Commentators:R. Shemuel b. Meir (Rashbam)/0

R. Shemuel b. Meir (Rashbam)

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Rashbam

Name	R. Shemuel b. Meir ר' שמואל בן מאיר, רשב"ם
Dates	1085-1174
Location	France
Works	Tanakh and Talmud commentaries
Exegetical Characteristics
Influenced by	Rashi, his father R. Meir
Impacted on	R. Eliezer of Beaugency, R. Yosef Bekhor Shor

Background

Life

• Name – 
  • Hebrew name – R. Shemuel b. Meir (ר' שמואל בן מאיר), of which Rashbam (רשב"ם) is an acronym.
• Dates – c.1085¹ – c.1174.²
• Location – Rashbam lived in cities in Northern France including Troyes, Ramerupt, Paris, Caen, and Loudun.³
• Occupation – Rashbam had a flock of ewes, which provided milk and wool.⁴
• Family – Rashbam was the grandson of Rashi⁵ and the son of R. Meir.⁶ His brothers were R. Yitzchak and R. Tam. He had a daughter Marona and perhaps a son Yosef.⁷
• Teachers – 
• Contemporaries – 
• Students – 
• Time period
  • –

Works

• Biblical commentaries – Rashbam wrote a commentary on most or all of Tanakh. See below regarding his Torah commentary.⁸ Commentaries of Rashbam on Tehillim, Iyyov, Kohelet, and Shir HaShirim have recently been published, but his authorship of these works is disputed. Citations from Rashbam's commentaries on Neviim and Ketuvim also survived in the Arugat HaBosem of R. Avraham b. Azriel and in some Northern French commentaries.
• Grammar – 
• Rabbinics – 
  • Talmudic novellae – Rashbam wrote commentaries on the tenth chapter of Pesachim and on Bava Batra 29a through the end⁹ in order to complete missing sections of Rashi's commentary. In addition Rashbam wrote commentaries on Eiruvin,¹⁰ Gittin,¹¹ Bava Kama,¹² other sections of Bava Batra,¹³ and Niddah¹⁴ which are not extant, but are cited by other commentaries.
  • Halakhic codes – 
  • Responses to the works of others – 
  • Responsa – 
• Jewish thought – 
• Commonly misattributed to Rashbam – 

Torah Commentary

Textual Issues

• Manuscripts – Rashbam's commentary on Torah survived only in one manuscript, MS Breslau 103, and even this manuscript was lost during the Holocaust. This manuscript was missing the first three Parashot of Sefer Bereshit, Parashat Pinechas, and Devarim 33:3 through the end.¹⁵ Rashbam's commentary on Bereshit 1 was discovered by A. Geiger in MS Munich 5, and it is now incorporated in most printed editions. In 1882, D. Rosin published a critical edition based on MSS Breslau 103 and Munich 5. Rashbam's commentary on part of Devarim 34 was published by M. Sokolow in 1984 from MS Oxford 34.  Regarding the reconstruction of the missing portions of Rashbam's commentary, see Rashbam's Torah Commentary.
• Printings – The commentary was printed for the first time in 1705 in Berlin.
• Long and short commentaries – 
• The writing process – 
• Rashbam's later updates – 

Characteristics

• Verse by verse / Topical – Rashbam, like his grandfather, Rashi, before him, writes a local, verse by verse commentary.
• Genre – 
• Structure – 
• Peshat and Derash – Rashbam repeatedly asserts¹⁶ that even though the halakhic and midrashic level of interpretation is the most essential one, his goal is to explain the simple sense of Scripture.¹⁷  In this, he saw himself as a pioneer, often noting that his predecessors did not reach a full understanding of "פשוטו של מקרא",‎¹⁸ and that even those who attempted to do so, did not go far enough.¹⁹
• Peshat in narrative – Rashbam's tendency towards "peshat" is exemplified by his refusal to look to Midrashim to explain difficulties, fill in details missing from the Biblical text, or to identify the unknown, on the one hand, and his intrascriptural exegesis on the other.²⁰ 
• Peshat vs. Halakhah – At times, Rashbam will explain a verse according to its simple sense, even when this contradicts a halakhah.  Perhaps the most well known instance is his explanation of Shemot 13:9.  The verse is commonly understood to refer to the command to don phylacteries, yet Rashbam writes that it is simply a call to remember the Exodus, as if it were written on our arm.²¹

Methods

• Programmatic statements – Though Rashbam does not write an introduction to his commentary where he lays out his methodology, in several of his comments he hints to it, most notably in his conclusion to Devarim 34, where he writes, "הרי פירושו לפי הפסוקים... ודרך ארץ ודבר חכמה".  Rashbam's commentary is marked by intrascriptural exegesis, an eye to realia, and

• Intra-scriptural exegesis – 

Themes

• – 

Sources

Significant Influences

• Earlier Sources – 
• Teachers – 
• Foils – 

Occasional Usage

• –

Possible Relationship

• –

Impact

Later exegetes

• –

Supercommentaries

• –

¹ We do not know the exact date of Rashbam's birth. The approximation of 1085 is based on the fact that he argued with Rashi (See Rashbam's commentary on Bereshit 37:2), might have even ruled Halakha in front of him (Mordekhai Sanhedrin 702), and possibly Rashi learned from his interpretations (R. Chaim Paltiel Bereshit 49:22). Since Rashi died in 1105, the assumption is that Rashbam must have been born at least 20 years earlier to argue with him.

