Difference between revisions of "Did Moshe Need Yitro's Advice/2/he"
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<point><b>יתרו היועץ</b> – <a href="http://www.yu.edu/faculty/emayer/parsha_shiurim/18yitro.html">ר' איתן מאייר</a> מציג גרסה של גישה זו ומשתמש ב"מטאפורה עסקית" המציירת את משה כמנכ"ל של ארגון ללא מטרות רווח למען ילדי ישראל, בו יתרו משמש כיועץ חיצוני. לפיו, יתרו הוא גורם חיצוני המביא נקודת מבט חדשה לגורמים המעורבים בדבר שהתרגלו לסטטוס קוו.</point> | <point><b>יתרו היועץ</b> – <a href="http://www.yu.edu/faculty/emayer/parsha_shiurim/18yitro.html">ר' איתן מאייר</a> מציג גרסה של גישה זו ומשתמש ב"מטאפורה עסקית" המציירת את משה כמנכ"ל של ארגון ללא מטרות רווח למען ילדי ישראל, בו יתרו משמש כיועץ חיצוני. לפיו, יתרו הוא גורם חיצוני המביא נקודת מבט חדשה לגורמים המעורבים בדבר שהתרגלו לסטטוס קוו.</point> | ||
</category> | </category> | ||
− | <category name=" | + | <category name="משה ויתרו שניהם צדקו"> |
משה ויתרו שניהם צדקו | משה ויתרו שניהם צדקו | ||
− | <p> | + | <p>משה הוציא את המירב מהסיטואציה הקשה, אך יתרו יעץ לו נכונה שיש צורך שהקב"ה יתקן את הסיבות שיצרו את הבעיה, על ידי מתן קוד של החוק האזרחי.</p> |
− | <p> | + | <p>ר' יצחק עראמה בספרו עקידת יצחק, משרטט שביל ביניים זה בניסיון לצייר את משה ויתרו באור האפשרי הטוב ביותר.</p> |
− | <mekorot><multilink><a href="Akeidat43" data-aht="source"> | + | <mekorot><multilink><a href="Akeidat43" data-aht="source">עקידת יצחק</a><a href="Akeidat43" data-aht="source">מ"ג</a><a href="ר' יצחק עראמה" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק עראמה</a></multilink></mekorot> |
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>מודע משה לא מינה שופטים מוקדם יותר?</b> העקידת יצחק מסביר שעד לזמנה של עצת יתרו, העם קיבל רק מספר חוקים בסיסיים במרה. לכן, עד שהעם קיבל את רוב החוקים האזרחיים בפרשת משפטים, משה נדרש לפסוק כל סכסוך, מאחר שגם משה וגם העם לא בטחו באף אחד אחר שישפוט באופן הוגן. לפיכך, אין למצוא כל פגם במנהיגותו של משה, כיוון שהוא עשה את הכי טוב שהיה אפשר עם האמצעים שהקב"ה העניק לו.</point> |
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>אם משה פעל נכון, מה הייתה הצעת יתרו?</b> לפי ר' יצחק עראמה, יתרו (כמו משה) הבין שלא תיתכן מערכת משפט המתפקדת היטב ללא הימצאות קוד משפט אזרחי.<fn>השוו לעמדתו של אברבנאל למטה שליתרו לא היה מושג שחוקים עתידים להינתן, והמליץ שהשופטים יפסקו לפי האינטואיציה האישית שלהם, כמו במערכת המדיינית.</fn> <br/>and therefore he attempted to address the root of the problem by proposing that the nation receive a Divine civil law code.<fn>See <a href="Structure – Sefer Shemot" data-aht="page">Structure of Sefer Shemot</a> for the possibility that Chapter 18 constitutes an introduction to the Covenant unit of the Book.</fn> Thus he understands that Yitro's words "and God will command you" ("וְצִוְּךָ אֱלֹהִים") in 18:23 refer to the necessary condition of God giving Moshe the laws<fn>See <a href="Literary Devices – Shemot 18/0#LeadWords" data-aht="page">Literary Analysis</a> for Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael, Rashi, and Abarbanel's alternative interpretations of these words.</fn> (rather than to God commanding Moshe to appoint the judges).<fn>The difficulty with the Akeidat Yitzchak's approach is that this most central aspect of Yitro's advice is mentioned only as part of the summation at the tail end of Yitro's words, rather than being stated at the outset as the necessary foundation upon which his entire proposal is dependent. [Yitro's earlier words in verse 20 about Moshe communicating the laws to the people do not break any new ground and merely reflect what Moshe had already said in verse 16 (and thus R. Arama does not point to them as a support for his thesis).]</fn> According to the Akeidat Yitzchak, Yitro was also well aware of the impending revelation, as Zipporah and her sons had come to participate in the experience – see <a href="Chronology – Shemot 18/2#ImplementedLater" data-aht="page">Chronology of Shemot 18</a>.</point> |
