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<h1>Exile and Enslavement – Divinely Designed?</h1> | <h1>Exile and Enslavement – Divinely Designed?</h1> | ||
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<h2>Introduction</h2> | <h2>Introduction</h2> | ||
| − | + | <p>Centuries before the Exodus,<fn>For discussion of exactly how long, see <a href="Duration of the Egyptian Exile" data-aht="page">Duration of the Egyptian Exile</a>.</fn> Hashem revealed to Avraham that his descendants would be exiled and enslaved in a foreign country for hundreds of years. <a href="Bereshit15-13" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15</a> reads:</p> | |
| − | + | <multilang style="overflow: auto;"> | |
| − | + | <q xml:lang="he" dir="rtl">(יג) וַיֹּאמֶר לְאַבְרָם יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה.</q> | |
| − | + | <q xml:lang="en" style="margin-bottom:.3em;">(13) He said to Avram, "Know for sure that your descendants will be sojourners in a land that is not theirs, and they will enslave them and afflict them for four hundred years.</q><q xml:lang="en"> </q> | |
| − | + | </multilang> | |
| − | + | <p>The realization of this Divine master plan required the choreographed cooperation of two additional parties – the Children of Israel and the unidentified foreign nation to be named later (i.e. the Egyptians).<fn>Hashem's words at the Covenant of the Pieces did not specify that the Egyptians will be the nation to enslave the Israelites. According to some commentators, Hashem did not predetermine who the nation would be. See <a href="Divine Plans and Egyptian Free Choice" data-aht="page">Divine Plans and Egyptian Free Choice</a>.</fn> Before Hashem could redeem the Israelites, they first needed to go into exile, and another nation had to enslave them.<fn>Visually, one might picture this as a triangular relationship with Hashem seated at the top of the triangle and the Israelites and Egyptians at the two bottom corners. At each stage of the process, the question is which of the players is deciding the course of action.</fn></p> | |
| − | + | <p>To comprehend the dynamics of this entire process, one must first examine each of its multiple stages and try to establish to what extent each of Hashem, the Israelites, or the Egyptians played decisive roles in their implementation. Did Hashem control the entire process<fn>For each stage, there are verses which imply both Divine foreknowledge and active intervention.</fn> or did the Israelites and Egyptians exercise their own free wills at different stages?<fn>To a great extent, the issues for the Israelites and Egyptians are flip sides of the same coin. For the Israelites, the question is why were they punished with these events, while for the Egyptians the question is why were they punished for these actions.</fn> One can then proceed to analyze the motivations of each of the various participants and to address the theological ramifications of the interplay between all of these issues.</p> | |
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<h2 name="Exile">Exile: Hashem and the Israelites</h2> | <h2 name="Exile">Exile: Hashem and the Israelites</h2> | ||
| − | + | <p>The Covenant of Pieces and Yosef's words to his brothers in <a href="Bereshit45-5" data-aht="source">Bereshit 45:5-8</a> imply Divine foreknowledge of the exile and Hashem's active intervention to make it happen. This raises several issues:</p> | |
| − | + | <ul> | |
| − | + | <li>Did God's prophecy to Avraham suspend human free choice?<fn>For a general discussion of the relationship between Divine foreknowledge and human choice, see <a href="Philosophy:Free Will" data-aht="page">Free Will</a>.</fn></li> | |
| − | + | <li>Why did Hashem decree the exile, and did He force the Israelites to emigrate to Egypt? Could Avraham's descendants have chosen not to leave Israel?</li> | |
| − | + | <li>Why did the Israelites continue to remain in Egypt even after the famine was over?</li> | |
| − | + | </ul> | |
| − | + | <p>For discussion of these questions, see <a href="Divine Plans and Israelite Free Choice" data-aht="page">Divine Plans and Israelite Free Choice</a> and <a href="Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage" data-aht="page">Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage</a>.</p> | |
<h2 name="Slavery">Slavery: Hashem and the Egyptians</h2> | <h2 name="Slavery">Slavery: Hashem and the Egyptians</h2> | ||
| − | + | <p>While at the Covenant of Pieces Hashem presents the slavery as a foregone conclusion, Shemot 1 describes how Paroh and the Egyptians enslaved the Israelites without mentioning any Divine role. Both of these also need to be reconciled with <a href="Tehillim105" data-aht="source">Tehillim 105</a> which implies that Hashem actively caused the bondage.</p> | |
| − | + | <ul> | |