² The date of Rashbam's death is also unknown. Sefer HaYuchsin v.5 (p.218) gives a date of 4935 (1174/75) which would make Rashbam 90 when he died, but the basis for this is unknown. D. Rosin rejects the date, and says instead that Rashbam died after 1158, since he is hinted to in Ibn Ezra's Iggeret HaShabbatIggeret HaShabbatAbout R. Avraham ibn Ezra, in the words of "ולא תשא פני איש". Assuming Ibn Ezra is responding to Rashbam's commentary, then it seems Rashbam was still alive in 1158.

³ In MS Ginsburg Rashbam writes that in 1130 he was in Ramerupt, and E. Urbach suggest he left Troyes to there after Rashi died. R. Tam in Sefer HaYashar Teshuvot 41 writes that Rashbam is not with him in Ramerupt, rather in Caen. Rashbam himself also mentions that he was asked a question in Loudun (Rashbam Bemidbar 30:2), and in Paris (Rashbam Bemidbar 11:35, Or Zarua 1:476).

⁴ See Shibbolei HaLeket 2:33: "ראיתי רבנו תם ז"ל שהקפיד על רבנו שמואל זצ"ל, שהיו לו רחלות הנה {צ"ל: הרבה} רחוקות קצת מן העיר ועומדות אצל גוי אחד. והיה שולח שם רבינו שמואל בכל השכמה בתו לראות, ולא היתה מספקת לבוא שם עד שחלבו הגוי כולו או רובו." Parallel sources are cited by Urbach in Ba'alei HaTosafot p. 46, n. 13.

⁵ See Rashbam's commentary on Bereshit 37:2.

⁶ See Rashbam's commentary on Bereshit 25:32.

⁷ See Sefer HaYuchsin v.5 (p.218) and discussion in E. Urbach, Baalei HaTosafot, (Jerusalem, 1986) pp. 114-115.

⁸

⁹ Two versions of this commentary survived in two different printings, Bomberg and Pisarro.

¹⁰ See Tosafot MegillahMegillah 18b s.v. קנקנתוםAbout Ba'alei HaTosafot

¹¹ See TosafotBava Metziah 19a s.v. וליחושBava Batra 27a s.v. ולכתובAbout Ba'alei HaTosafot

¹² See Tosafot Bava KamaBava Kama 68a s.v. מהAbout Ba'alei HaTosafot

¹³ See Rashbam on Bava Batra 50b s.v. "רב מרי"

¹⁴ See TosafotYoma 18b s.v. והאמרYevamot 80b s.v. עדAbout Ba'alei HaTosafot

¹⁵ To compensate, the manuscript contained Parashot Vaetchanan, Eikev, and Reeh twice, with slight changes.

¹⁶ See, for instance, his comments to Bereshit 1:1, Bereshit 37:2, Shemot 21:1, and his introduction to Vayikra.

¹⁷ E. Touitou, "שיטתו הפרשנית של רשב"ם על רקע המציאות ההסטורית של זמנו” in עיונים בספרי חז"ל במקרא ובתולדות ישראל,  Ed. E.Z. Melammed (Ramat Gan, 1982): 48-74, attempts to explain what led to Rashbam's novel approach.  He suggests that Rashbam was, at least in part, reacting to the historical realities of his time, namely the Christian–Jewish polemics of his day. A large part of the controversy centered around the issue of Biblical exegesis. By focusing on "peshat" Rashbam was able to deal with Christians on their own terms. Recognizing that there are two realms of interpretation (peshat and derash) allowed him to explain passages according to the simple reading even when such explanations contradicted those of the Sages.  A. Grossman,  חכמי צרפת הראשונים, (Jerusalem, 1995): 480, brings support for this idea by pointing to several passages in which Rashbam writes, “according to ‘peshuto shel mikra’ and an answer to the heretics,” connecting the two issues himself. 
suggest that Rashbam’s new approach was not the product of external influences at all but rather internal ones. Rashbam’s commentary was simply the result of a natural historical development - one paralleled in the world of talmudic study. Rashi had laid the framework for those who followed him. Only after he explained the talmudic text could the Tosafists analyze it. And, similarly, only after he pointed out the difficulties in Biblical passages could others take issue with his solutions, question his midrashic sources - and move beyond him. Lifshutz, and others missing

¹⁸ See his comments to Bereshit 37:2, "והראשונים מתוך חסידותם נתעסקו לנטות אחרי הדרשות שהן עיקר, ומתוך כך לא הורגלו בעומק פשוטו של מקרא".  See also Rashbam Bereshit 49:9, 49:16 and Shemot 3:11 where he writes that others misunderstood the simple sense of the verses and that if one wants to grasp their true meaning, they should look to his commentary. Elsewhere, he calls his predecessor’s explanations "worthless" (Bereshit 5:28, Devarim 15:18, and his concluding remarks to Devarim 34) "false" (Shemot. 2:2) or "stupidity" (Bereshit 49:8, Shemot 33:14, 34:29).

¹⁹ See the concluding comments to Devarim, "אם יראו הרואים פירושים קדומים שנוטים לצד פשט אחר בעניינים אחרים, יתנו לב כי אינם דרך ארץ לפי חכמת דברי בני אדם או כפירוש הפסוק אינו כן" and his famous comments regarding Rashi's commentary, "וגם רבנו שלמה אבי אמי מאיר עיני גולה שפירש תורה נביאים וכתובים נתן לב לפרש פשוטו של מקרא. ואף אני שמואל ב"ר מאיר חתנו זצ"ל נתווכחתי עמו ולפניו, והודה לי שאילו היה לו פנאי היה צריך לעשות פרושים אחרים לפי הפשטות המתחדשים בכל יום".

²⁰ See the discussion below.

²¹ For other examples where Rashbam's explanation of a verse is at odds with halakhah, see his comments to Shemot 12:17, 21:6, 10, 28, 22:6, Vayikra 5:13, 11:40, Bemidbar 3011, Devarim 25:6, and 26:14.