<point><b>Divine civil law: Yitro's revolutionary concept</b> – The Akeidat Yitzchak suggests that until Yitro's advice, Moshe did not realize that Hashem was planning on bequeathing a Divine code of civil law, and that Yitro was the first to conceive of this concept and recognize its desirability.<fn>R. Arama writes: "ובא יתרו והעיר על צרכה, וגם רוח המקום נוחה הימנו, כדי שירגישו תועלת החלק הזה מהמשפטים היותו א-להי, נוסף על שאר התועלות שיזכרו בפרשת משפטים (שער מ"ו) ב"ה." In Chapter 46, he expounds at length on this theme. Cf. the Midrash in <a href="PesiktaDRK" data-aht="source">Pesikta DeRav Kahana 12:11</a> which may be a reaction to the possibility later formulated by the Akeidat Yitzchak. A significantly more radical position is put forth by <multilink><a href="RHirschensohn" data-aht="source">R. Chaim Hirschensohn</a><a href="RHirschensohn" data-aht="source">Seder LaMikra pp.133-134</a><a href="R. Chaim Hirschensohn" data-aht="parshan">About R. Chaim Hirschensohn</a></multilink> in his work <i>Seder LaMikra</i> Vol. II (Jerusalem, 1932): 131-137. He proposes that the entire code of civil law found in Shemot 21-22 (Parashat Mishpatim) was all part of Yitro's advice.</fn> While at first blush, this approach may be difficult to digest, in truth, the Torah was the first corpus to combine ritual prescriptions with civil legislation; all other Ancient Near Eastern codes of civil law were established by the king and were separate from matters of religious worship. Thus, the Akeidat Yitzchak is proposing that Moshe originally thought that in civil matters, the nation would conduct themselves like all other nations, i.e. there would be a separation of church and state.<fn>Akeidat Yitzchak seems to consider both the possibility that Moshe thought that there wouldn't be a civil law code at all, as well as the option that there would be a code of civil law, but humanly legislated. Even regarding ritual law, one may consider the possibility that Moshe did not yet know that Hashem was planning on presenting the nation with a set of rules. Until this point, Moshe had heard only that the nation would "worship" God on Mount Sinai (Shemot 3:12), and he may have learned that Hashem would also speak only in Shemot 19:9.</fn> Cognizant of the novelty of his approach,<fn>In his own words: "והנה אם יקשה לבך על זה, תאמר איך יתכן שעל פי עצתו של יתרו נתנו הדינים לישראל, והלא התורה כלה כהוייתה קדמה לעולם תתקע"ד דורות".</fn> R. Arama concludes by pointing to parallel cases where Torah laws are given as the result of new circumstances,<fn>Such as the inheritance of daughters (Bemidbar 27) and Pesach Sheni (Bemidbar 9), and the cases of the blasphemer (Vayikra 24) and the <i>mekoshesh</i> (Bemidbar 15). See <a href="Moshe" data-aht="page">Moshe</a> for further discussion.</fn> and where it appears that Moshe had been previously unaware of the need to institute them.<fn>See the Akeidat Yitzchak's formulation: "וכבר היה משה בלתי חושש לחסרונה, כמו שלא היה מקפיד על הדינים ההם, עד שבא לו הצורך אליהם, ובא יתרו והעירה על צרכה".</fn></point> | <point><b>Divine civil law: Yitro's revolutionary concept</b> – The Akeidat Yitzchak suggests that until Yitro's advice, Moshe did not realize that Hashem was planning on bequeathing a Divine code of civil law, and that Yitro was the first to conceive of this concept and recognize its desirability.<fn>R. Arama writes: "ובא יתרו והעיר על צרכה, וגם רוח המקום נוחה הימנו, כדי שירגישו תועלת החלק הזה מהמשפטים היותו א-להי, נוסף על שאר התועלות שיזכרו בפרשת משפטים (שער מ"ו) ב"ה." In Chapter 46, he expounds at length on this theme. Cf. the Midrash in <a href="PesiktaDRK" data-aht="source">Pesikta DeRav Kahana 12:11</a> which may be a reaction to the possibility later formulated by the Akeidat Yitzchak. A significantly more radical position is put forth by <multilink><a href="RHirschensohn" data-aht="source">R. Chaim Hirschensohn</a><a href="RHirschensohn" data-aht="source">Seder LaMikra pp.133-134</a><a href="R. Chaim Hirschensohn" data-aht="parshan">About R. Chaim Hirschensohn</a></multilink> in his work <i>Seder LaMikra</i> Vol. II (Jerusalem, 1932): 131-137. He proposes that the entire code of civil law found in Shemot 21-22 (Parashat Mishpatim) was all part of Yitro's advice.