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<li><b>Education</b> – Precise details of R. Saadia's education are scant,&#160;but his earliest writings indicate that even before leaving his native Egypt, he was an expert in Hebrew grammar and biblical lexicography. By that time, he seems to also have been well-educated in Greek and Muslim philosophy as well as traditional Jewish sources.<fn>Malter, p. 32-52. "From his youth Sa’adyah’s cultural exposure had been far broader than any&#160;Babylonian yeshiva student’s...&#160;His unconventional education had an even more striking impact in the cultural and intellectual&#160;spheres."&#160;Robert Brody, <i>Sa'adyah Gaon</i>&#160;(Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2013), p. 58</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Education</b> – Precise details of R. Saadia's education are scant,&#160;but his earliest writings indicate that even before leaving his native Egypt, he was an expert in Hebrew grammar and biblical lexicography. By that time, he seems to also have been well-educated in Greek and Muslim philosophy as well as traditional Jewish sources.<fn>Malter, p. 32-52. "From his youth Sa’adyah’s cultural exposure had been far broader than any&#160;Babylonian yeshiva student’s...&#160;His unconventional education had an even more striking impact in the cultural and intellectual&#160;spheres."&#160;Robert Brody, <i>Sa'adyah Gaon</i>&#160;(Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2013), p. 58</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Occupation</b> – On May 15, 928, R. Saadia was appointed Gaon (head) of the Yeshiva of Sura.<fn>These are known from&#160;a fragmented document listing R. Saadia's works and a few biographical details written by two sons of R. Saadia, Dosa and She'erit. Published in Jacob Mann, ‘A Fihrist of Sa’adya’s Works’, <i>Jewish Quarterly Review</i>, 2:423-8 (1920–1). Cf, Malter, p. 421-428, who works to reconcile these details with other evidence regarding R. Saadia's biography. In either 932 or 933, R. Saadia was&#160;removed from his post&#160;thanks to the controversy that had erupted between himself and the Exilarch, David ben Zakai, but two years later they reconciled and R. Saadia again served as Gaon until his death in 942.</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Occupation</b> – On May 15, 928, R. Saadia was appointed Gaon (head) of the Yeshiva of Sura.<fn>These are known from&#160;a fragmented document listing R. Saadia's works and a few biographical details written by two sons of R. Saadia, Dosa and She'erit. Published in Jacob Mann, ‘A Fihrist of Sa’adya’s Works’, <i>Jewish Quarterly Review</i>, 2:423-8 (1920–1). Cf, Malter, p. 421-428, who works to reconcile these details with other evidence regarding R. Saadia's biography. In either 932 or 933, R. Saadia was&#160;removed from his post&#160;thanks to the controversy that had erupted between himself and the Exilarch, David ben Zakai, but two years later they reconciled and R. Saadia again served as Gaon until his death in 942.</fn></li>
<li><b>Family</b> – While in Egypt, R. Saadia had already married and had children.<fn>In a letter to his students in Egypt, R. Saadia mentions that he had left his wife and children in Egypt when he traveled to Israel and Baghdad, although they eventually joined him in Baghdad.&#160;This letter is published in Solomon Schechter,&#160;<i>Saadyana,</i> p. 24.</fn> Some historians believe that R. Saadia had three sons and two daughters.<fn>Malter, p. 28-30, 132</fn> It is certain that R. Saadia had a son named Dosa, who was born after R. Saadia was named Gaon and was named Gaon himself much later, and another son named She’erit.<fn>These are known from a fragmented document listing R. Saadia's works and a few biographical details written by two sons of R. Saadia, Dosa and Hoshea. Published in Jacob Mann, ‘A Fihrist of Sa’adya’s Works’, Jewish Quarterly Review, 2:423-8 (1920–1)</fn></li>
+
<li><b>Family</b> – While in Egypt, R. Saadia had already married and had children.<fn>In a letter to his students in Egypt, R. Saadia mentions that he had left his wife and children in Egypt when he traveled to Israel and Baghdad, although they eventually joined him in Baghdad.&#160;This letter is published in Solomon Schechter,&#160;<i>Saadyana,</i> p. 24.</fn> Some historians believe that R. Saadia had three sons and two daughters.<fn>Malter, p. 28-30, 132</fn> It is certain that R. Saadia had a son named Dosa, who was born after R. Saadia and was named Gaon himself much later, and another son named She’erit.<fn>These are known from a fragmented document listing R. Saadia's works and a few biographical details written by two sons of R. Saadia. Published in Jacob Mann, ‘A Fihrist of Sa’adya’s Works’, Jewish Quarterly Review, 2:423-8 (1920–1)</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Teachers</b> – The only known teacher of R. Saadia is an Israeli named Abu Kathir Yahya al-Katib, who presumably taught R. Saadia general subjects such as philosophy.<fn>This is known from a comment of a contemporary Muslim writer,&#160;Abū al-Ḥasan al-Masʿūdī. Malter, 32-37.</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Teachers</b> – The only known teacher of R. Saadia is an Israeli named Abu Kathir Yahya al-Katib, who presumably taught R. Saadia general subjects such as philosophy.<fn>This is known from a comment of a contemporary Muslim writer,&#160;Abū al-Ḥasan al-Masʿūdī. Malter, 32-37.</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Contemporaries</b> – R. Aaron Sarjado Gaon, Isaac Israeli,<fn>Correspondence between R. Saadia and the philosopher-physician Isaac Israeli is attested to by Israeli’s student, Dunash ibn Tamim, in his commentary on the <i>Sefer Yetzirah</i>, edited by M. Grossberg (London, 1902).</fn>&#160;David al-Muqammis of Raqqa<fn>This Jewish philosopher is quoted in the Commentary to <i>Sefer Yetzirah&#160;</i>of R. Yehudah b. Barzilai of Barcelona, ed. Halberstam (Berlin, 1885) p. 77, where R. Yehudah mentioned that he had heard that al-Muqamas learned with R. Saadia, although he is unsure about the veracity of this report.</fn>&#160;</li>
 
