.16 They assume that if no one can see the moon (as was the case when Noach was in the Ark)17 the default length of a month is thirty days.18  This allows for exactly 150 days between 2/17 and 7/17.19
  • Fixed Hebrew Lunar Calendar – A last group of sources attempt to uphold the idea that the Torah is employing the Rabbinic calendar:
    • Round Numbers - The Rid and U. Cassuto solve the problem by simply suggesting that 150 days is a round number. Though, in reality there were fewer days in the five month period, the Torah rounded up to the the next ten.20
    • Full Leap Year - R. Saadia suggests that one can reach 150 days using a regular fixed lunar calendar if the year was a "full" leap year. In such a year, 4 of the 5 months( Marcheshvan, Kislev, Shevat and Adar I) would all have 30 days. As such 7/17 is the 150th day.21
How did the ark land so soon? These commentators differ in how they understand how the ark managed to land right after the 150 days of strong waters, if the mountain tops were still covered  by fifteen cubits of water:22
  • Receded over 110 days – According to those who say that the water started to decrease already after the 40 days of rain, this is not an issue,23 and is, in fact, one of the factors that motivate them to explain the verses as they do.24 They maintain that by this point some mountain tops were either totally uncovered, or at least partially revealed, and the 8:
  • Receded over 2 days – According to those who maintain that the waters retained their strength throughout, but that a solar calendar was used and thus the 150 period ended on the 15th of the seventh month, there was a period of two days in which the water lessened, allowing the ark to land.
  • Miraculous intervention – Ramban, in contrast, is forced to assert that Hashem sent a miraculous wind which decreased the waters substantially on the 150th day itself.25 
Shifting water levels – A simple reading of the verses suggests that the waters decreased at an extremely varied pace:
  • If one posits that the water first decreased after the 150 days, then it went down only 15 cubits in the 2 1/2 months from 7/17 until 10/1 compared to thousands of cubits in the 3 months from then until the land dried on 1/1.26  Ramban explains that there is no reason to think that the water needed to decrease at a steady pace. In addition, according to him, Hashem's intervention on the first day led to a vast decrease in the water, 27 minimizing the difference in the rate of reduction thereafter slightly.28
  • Those who posit that the water began to recede after the rain stopped have an even bigger problem, since according to them, initially the water receded 15 cubits in over 180 days!29   Shadal minimizes the problem by asserting that by the time the ark landed on 7/17, more than 15 cubits of water had already receded, since Mt. Ararat was not the tallest, but rather one of the shorter mountains.30  There would, nonetheless, still seem to be a significant increase in the rate of water reduction in the last 3 months, assuming that even the shorter mountains were a few thousand cubits high.
"וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם... וַיְשַׁלַּח אֶת הָעֹרֵב"
  • Most of these commentators count the 40 days (when the raven was sent)  from the preceding date mentioned, the first of the tenth month, when the mountain tops were visible.  They explain, that despite the fact that land was visible, the dove could not find a resting place either because it preferred the valleys or the air was too moist.31
  • The Rid, in contrast, counts the forty days from the landing of the ark on the seventeenth of the seventh month. He assumes that the first dove was sent ten days after the raven,and the final dove twenty-one days later, on the first of the tenth month. It was only then, when the mountaintops were finally revealed that the dove could nest.

Varied Dating

Some months are counted to creation and some are dated in reference to key points during the flood.