| − | + | <li>Could the Egyptians or Paroh have employed free choice and decided not to subjugate the Israelites?<fn>It also merits considering whether the Israelites could have done anything to avoid being enslaved.</fn></li> | |
| − | + | <li>If Hashem impacted the Egyptians' decisions, how could He hold them accountable for their involuntary actions?</li> | |
| − | + | <li>Why did Hashem cause, or at the very least stand idly by, while His chosen nation suffered? Did the Israelites deserve to be enslaved?</li> | |
| − | + | <li>Why are we so grateful for Hashem's redemption of the Children of Israel, if He was also responsible for causing the exile and bondage?<fn>See the similar but slightly different question asked by the <multilink><a href="MaaseiHashem1" data-aht="source">Ma'asei Hashem</a><a href="MaaseiHashem1" data-aht="source">Ma'asei Mitzrayim 1</a><a href="R. Eliezer Ashkenazi (Ma'asei Hashem)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Eliezer Ashkenazi</a></multilink>: "ראוי לנו לחקור מה זאת החזקת הטובה אשר חוייבנו לו ית' על הוצאתו אותנו משם, והוא המלך במשפט יעמיד ארץ למה לא יציל עשוק מיד עושקו והמוכה מיד מכהו אחרי היותו חף בלי פשע".</fn></li> | |
| − | + | </ul> | |
| − | + | <p>For analysis of these issues, see <a href="Divine Plans and Egyptian Free Choice" data-aht="page">Divine Plans and Egyptian Free Choice</a> and <a href="Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage" data-aht="page">Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage</a>.</p> | |
<h2 name="Delayed Redemption">Delayed Redemption: Hashem and Paroh</h2> | <h2 name="Delayed Redemption">Delayed Redemption: Hashem and Paroh</h2> | ||
| − | + | <p>Even after Hashem commissions Moshe to take the Israelites out of Egypt, a long time passes until the Exodus actually occurs.<fn>See <a href="Chronology of Shemot" data-aht="page">Chronology of Shemot 2-4</a> and <a href="Chronology of Shemot" data-aht="page">Chronology of Shemot 5-7</a> for the question of how long.</fn> This delay is caused by the hardening of Paroh's heart which Hashem, not only predicts already in <a href="Shemot3-19" data-aht="source">Shemot 3:19</a>, but actually causes according to <a href="Shemot4-21" data-aht="source">Shemot 4:21</a> and many other verses.</p> | |
| − | + | <ul> | |
| − | + | <li>Was Paroh's fate determined and sealed with Hashem's proclamation, or could he still have exercised free choice and immediately released the Israelites?</li> | |
| − | + | <li>If Paroh's flouting of God's word was a preordained conclusion, why was he punished and what was the point of making Moshe repeatedly go through the motions of trying to persuade Paroh to release the Israelites?</li> | |
| − | + | <li>Why would Hashem force the Israelites to endure additional and even harsher slavery if He had already decided to redeem them?</li> | |
| − | + | </ul> | |
| − | + | <p>For further discussion, see <a href="Hardened Hearts" data-aht="page">Hardened Hearts</a>, <a href="SHE$">Delayed Redemption</a>, and <a href="Purpose of the Plagues" data-aht="page">Purpose of the Plagues</a>.</p> | |
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<h2>The Israelite Perspective</h2> | <h2>The Israelite Perspective</h2> | ||
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<p>At first glance, these verses would seem to support the notion that Hashem was responsible for all of the events in Egypt from beginning to end. Upon closer examination, though, these verses differentiate between the exile and slavery stages on one hand, and the redemption on the other. Only the latter mentions Hashem's direct involvement, while the former describes merely the roles of Avraham's descendants and an unidentified foreign nation. A similar distinction is true of the recounting of the actual events in Sefer Shemot. While Shemot 3–15 outline in great detail Hashem's active intervention to redeem the Israelites, Shemot 1–2 are pointedly silent about His role in facilitating the exile and bondage.<fn>This stands in stark contrast to many other Biblical punishments regarding which Tanakh emphasizes that it was God who was responsible.</fn></p> | <p>At first glance, these verses would seem to support the notion that Hashem was responsible for all of the events in Egypt from beginning to end. Upon closer examination, though, these verses differentiate between the exile and slavery stages on one hand, and the redemption on the other. Only the latter mentions Hashem's direct involvement, while the former describes merely the roles of Avraham's descendants and an unidentified foreign nation. A similar distinction is true of the recounting of the actual events in Sefer Shemot. While Shemot 3–15 outline in great detail Hashem's active intervention to redeem the Israelites, Shemot 1–2 are pointedly silent about His role in facilitating the exile and bondage.<fn>This stands in stark contrast to many other Biblical punishments regarding which Tanakh emphasizes that it was God who was responsible.</fn></p> | ||