<li><b>Contemporaries</b> – R. Aaron Sarjado Gaon, Isaac Israeli,<fn>Correspondence between R. Saadia and the philosopher-physician Isaac Israeli is attested to by Israeli’s student, Dunash ibn Tamim, in his commentary on the <i>Sefer Yetzirah</i>, edited by M. Grossberg (London, 1902).</fn>&#160;David al-Muqammis of Raqqa<fn>This Jewish philosopher is quoted in the Commentary to <i>Sefer Yetzirah&#160;</i>of R. Yehudah b. Barzilai of Barcelona, ed. Halberstam (Berlin, 1885) p. 77, where R. Yehudah mentioned that he had heard that al-Muqamas learned with R. Saadia, although he is unsure about the veracity of this report.</fn>&#160;</li>
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<li><b>Time period</b> – R. Saadia involved himself in numerous controversies throughout his lifetime.
 
<li><b>Time period</b> – R. Saadia involved himself in numerous controversies throughout his lifetime.
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
<li>R. Saadia wrote multiple polemics against the Karaites, some which&#160;are attacks on personal Karaite leaders.<fn>Samuel Poznanski, <i>The Karaite Literary Opponents of Saadiah Gaon</i> (London, 1908)</fn>&#160;&#160;</li>
+
<li>R. Saadia wrote multiple polemics against the Karaites, some which&#160;are attacks on personal Karaite leaders.<fn>Samuel Poznanski, <i>The Karaite Literary Opponents of Saadiah Gaon</i> (London, 1908). See below (under "Works") for examples</fn>&#160;&#160;</li>
<li>In the summer of 921, a Gaon of Israel named "Ben Meir"&#160;was planning to&#160;announce that in the coming year, the months of both&#160;<i>Marheshvan</i> and&#160;<i>Kislev</i>&#160;should be 29 days, which conflicted with the calendar rules of the Geonim of Babylonia. R. Saadia&#160;participated in an extensive campaign to ensure that all&#160;Jews, including those in Israel, would adhere to the calendar guidelines of the Babylonian Geonim.<fn>Hayim Bornstein, <i>מחלוקת רב סעדיה גאון ובן מאיר.&#160;</i>(Warsaw, 1904). More recent&#160;scholars have shown that R. Saadia's own role in the controversy&#160;was marginal, and that he was&#160;mainly concerned with ensuring that his Egyptian students and colleagues would side the Babylonians. Sacha Stern,&#160;<i>The Jewish Calendar Controversy of 921/2 CE</i> (Brill: 2019), p. 17-20.</fn></li>
+
<li>In the summer of 921, a Gaon of Israel named "Ben Meir"&#160;was planning to&#160;announce that in the coming year, the months of both&#160;<i>Marheshvan</i> and&#160;<i>Kislev</i>&#160;should be 29 days, which conflicted with the calendar rules of the Geonim of Babylonia. R. Saadia&#160;participated in an extensive campaign to ensure that all&#160;Jews, including those in Israel, would adhere to the calendar guidelines of the Babylonian Geonim.<fn>Hayim Bornstein, <i>מחלוקת רב סעדיה גאון ובן מאיר.&#160;</i>(Warsaw, 1904). More recent&#160;scholars have&#160;argued that R. Saadia's own role in the controversy&#160;may have been marginal, and that he was&#160;mainly concerned with ensuring that his Egyptian students and colleagues would side the Babylonians. Sacha Stern,&#160;<i>The Jewish Calendar Controversy of 921/2 CE</i> (Brill: 2019), p. 17-20.</fn></li>
 