</fn> While at first blush, this approach may be difficult to digest, in truth, the Torah was the first corpus to combine ritual prescriptions with civil legislation; all other Ancient Near Eastern codes of civil law were established by the king and were separate from matters of religious worship. Thus, the Akeidat Yitzchak is proposing that Moshe originally thought that in civil matters, the nation would conduct themselves like all other nations, i.e. there would be a separation of church and state.<fn>Akeidat Yitzchak seems to consider both the possibility that Moshe thought that there wouldn't be a civil law code at all, as well as the option that there would be a code of civil law, but humanly legislated. Even regarding ritual law, one may consider the possibility that Moshe did not yet know that Hashem was planning on presenting the nation with a set of rules. Until this point, Moshe had heard only that the nation would "worship" God on Mount Sinai (Shemot 3:12), and he may have learned that Hashem would also speak only in Shemot 19:9.</fn> Cognizant of the novelty of his approach,<fn>In his own words: "והנה אם יקשה לבך על זה, תאמר איך יתכן שעל פי עצתו של יתרו נתנו הדינים לישראל, והלא התורה כלה כהוייתה קדמה לעולם תתקע"ד דורות".</fn> R. Arama concludes by pointing to parallel cases where Torah laws are given as the result of new circumstances,<fn>Such as the inheritance of daughters (Bemidbar 27) and Pesach Sheni (Bemidbar 9), and the cases of the blasphemer (Vayikra 24) and the <i>mekoshesh</i> (Bemidbar 15). See <a href="Moshe" data-aht="page">Moshe</a> for further discussion.</fn> and where it appears that Moshe had been previously unaware of the need to institute them.<fn>See the Akeidat Yitzchak's formulation: "וכבר היה משה בלתי חושש לחסרונה, כמו שלא היה מקפיד על הדינים ההם, עד שבא לו הצורך אליהם, ובא יתרו והעירה על צרכה".</fn></point> | ||
<point><b>Chronology</b> – In order to understand both Moshe and Yitro, Akeidat Yitzchak needs to posit that Yitro gave his advice before the Decalogue but that it was implemented only in the second year once the nation had received the laws – see <a href="Chronology – Shemot 18/2#ImplementedLater" data-aht="page">Chronology of Shemot 18</a>.<fn>See the discussion there regarding R. Arama's position that Moshe waited to appoint judges until the second year, its motivations, difficulties, and alternatives.</fn> However, he does not explain why Yitro would have given his advice already before the Decalogue, knowing that it could not yet be implemented, and given the likelihood that Moshe on his own could have figured it out when the time was ripe.</point> | <point><b>Chronology</b> – In order to understand both Moshe and Yitro, Akeidat Yitzchak needs to posit that Yitro gave his advice before the Decalogue but that it was implemented only in the second year once the nation had received the laws – see <a href="Chronology – Shemot 18/2#ImplementedLater" data-aht="page">Chronology of Shemot 18</a>.<fn>See the discussion there regarding R. Arama's position that Moshe waited to appoint judges until the second year, its motivations, difficulties, and alternatives.</fn> However, he does not explain why Yitro would have given his advice already before the Decalogue, knowing that it could not yet be implemented, and given the likelihood that Moshe on his own could have figured it out when the time was ripe.</point> |
Version as of 02:57, 3 June 2019
האם משה היה זקוק לעצת יתרו?