<p>Two additional verses shed light on this issue. In Bereshit 45:8, Yosef assures his brothers that it was God who directed the course of events which sent him (and them) to Egypt:<fn>This verse may be the backdrop for the Haggadah Shel Pesach's exegesis "וירד מצרימה – אנוס על פי הדיבור".</fn></p> | <p>Two additional verses shed light on this issue. In Bereshit 45:8, Yosef assures his brothers that it was God who directed the course of events which sent him (and them) to Egypt:<fn>This verse may be the backdrop for the Haggadah Shel Pesach's exegesis "וירד מצרימה – אנוס על פי הדיבור".</fn></p> | ||
| − | <q dir="rtl">וְעַתָּה לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי הֵנָּה כִּי | + | <q dir="rtl">וְעַתָּה לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי הֵנָּה כִּי הָאֱ-לֹהִים וַיְשִׂימֵנִי לְאָב לְפַרְעֹה וּלְאָדוֹן לְכָל בֵּיתוֹ וּמֹשֵׁל בְּכָל אֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם.<fn>Yosef repeats this theme in Bereshit 50:20 "וְאַתֶּם חֲשַׁבְתֶּם עָלַי רָעָה אֱ-לֹהִים חֲשָׁבָהּ לְטֹבָה לְמַעַן עֲשֹׂה כַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה לְהַחֲיֹת עַם רָב". See also <a href="Tehillim105" data-aht="source">Tehillim 105:17-22</a> which portrays Hashem as having pulled the strings which led to the Israelites' descent to Egypt.</fn></q> |
<p>Similarly, <a href="Tehillim105" data-aht="source">Tehillim 105:25</a> appears to imply that Hashem manipulated the Egyptians and caused them to hate the Israelites and plot against them:</p> | <p>Similarly, <a href="Tehillim105" data-aht="source">Tehillim 105:25</a> appears to imply that Hashem manipulated the Egyptians and caused them to hate the Israelites and plot against them:</p> | ||
<q dir="rtl">הָפַךְ לִבָּם לִשְׂנֹא עַמּוֹ לְהִתְנַכֵּל בַּעֲבָדָיו.</q> | <q dir="rtl">הָפַךְ לִבָּם לִשְׂנֹא עַמּוֹ לְהִתְנַכֵּל בַּעֲבָדָיו.</q> | ||
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<h2 name="Divine Decree">Divine Decree of Bondage</h2> | <h2 name="Divine Decree">Divine Decree of Bondage</h2> | ||
| − | <p>The first prediction of the slavery occurs in <a href="Bereshit15-13" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15</a> at the Covenant of the Pieces when Hashem tells Avraham that his descendants will be enslaved and oppressed. In light of this, <multilink><a href="RambamTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Maimonides</a><a href="RambamTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Hilkhot Teshuvah 6:5</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Maimon (Rambam)" data-aht="parshan">About Rambam</a></multilink> formulates the following question as to why the Egyptians were punished:</p> | + | <p>The first prediction of the slavery occurs in <a href="Bereshit15-13" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15</a> at the Covenant of the Pieces when Hashem tells Avraham that his descendants will be enslaved and oppressed. In light of this, <multilink><a href="RambamTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Maimonides</a><a href="RambamTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Hilkhot Teshuvah 6:5</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Maimon (Rambam, Maimonides)" data-aht="parshan">About Rambam</a></multilink> formulates the following question as to why the Egyptians were punished:</p> |
<q dir="rtl">והלא כתוב בתורה ועבדום וענו אותם, הרי גזר על המצריים לעשות רע... ולמה נפרע מהן?</q> | <q dir="rtl">והלא כתוב בתורה ועבדום וענו אותם, הרי גזר על המצריים לעשות רע... ולמה נפרע מהן?</q> | ||
<p>Various solutions have been proposed to address this question:</p> | <p>Various solutions have been proposed to address this question:</p> | ||
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<li>Hashem only foretold the future but did not compel the Egyptians to act in any particular way – <multilink><a href="RanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Ran</a><a href="RanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:14</a><a href="R. Nissim Gerondi (Ran)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Nissim Gerondi</a></multilink>.<fn><multilink><a href="AbarbanelHaggadah" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelHaggadah" data-aht="source">Zevach Pesach s.v. "Baruch Shomer" Approach #3</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink> adopts a similar approach regarding the parallel question from the Israelite perspective.</fn></li> | <li>Hashem only foretold the future but did not compel the Egyptians to act in any particular way – <multilink><a href="RanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Ran</a><a href="RanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:14</a><a href="R. Nissim Gerondi (Ran)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Nissim Gerondi</a></multilink>.<fn><multilink><a href="AbarbanelHaggadah" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelHaggadah" data-aht="source">Zevach Pesach s.v. "Baruch Shomer" Approach #3</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink> adopts a similar approach regarding the parallel question from the Israelite perspective.</fn></li> | ||