<li>After becoming Gaon of Sura, a prolonged dispute erupted between himself and the <i>Reish Geluta </i>[Exilarch] David b. Zakai, involving their respective roles and leadership. R. Saadia&#160;composed a polemical work attacking his political enemies and defending his positions.<fn>Avraham Harkavy,&#160;<i>השריד והפליט מספר האגרון וספר הגלוי</i>. (St Petersburg, 1891)</fn>&#160;&#160;</li>
 
<li>After becoming Gaon of Sura, a prolonged dispute erupted between himself and the <i>Reish Geluta </i>[Exilarch] David b. Zakai, involving their respective roles and leadership. R. Saadia&#160;composed a polemical work attacking his political enemies and defending his positions.<fn>Avraham Harkavy,&#160;<i>השריד והפליט מספר האגרון וספר הגלוי</i>. (St Petersburg, 1891)</fn>&#160;&#160;</li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
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<li><b>Rabbinics</b> –&#160;
 
<li><b>Rabbinics</b> –&#160;
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
<li><b>Talmudic novellae</b> – A lexicographical "comentary" on the Mishnah which mainly translates and explains difficult words.<fn>Brody,&#160;<i>The Geonim of Babylonia</i>, p. 268-269</fn></li>
+
<li><b>Talmudic novellae</b> – A lexicographical "comentary" on the Mishnah which mainly translates and explains difficult words,<fn>Brody,&#160;<i>The Geonim of Babylonia</i>, p. 268-269</fn>&#160;as well as some works on Talmudic methodology.<fn><i></i>Known works of this genre include&#160;<i>Kitab al-Madhal [ila al-Talmud]</i> (Introduction to the Talmud) and an explanation of the 13 principles of derivation,&#160;<i>Peirush al 13 Middot</i>. Malter, 159-161</fn></li>
<li><b>Halakhic codes</b> – R. Saadia wrote several treatises on select halakhic topics.<fn>Jacob Mann, ‘A Fihrist of Sa’adya’s Works’, Jewish Quarterly Review, 2:423-8 (1920–1). Surviving works and fragments of these halakhic writings were published as&#160;חיבורים הלכתיים של רב סעדיה גאון. Jerusalem: Yad ha-Rav Nissim, 2015.&#160;</fn></li>
+
<li><b>Halakhic codes</b> – R. Saadia wrote several treatises on select halakhic topics.<fn>Jacob Mann, ‘A Fihrist of Sa’adya’s Works’, Jewish Quarterly Review, 2:423-8 (1920–1). Surviving works and fragments of these halakhic writings were published as&#160;חיבורים הלכתיים של רב סעדיה גאון. Jerusalem: Yad ha-Rav Nissim, 2015.</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Responses to the works of others</b> – Numerous polemical works were written by R. Saadia against specific, named Karaite texts.<fn>For example,<i>&#160;Kitab al-Radd 'ala 'Anan</i> (The Refutation of Anan),&#160;<i>Kitab al-Radd 'ala Ibn&#160;Asher</i>&#160;(The Refutation of Ben Asher),&#160;<i>Kitab al-Radd 'ala Ibn&#160;Saqawayh</i> (The Refutation of Ibn Saqawayh). He likewise wrote additional anti-Karaite works, including a lengthy poem with a complex rhyming scheme,&#160;<i>אשא משלי</i> (Shulamit Elizur, "Supplementary Material for the First Two Chapters of 'Esa Meshali' by Sa'adia Gaon,"&#160;<i>Tarbiz&#160;</i>80:2 (2012)&#160;) which is possibly the same work as The Refutation of Ben Asher.</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Responses to the works of others</b> – Numerous polemical works were written by R. Saadia against specific, named Karaite texts.<fn>For example,<i>&#160;Kitab al-Radd 'ala 'Anan</i> (The Refutation of Anan),&#160;<i>Kitab al-Radd 'ala Ibn&#160;Asher</i>&#160;(The Refutation of Ben Asher),&#160;<i>Kitab al-Radd 'ala Ibn&#160;Saqawayh</i> (The Refutation of Ibn Saqawayh). He likewise wrote additional anti-Karaite works, including a lengthy poem with a complex rhyming scheme,&#160;<i>אשא משלי</i> (Shulamit Elizur, "Supplementary Material for the First Two Chapters of 'Esa Meshali' by Sa'adia Gaon,"&#160;<i>Tarbiz&#160;</i>80:2 (2012)&#160;) which is possibly the same work as The Refutation of Ben Asher.</fn></li>
<li><b>Responsa</b> –&#160;</li>
+
<li><b>Responsa</b> – In his capacity as Gaon, R. Saadia&#160;answered&#160;queries sent to the Yeshiva from all over the world. About 50 of these survive, although he likely wrote many more.<fn>Surviving responsa of R. Saadia are listed in Malter, p. 349-350.</fn></li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
 
