Ephod – Appearance/2

Ephod – Appearance

Exegetical Approaches

This topic has not yet undergone editorial review

Apron

The Ephod was similar to an apron, extending in the back from the priest's hips to his heels.  A band at the top of the Ephod served as a belt (Cheshev haEphod), while two shoulder straps reached from the back, over the priest's shoulders, connecting to the Choshen in front.

Sources:RashiShemot 28:4-7Zevachim 18bZevachim 19aAbout R. Shelomo Yitzchaki, perhaps RambamHilkhot Kelei HaMikdash 9:9-11About R. Moshe b. Maimon,¹ perhaps Seforno2Shemot 28:6About R. Ovadyah Seforno²

Meaning of  "אֵפֹד" – Rashi is not explicit, but appears to understand the root "אפד" to mean to adorn or decorate, writing, "והאפוד שם תכשיט" and later, "הוא קרוי אפוד, על שם שאופדו ומקשטו". According to him, then, the אפוד was predominantly an ornamental garment, serving a decorative purpose.

"וַיִּתֵּן עָלָיו אֶת הָאֵפֹד וַיַּחְגֹּר אֹתוֹ בְּחֵשֶׁב" – Rashi learns from this verse (Vayikra 8:7) that the חֵשֶׁב and the אֵפֹד were two distinct parts of one article of clothing, serving different functions.  Only the חֵשֶׁב was a belt (וַיַּחְגֹּר אֹתוֹ), while the Ephod was a full garment that could be "put on" (וַיִּתֵּן עָלָיו). The relationship between the two is much like that between the "כֻּתֹּנֶת" and "אַבְנֵט" mentioned in the first half of the verse.  The "אַבְנֵט" served to belt (וַיַּחְגֹּר) the כֻּתֹּנֶת, a robe that is  worn (וַיִּתֵּן עָלָיו).

"אֶל שְׁנֵי קְצוֹתָיו" – Rashi learns from this phrase that the main part of the Ephod covered only the priest's back and was rectangular in shape, for otherwise it could not be said to have "edges". [Had it encircled the priest like a skirt, it would be difficult to pinpoint the "end" at which the כְתֵפֹת were to be joined.]

"שְׁתֵּי כְתֵפֹת חֹבְרֹת יִהְיֶה" vs. "וְחֻבָּר" – According to Rashi both phrases refer to one and the same joining, the attachment of the shoulder straps to the Ephod.³  In contrast to the חשב which was made as one piece with the Ephod, the shoulder straps were made individually and only then sewn to the Ephod. Rashi would likely suggest that he doubling is meant only for elaboration and not significant.

Vest or Tunic

The Ephod covered only the upper body of the priest, resembling a vest or corsette, or perhaps a tunic.

Sources:JosephusAntiquities of the Jews 3:7:5About Josephus, R. SaadiaSiddurAbout R. Saadia Gaon, commentary attributed to RashiDivrei HaYamim I 15:27About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki, perhaps RambamHilkhot Kelei HaMikdash 9:9-11About R. Moshe b. Maimon,⁴ perhaps R. Avraham b. HaRambamShemot 28:6-7Shemot 28:26-28About R. Avraham Maimonides, opinion brought by ChizkuniShemot 28:6-8Shemot 28:27About R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach, Meiri, perhaps RalbagShemot Beur HaMilot 28:8Shemot Toalot 28:2About R. Levi b. Gershom,⁵ perhaps AbarbanelShemot 28:6About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel,⁶ R. S.R. HirschShemot 28:4Shemot 28:8About R. Samson Raphael Hirsch

Meaning of ephod

Skirt and Top

The Ephod wrapped around the priest's waist like a skirt while the "ketefot" covered his entire back.

Sources:RashbamShemot 28:7About R. Shemuel b. Meir,

Cape

Sources:perhaps Rambam, perhaps RalbagShemot Beur HaMilot 28:8Shemot Toalot 28:2About R. Levi b. Gershom,⁷ R. Meyuchas

¹ See R. HIrsch who understands Rambam in this manner.  Rambam's words, though,  are ambiguous and can be understood in multiple ways.  This depends largely on how one understands two key terms used in his description of the length of the Ephod, "מִכְּנֶגֶד אַצִּילֵי הַיָּדַיִם" and "עַד הָרַגְלַיִם".  The former might refer to either the armpit or the elbow and the latter might refer to either the top or bottom of the legs. As such, Rambam might be envisioning a garment that extends from the armpits to the hips, from the elbow (or hip area), to the ankles, or from the armpits all the way to the ankles. Rambam's description of חשב האפוד is similarly ambiguous. He writes, "וְיֵשׁ לוֹ כְּמוֹ שְׁתֵּי יָדוֹת יוֹצְאוֹת מִמֶּנּוּ בָּאָרִיג לְכָאן וּלְכָאן", but it is not clear if he thinks these "ידות" are like straps or wider pieces of cloth.

² Seforno's description is very brief, and shares only that the Ephod was a garment that went form a person's hips and down. He does not say explicitly that it was worn only in the back, so it is also possible that he viewed it as skirt-like rather than an apron.

³ Cf. Rashbam below who disagrees.

⁴ See R"Y Ariel, "האפוד - סינר או מעיל?", Ma'alin BaKodesh (2003): 11-42, who understands Rambam in this manner, and see the image from Machon HaMikdash who fashioned an Ephod according to this understanding.

⁵ As with Rambam's description, Ralbag's words are ambiguous: "והיה לאחוריו מתחת השחי עד הרגלים".  Though it is explicit that the garment covered the preist's back from the armpits, it is ot clear how far down it extended.  Do the words "עד הרגלים" refer to the top or bottom of the legs (ie. to the hip or ankles)?

⁶ Abarbanel says that the Ephod hung on the priest's back, from under the shoulders, near the armpits, but he does not say until where it extended, making it unclear whether he envisioned it as a short vest-like garment or a long cloak.

⁷ As with Rambam's description, Ralbag's words are ambiguous: "והיה לאחוריו מתחת השחי עד הרגלים".  Though it is explicit that the garment covered the preist's back from the armpits, it is ot clear how far down it extended.  Do the words "עד הרגלים" refer to the top or bottom of the legs (ie. to the hip or ankles)?