Sources:Ramban, R. Ashhkenazi
Months – According to the first option brought by Ramban and the second approach of R. Ashkenazi, the beginning and end of the flood (2/17 and 2/27) are dated to the beginning of the calendar year, but the months mentioned in the middle of the story (the landing of the ark on 2/17 and the revealing of the mountain tops on 10/1) are both dated to the start of the flood.32 The last date, though, when Noach opens the ark's cover on 1/1 is once again dated to the beginning of the year.  The obvious disadvantage of this approach is its inconsistency.33
How do 150 days fit in five months? According to this approach there are really six months from the start of the flood until the resting of the ark.  This easily fits the period of 150 days of increasing waters, even leaving a month over afterwards.
"וַיִּגְבְּרוּ הַמַּיִם" and "וַיַּחְסְרוּ הַמַּיִם" – Both Ramban and R. Ashkenazi assert that the waters maintained their strength throughout the 150 days and only began to abate afterwards. R. Ashkenazi even posits that the rain continued (but not in the manner of a flood) throughout this period.
Chronology – This position does not need to assume any achronology in the verses.
How did the ark land so soon? According to this position, there was a month between the 150 days and the resting of the ark, enough time for the water to recede sufficiently to allow the ark to find a  resting place.
Shifting water levels – As this position reduces the time between the revealing of the mountain tops and the drying of the land to two months,34 it exacerbates the problem of the changing rate of reduction.  It has the waters reducing 15 cubits in about 2.5 months, while they are lowered thousands of cubits in 2 months.
"וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם... וַיְשַׁלַּח אֶת הָעֹרֵב" – This is dated from the previously mentioned event, the revealing of the mountain tops, which this position maintains occurred on the first of the eleventh month (the tenth month being counted from start of the flood).  As such, the sending of the final dove 61 days later,35 fell on the first of the first month, when the land dried.36 This explains why it was only now, that it did not return.

One Set of 150 Days Which Does Not Include the First 40 Days

Both sets of 150 days are combined and in order to fit the separate forty days, the seven months are not counted from the beginning of the year.

The seventh and tenth months – According to these commentators the seventh and tenth months are not being counted from the beginning of the year. Three opinions are brought by the exegetes regarding these months:
  • Most of these commentators explain that the seventeenth of the seventh month is really the seventeenth of the ninth month to the beginning of the year and then the 150 and 40 days fit before the ark landed.  They hold that the tenth month is the eleventh month to the beginning of the year.37 This approach subdivides regarding how one gets to this calculation:
    • Seder Olam Rabbah, Bereshit Rabbah, Lekach Tov, and Rashi hold that the seventh month is being counted from the time in which the rain stopped while the tenth month is being counted from the time in which the rain started. This inconsistency causes other exegetes to raise alternatives.
    • The Arukh and R. Yitzchak in a gloss on Ms. Leipzig 1 of Rashi explain that there are seven full months from the start of the rain until the ark landed and the tenth month is also counted from the start of the rain.38
    • According to one of the Ba'alei HaTosafot the year of the flood was a leap year and both months were counted from the end of the rain.  This leaves enough time for the 150 and first 40 days to end before the ark landed but leaves two months before the end of the year from when the tops of the mountains appeared.39
  • Ba'alei HaTosafot quote an approach that the seventh month is really only the eighth month to the start of the year. This approach would say that the tenth month is really the eleventh month and both months are being counted from the start of the rain. Ba'alei HaTosafot reject this explanation since the ark would have rested before the water started decreasing. However, according to the approach it is possible that the ark got stuck and landed as Rasag quoted in Yefet suggests. This would be simpler to say if during the 150 days the water wasn't increasing anymore but just stayed in their place or were already decreasing.
  • According to R. Eliezer Ashkenazi's approach both months are being counted from the end of the rain and the seventh month is the ninth month and the tenth month is the twelfth month.
When do the 150 days end? Seder Olam Rabbah writes that the 150 days were until the first of Sivan.  The problem with Seder Olam Rabbah is that the first of Sivan is the 151 day.  Later on, Seder Olam Rabbah also writes that there are 16 days in which the water decreased before the ark landed on the seventeenth of Sivan implying that the first of Sivan is not counted but he does count the day as part of the second set of forty days. Rashi writes in one place that the first day of the flood is not counted and hence the 150 days end at the first of Sivan.  However, in a later verse Rashi writes that the first of Sivan is the day after the 150.40
"וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם" – Three options are brought explaining from when the forty days are counted which affect when the tops of the mountains appeared:
  • According to Seder Olam Rabbah, Rashbam and perhaps R. Tam the days are counted from the time the water started to abate on the first of Sivan. According to this approach the dove was sent for the last time on the day that the tops of the mountains appeared and that is were it landed. This interpretation forces the commentators to explain that the tenth month is really the tenth month from the start of the rain and not like the seventh month which is from the end of the rain in order that the dove could land after the mountains appear. The takers of this approach have to assume that before the tops of the mountains appeared there were trees that appeared and the dove could bring back an olive tree leaf.
  • The Arukh, Rashi and Lekach Tov hold that the forty days are counted from the first of the tenth month which is mentioned immediately before in the verses.41 According to them the dove landed on the first of the first month when "חָרְבוּ פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה" and therefore the tenth month can be no later since the dove would have landed as soon as the water disappeared. R. Tam questions this approach why the dove could not land on the tops of the mountains which appeared already when the dove was sent. R. Elyakim suggests that the dove could only land in valleys and not on mountains. Another answer suggested by Ba'alei HaTosafot is that when it says "וְלֹא מָצְאָה הַיּוֹנָה מָנוֹחַ" it means that the dove did not find any food.
  • R. Tam according to R. Chayim Paltiel's version and R. Eliezer Ashkenazi hold that the forty days started when the ark landed which was a date that Noach knew when it was as oppose to the day in which the water started decreasing.  According to R. Tam the tenth month is really the eleventh month and he has to explain why the dove did not land when the mountains first appeared. R. Eliezer Ashkenazi holds that the tenth month is counted from the end of the rain like the seventh month. This would cause the dove to land before the mountains appeared. It is possible to explain like the Rid above that there was more time for the sending of the raven.
"וַיִּגְבְּרוּ הַמַּיִם" and "וַיַּחְסְרוּ הַמַּיִם" – These commentators hold that "וַיִּגְבְּרוּ הַמַּיִם עַל הָאָרֶץ" happened during the 150 days and the water started to abate only after the end of the 150 days and that is the meaning of "וַיַּחְסְרוּ הַמַּיִם מִקְצֵה חֲמִשִּׁים וּמְאַת יוֹם".  However, the commentators offer two explanations regarding what happened during the 150 days themselves:
  • According to Seder Olam Rabbah and the Arukh after the forty days the water stopped increasing but stayed in its place. Seder Olam Rabbah explains that during these 150 days the wicked were each being sentenced for their actions.  The Arukh explains the language of "וַיִּגְבְּרוּ הַמַּיִם" to mean that they stayed in their strength.
  • According to Ba'alei HaTosafot the water were still increasing throughout all the 150 days even though the rain stopped already after the first 40 days. Perhaps, the water may have continued coming out from underground.
Shifting water levels – Seder Olam Rabbah calculates that if from the first of the ninth month when the water started abating until the first of the eleventh month when the mountains appeared the water decreased 15 ammot then the water went down an ammah every four days.  Therefore, on the 17th of the ninth month when the ark landed it was covered with 11 ammot of water.