</li>
 
</li>
<li><b>Jewish thought</b> –&#160;</li>
+
<li><b>Jewish thought</b> –&#160;<i>Kitab al-Amanat&#160;wa-al-I'tiqadat,</i> translated into Hebrew as אמונות ודעות and English as the "Book of Beliefs and Opinions,"<fn><i>Saadia Gaon: The Book of Beliefs and Opinions</i>, trans. Solomon Rosenblatt (JPS: New Haven,&#160;1948)</fn> has been among the most widely read and influential rabbinic books of philosophy from the Medieval Era. Additionally, R. Saadia wrote a scientific-philosophical commentary to&#160;<i>Sefer Yetzirah</i>, called <i>Tafsir Kitab al-Mabadi'</i>.</li>
<li><b>Misattributed works</b> –&#160;</li>
+
<li><b>Misattributed works</b> – Various biblical commentaries from the era have been incorrectly attributed to R. Saadia, as well as a few philosophical works.<fn>For a partial list, see Malter, 405-409.</fn></li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
 
</subcategory>
 
</subcategory>

Version as of 09:01, 16 August 2023

R. Saadia Gaon – Intellectual Profile

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R. Saadia Gaon
Name
R. Saadia Gaon, Rasag, Saadia ben Joseph Al-Fayyumi
ר' סעדיה גאון, רס"ג, סעדיה בן יוסף הפיומי
Dates882-942
LocationEgypt / Baghdad
WorksTargum and Commentary on Tanakh, Emunot VeDeiot, Siddur, Halakhic, Sefer HaMitzvot, Sefer HaAgron
Exegetical Characteristics
Influenced by
Impacted onIbn Ezra, R. Avraham Ben HaRambam

Background

The term "Gaon" (plural: "Geonim"), in its narrowest meaning, refers to the official head of one of the central yeshivot of Babylonia which were active primarily between the 6th and 11th centuries. In addition to overseeing the Torah study occurring in their yeshiva, Geonim were responsible for writing responsa, answering questions posed to them in letters usually concerning matters of Jewish law. This was the exclusive literary output of the Geonim until the tenure of R. Saadia, who transformed the role of the Gaon by authoring numerous works in many genres.1

