The building of the city was not a direct challenge to God or a violation of a specific commandment of His, but was rather undesirable because of the dangers of centralized power and urban civilization. The story thus comes to inculcate moral and political lessons and promote the healthier functioning of society. This position subdivides:
The story of Migdal Bavel is about the potential for abuse of power that uniformity and central control bring.
Man's motivation for building the city / tower – Ran and Netziv explain that the people did not imagine that everyone would live in one city, but rather wanted to create a single centralized government for the entire world with a powerful capital city. According to Ran, the tower was a monument ("וְנַעֲשֶׂה לָּנוּ שֵׁם") which attested to the consensus on this governing system,
20 while for Netziv it served as a watchtower for the region.
Concern of "פֶּן נָפוּץ" – Ran explains that this does not mean that there was an attempt to prevent the diffusion of the world's population, but rather that the people wanted to put a centralized ruler in place before they dispersed, as afterwards unanimity might no longer be possible.
Hashem's reason for foiling the plans – For Ran and R. D"Z Hoffmann, world unity per se was not inherently sinful and, in fact, it is a utopian ideal which will ultimately be realized in the Messianic era. However, until that time, Hashem preferred that there be a more diversified system of checks and balances between competing rulers to prevent a situation where a single ruler could harm the entire world. Ran
21 adds that the survival of the Jewish nation throughout the ages has depended on being able to find safe harbor in one country after being expelled from another.
22 Similarly, Netziv points to the dangers of a dictatorship which suppresses any dissent and enforces uniformity on pain of death.
Who were the leaders of the plan? According to Ran, the plan was being implemented by a group of idolaters headed by Nimrod,
23 and had they succeeded monotheism would have been banned.
24 Relationship to context – Ran explains that the decentralization of civilization and power was critical at this juncture, as otherwise the entire world would have been controlled by idolaters. Thus, if not for the events of Migdal Bavel, Avraham would have been unable to migrate from Ur to Israel and it would have been impossible for him to find a setting and ruling structure more tolerant of monotheism.
Relationship between "וְזֶה הַחִלָּם לַעֲשׂוֹת" and "אֲשֶׁר יָזְמוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת" – Ran derives from this verse that the problem was not in the initial stage of the unity itself, but rather in its potential future consequences.
Message of the narrative – The story contains eternal lessons which shed light on how civilization, in general, should be governed.
"וְרֹאשׁוֹ בַשָּׁמַיִם" – According to Ran, this is merely an expression for a very tall building.
The story of Migdal Bavel is about man's chase after physical rather than spiritual rewards.
Man's motivation for building the city / tower – For R. Yitzchak Arama and Abarbanel, the plan to build the city reflected a desire for an urban lifestyle with all of its accompanying pursuits of material culture.
Hashem's reason for foiling the plans – While the Akeidat Yitzchak's critique of urban civilization is more muted, Abarbanel levels more severe criticism against the corrupted value system and lifestyle of the tower builders. Abarbanel thereby links their sin to the one he similarly attributes to both Adam and Kayin – see
Kayin's Sacrifice Rejected.
Does the punishment fit the crime? Abarbanel attempts to demonstrate that the dispersal of the tower builders parallels the punishments of expulsion and exile which Adam and Kayin received for their similar sins. However, it is unclear if the punishment had a constructive effect on the situation.
Who participated in the construction? According to Abarbanel, the leaders were Cham and his offspring, who had inherited the traits of Kayin and his descendants.