גישות פרשניות
סקירה
העקידת יצחק מציין שבהבנת סיפור זה, הקורא נקלע בין הפטיש לסדן. אם עצתו של יתרו הייתה פתרון נכון וראוי למצב הבעייתי, אז משה נראה טיפשי על כך שלא פתר את הבעיה בעצמו. מצד שני, אם עצתו של יתרו הייתה לא מועילה או בלתי נדרשת, אז למה משה יישם אותה בכלל? ישנן שלוש גישות בסיסיות בהבנת התהליך המחשבתי של יתרו ומשה, והן מציירות ציורים שונים של שתי הדמויות הראשיות והיחסים ביניהן.
משה הזדקק לעזרה
משה הזדקק לעזרה בתיקון המערכת שלו, ויתרו היה מסוגל לספק לו תובנה ופרספקטיבה של גורם חיצוני.
משה ויתרו שניהם צדקו
משה הוציא את המירב מהסיטואציה הקשה, אך יתרו יעץ לו נכונה שיש צורך שהקב"ה יתקן את הסיבות שיצרו את הבעיה, על ידי מתן קוד של החוק האזרחי.
ר' יצחק עראמה בספרו עקידת יצחק, משרטט שביל ביניים זה בניסיון לצייר את משה ויתרו באור האפשרי הטוב ביותר.
and therefore he attempted to address the root of the problem by proposing that the nation receive a Divine civil law code.10 Thus he understands that Yitro's words "and God will command you" ("וְצִוְּךָ אֱלֹהִים") in 18:23 refer to the necessary condition of God giving Moshe the laws11 (rather than to God commanding Moshe to appoint the judges).12 According to the Akeidat Yitzchak, Yitro was also well aware of the impending revelation, as Zipporah and her sons had come to participate in the experience – see Chronology of Shemot 18.
Yitro's Advice was Unnecessary
Moshe's system was the best possibility for the time being, and Yitro's advice was unnecessary or unhelpful. There are a number of distinct variations of this possibility,20 but they all agree that the appointment of judges which ultimately occurred was not directly connected to Yitro's advice (see Chronology) and took place only significantly afterwards:
Long lines were an anomaly
The long line for judgment was a one-time aberration on the day of Yitro's visit, while in general there was no need for additional judges at this time.
Moshe had been away
According to the Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael and Rashi, Yitro observed Moshe judging the people on the day after Yom HaKippurim (when he descended from Mount Sinai with the second tablets) – see Chronology. If Moshe had spent the last four months on Mount Sinai, one can readily understand why a huge backlog of cases had accumulated in his absence.
Moshe had taken the previous day off when Yitro visited
Chizkuni, in explaining why the Torah notes that "it happened on the next day" posits that on the day of Yitro's arrival Moshe was busy with Yitro and had not judged the people. This might explain why he needed to work overtime on the following day.21
Newly acquired wealth
R. Medan offers an alternative predicated on the assumption that most of the Yitro story appears in chronological order – see Chronology, and that Yitro arrived and observed Moshe shortly after the battle with Amalek. According to him, the division of the spoils with Amalek caused significant strife and was responsible for Moshe's heavy caseload on that particular day.22 R. Medan posits that shortly thereafter things settled down and while the nation was encamped at Mount Sinai there was little need for additional judges. It was only in the second year, when the nation resumed their journey that complaints spiked once again and Moshe needed assistance – compare opinion cited in Hoil Moshe and see Relationship of Shemot 18 – Bemidbar 11 – Devarim 1.
Recent water shortage
R. Medan offers an additional possibility that Moshe's busy schedule resulted from the need to allocate the water which the nation had just received.24 According to this explanation, the people's complaints and the need for more judges arose only while they were in transit and not during the year they were at Mount Sinai.
There were additional prerequisites
There was a consistent need for additional judges to assist Moshe, but additional preparatory steps needed to be taken before they could be appointed:
The nation needed to first receive the laws
Moshe needed to build support
Initially, Moshe needed to judge the people himself in order to win over their hearts so that they would accept the Torah and its commandments.