Life

  • Name – Saadia (or Saadiah, Saadya) ben Yosef “al-Fiyumi” (from the Fayyūm district)2
    • Hebrew name – סעדיה בן יוסף (ה)פיומי
    • Acronym/nickname – רס"ג, Rasag
    • Arabic name – Saˁīd b. Yūsuf al-Fayyūmī
  • Dates – 882 - May 18 (26 Iyar), 9423
  • Location – Born in Dilāṣ, in the Fayyūm district of Upper Egypt.4 Later moved to Tiberias, then Baghdad (where he served as Gaon), and, for a short time, Aleppo.5
  • Education – Precise details of R. Saadia's education are scant, but his earliest writings indicate that even before leaving his native Egypt, he was an expert in Hebrew grammar and biblical lexicography. By that time, he seems to also have been well-educated in Greek and Muslim philosophy as well as traditional Jewish sources.6
  • Occupation – On May 15, 928, R. Saadia was appointed Gaon (head) of the Yeshiva of Sura.7
  • Family – While in Egypt, R. Saadia had already married and had children.8 Some historians believe that R. Saadia had three sons and two daughters.9 It is certain that R. Saadia had a son named Dosa, who was born after R. Saadia and was named Gaon himself much later, and another son named She’erit.10
  • Teachers – The only known teacher of R. Saadia is an Israeli named Abu Kathir Yahya al-Katib, who presumably taught R. Saadia general subjects such as philosophy.11
  • Contemporaries – R. Aaron Sarjado Gaon, Isaac Israeli,12 David al-Muqammis of Raqqa13 
  • Students – Besides for the students he taught in his official capacity as Gaon of Sura, it is known that R. Saadia had students or followers who he had left in Egypt, with whom he had corresponded after emigrating.14 Among his students are the grammarian Dunash b. Labrat and Yaakov b. Ephraim, a possible author of an early commentary on the Talmud Yerushalmi.15
  • Time period – R. Saadia involved himself in numerous controversies throughout his lifetime.
    • R. Saadia wrote multiple polemics against the Karaites, some which are attacks on personal Karaite leaders.16  
    • In the summer of 921, a Gaon of Israel named "Ben Meir" was planning to announce that in the coming year, the months of both Marheshvan and Kislev should be 29 days, which conflicted with the calendar rules of the Geonim of Babylonia. R. Saadia participated in an extensive campaign to ensure that all Jews, including those in Israel, would adhere to the calendar guidelines of the Babylonian Geonim.17
    • After becoming Gaon of Sura, a prolonged dispute erupted between himself and the Reish Geluta [Exilarch] David b. Zakai, involving their respective roles and leadership. R. Saadia composed a polemical work attacking his political enemies and defending his positions.18  
  • World outlook – In the introduction to his polemical tract against David b. Zakai, R. Saadia indicates that he felt uniquely blessed by God with the abilities to be the leader of the nation.19 

Works

  • Biblical commentaries – Saadia composed an Arabic translation of the entire Tanakh, which he titled "Tafsīr,"20 as well as a longer commentary on approximately half of the Torah and a few other books of Tanakh, including Yeshayah, Mishlei, Tehillim, Iyyov, and Daniel.21 
  • Rabbinics – 
    • Talmudic novellae – A lexicographical "comentary" on the Mishnah which mainly translates and explains difficult words,22 as well as some works on Talmudic methodology.23
    • Halakhic codes – R. Saadia wrote several treatises on select halakhic topics.24
    • Responses to the works of others – Numerous polemical works were written by R. Saadia against specific, named Karaite texts.25
    • Responsa – In his capacity as Gaon, R. Saadia answered queries sent to the Yeshiva from all over the world. About 50 of these survive, although he likely wrote many more.26
  • Jewish thought – Kitab al-Amanat wa-al-I'tiqadat, translated into Hebrew as אמונות ודעות and English as the "Book of Beliefs and Opinions,"27 has been among the most widely read and influential rabbinic books of philosophy from the Medieval Era. Additionally, R. Saadia wrote a scientific-philosophical commentary to Sefer Yetzirah, called Tafsir Kitab al-Mabadi'.
  • Misattributed works – Various biblical commentaries from the era have been incorrectly attributed to R. Saadia, as well as a few philosophical works.28

Torah Commentary-

Characteristics

  • Verse by verse / Topical – 
  • Genre – 
  • Structure – 
  • Language – 
  • Peshat and derash – Generally, R. Saadia believed that all of rabbinic halakha was taught to Moshe by God at Sinai,29 including the text of the Mishnah,30 and no derivation based on derashot were ever innovated by the Sages.31

Methods

  • Reason and Allegory – R. Saadia provides several rules for when a verse should be interpreted in a way that differs from its literal meaning: if the literal meaning would contradict experience, logic, another verse, or the rabbinic tradition.32

Themes

  • Reliance on Tradition – In both his commentaries and other writings, R. Saadia frequently makes reference to the fact that people must rely on communal traditions for all of their worldly activities, and this is no less true for religious matters where we must rely on the traditions and interpretations of the earlier rabbinic Sages.33 This is especially true regarding the interpretation of Biblical commands, which must be in accordance with the rabbinic tradition.34 
  • Antiquity of Rabbinic Traditions – Even when rabbinic sources indicate that certain halakhic practices changed from Biblical times, R. Saadia nevertheless considers them to have been as old as the Torah itself, dating back to Sinai.35 Examples include the practice of keeping two days of Yom Tov and the use of a fixed calendar cycle as opposed to witness testimony regarding the new moon.36

Textual Issues

  • Manuscripts – 
  • Printings – 
  • Textual layers – 

Sources

Significant Influences

  • Earlier Sources – 
  • Teachers – 
  • Foils – 

Occasional Usage

Possible Relationship

Impact

Later exegetes

Supercommentaries