Two sets of 150 Days Which Include the Second 40 Days

Relationship between numbers of days – Radak writes that for forty days there was rain and then there were two sets of 150 days one in which the water was increasing and one in which the water was decreasing. The second 150 days includes the second forty days but does not include the 21 days of sending the birds.  These numbers come out to 361 days that Noach was in the ark.
The seventh and tenth months – According to Radak the water stopped increasing on the first of the ninth month with the conclusion of the first 40 and 150 days. The seventh month in which the ark landed is being counted from the end of the rain and really is the ninth month to the beginning of the year. The ark landed on the seventeenth of the ninth month after the water started decreasing.  Radak also writes that the tenth month is the tenth month to the beginning of the flood and the tops of the mountains appeared on the first of the eleventh month.
"וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם" – Radak writes that the second forty days started when the ark landed and not when the water started decreasing as Noach only knew when the ark landed because he felt it.  According to this explanation the 21 days were during the second 150 days in which the water was decreasing and not like his previous explanation that they were at the end of the flood after the second set of 150 days ended. This approach has to explain why the dove did not land already on the first time it was sent which was after the tops of the mountains appeared.  Ba'alei HaTosafot explain this based on Radak's explanation that Noach sent the dove which only rests once it finishes the mission it was given and therefore it only landed after it gave Noach a sign that the water was lowering by giving him an olive leaf.