<li>The decree was only general and the identity of the oppressing nation was not specified – <multilink><a href="RanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Ran</a><a href="RanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:14</a><a href="R. Nissim Gerondi (Ran)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Nissim Gerondi</a></multilink>.</li> | <li>The decree was only general and the identity of the oppressing nation was not specified – <multilink><a href="RanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Ran</a><a href="RanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:14</a><a href="R. Nissim Gerondi (Ran)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Nissim Gerondi</a></multilink>.</li> | ||
| − | <li>The decree was only on a nation and not any particular individual – <multilink><a href="RambamTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Rambam</a><a href="RambamTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Hilkhot Teshuvah 6:5</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Maimon (Rambam)" data-aht="parshan">About Rambam</a></multilink>.</li> | + | <li>The decree was only on a nation and not any particular individual – <multilink><a href="RambamTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Rambam</a><a href="RambamTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Hilkhot Teshuvah 6:5</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Maimon (Rambam, Maimonides)" data-aht="parshan">About Rambam</a></multilink>.</li> |
| − | <li>The decree was only to enslave and oppress while the Egyptians went much too far and even attempted to exterminate – <multilink><a href="RaavadTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Raavad</a><a href="RaavadTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Hilkhot Teshuvah 6:5</a><a href="R. Avraham b. David" data-aht="parshan">About Raavad</a></multilink>'s second answer, <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:14</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban)" data-aht="parshan">About Ramban</a></multilink>'s first approach.</li> | + | <li>The decree was only to enslave and oppress while the Egyptians went much too far and even attempted to exterminate – <multilink><a href="RaavadTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Raavad</a><a href="RaavadTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Hilkhot Teshuvah 6:5</a><a href="R. Avraham b. David (Raavad)" data-aht="parshan">About Raavad</a></multilink>'s second answer, <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:14</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About Ramban</a></multilink>'s first approach.</li> |
| − | <li>The Egyptians were punished because their intention was not to fulfill the Divine decree – <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:14</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban)" data-aht="parshan">About Ramban</a></multilink>'s second approach answer.</li> | + | <li>The Egyptians were punished because their intention was not to fulfill the Divine decree – <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBereshit15-14" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:14</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About Ramban</a></multilink>'s second approach answer.</li> |
| − | <li>The Egyptians were not punished for enslaving the Israelites, but only for not freeing them immediately upon receiving Hashem's instructions – <multilink><a href="RaavadTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Raavad</a><a href="RaavadTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Hilkhot Teshuvah 6:5</a><a href="R. Avraham b. David" data-aht="parshan">About Raavad</a></multilink>'s first answer.</li> | + | <li>The Egyptians were not punished for enslaving the Israelites, but only for not freeing them immediately upon receiving Hashem's instructions – <multilink><a href="RaavadTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Raavad</a><a href="RaavadTeshuvah6-5" data-aht="source">Hilkhot Teshuvah 6:5</a><a href="R. Avraham b. David (Raavad)" data-aht="parshan">About Raavad</a></multilink>'s first answer.</li> |
</ul> | </ul> | ||
<p>For similar cases and further discussion, see <a href="Philosophy:Free Will" data-aht="page">Free Will</a>.</p> | <p>For similar cases and further discussion, see <a href="Philosophy:Free Will" data-aht="page">Free Will</a>.</p> | ||
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Latest revision as of 07:01, 30 July 2019
Exile and Enslavement – Divinely Designed?
Introduction
Centuries before the Exodus,1 Hashem revealed to Avraham that his descendants would be exiled and enslaved in a foreign country for hundreds of years. Bereshit 15 reads:
EN/HEע/E
(יג) וַיֹּאמֶר לְאַבְרָם יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה.
(13) He said to Avram, "Know for sure that your descendants will be sojourners in a land that is not theirs, and they will enslave them and afflict them for four hundred years.
The realization of this Divine master plan required the choreographed cooperation of two additional parties – the Children of Israel and the unidentified foreign nation to be named later (i.e. the Egyptians).2 Before Hashem could redeem the Israelites, they first needed to go into exile, and another nation had to enslave them.3
To comprehend the dynamics of this entire process, one must first examine each of its multiple stages and try to establish to what extent each of Hashem, the Israelites, or the Egyptians played decisive roles in their implementation. Did Hashem control the entire process4 or did the Israelites and Egyptians exercise their own free wills at different stages?5 One can then proceed to analyze the motivations of each of the various participants and to address the theological ramifications of the interplay between all of these issues.
Exile: Hashem and the Israelites
The Covenant of Pieces and Yosef's words to his brothers in Bereshit 45:5-8 imply Divine foreknowledge of the exile and Hashem's active intervention to make it happen. This raises several issues:
- Did God's prophecy to Avraham suspend human free choice?6
- Why did Hashem decree the exile, and did He force the Israelites to emigrate to Egypt? Could Avraham's descendants have chosen not to leave Israel?
- Why did the Israelites continue to remain in Egypt even after the famine was over?
For discussion of these questions, see Divine Plans and Israelite Free Choice and Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage.
Slavery: Hashem and the Egyptians
While at the Covenant of Pieces Hashem presents the slavery as a foregone conclusion, Shemot 1 describes how Paroh and the Egyptians enslaved the Israelites without mentioning any Divine role. Both of these also need to be reconciled with Tehillim 105 which implies that Hashem actively caused the bondage.
- Could the Egyptians or Paroh have employed free choice and decided not to subjugate the Israelites?7
- If Hashem impacted the Egyptians' decisions, how could He hold them accountable for their involuntary actions?
- Why did Hashem cause, or at the very least stand idly by, while His chosen nation suffered? Did the Israelites deserve to be enslaved?
- Why are we so grateful for Hashem's redemption of the Children of Israel, if He was also responsible for causing the exile and bondage?8
For analysis of these issues, see Divine Plans and Egyptian Free Choice and Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage.
Delayed Redemption: Hashem and Paroh
Even after Hashem commissions Moshe to take the Israelites out of Egypt, a long time passes until the Exodus actually occurs.9 This delay is caused by the hardening of Paroh's heart which Hashem, not only predicts already in Shemot 3:19, but actually causes according to Shemot 4:21 and many other verses.
- Was Paroh's fate determined and sealed with Hashem's proclamation, or could he still have exercised free choice and immediately released the Israelites?
- If Paroh's flouting of God's word was a preordained conclusion, why was he punished and what was the point of making Moshe repeatedly go through the motions of trying to persuade Paroh to release the Israelites?
- Why would Hashem force the Israelites to endure additional and even harsher slavery if He had already decided to redeem them?
For further discussion, see Hardened Hearts, Delayed Redemption, and Purpose of the Plagues.
