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<td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><b>גדעון <br/></b></td>
 
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<td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">מות</td>
 
<td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">מות</td>
<td>(נד) וַיִּקְרָא מְהֵרָה אֶל הַנַּעַר <span style="color: #0000ff;">נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו</span> וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ <span style="color: #0000ff;">שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ</span> וּמוֹתְתֵנִי פֶּן יֹאמְרוּ לִי אִשָּׁה הֲרָגָתְהוּ <span style="color: #0000ff;">וַיִּדְקְרֵהוּ</span> נַעֲרוֹ וַיָּמֹת.</td>
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<td>(נד) וַיִּקְרָא מְהֵרָה אֶל הַנַּעַר <span style="color: #0000ff;">נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו</span> וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ <span style="color: #0000ff;">שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">וּמוֹתְתֵנִי</span> פֶּן יֹאמְרוּ לִי אִשָּׁה הֲרָגָתְהוּ <span style="color: #0000ff;">וַיִּדְקְרֵהוּ</span> נַעֲרוֹ וַיָּמֹת.</td>
 
<td>(ד) וַיֹּאמֶר שָׁאוּל <span style="color: #0000ff;">לְנֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ וְדׇקְרֵנִי</span> בָהּ פֶּן יָבוֹאוּ הָעֲרֵלִים הָאֵלֶּה וּדְקָרֻנִי וְהִתְעַלְּלוּ בִי וְלֹא אָבָה נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו כִּי יָרֵא מְאֹד וַיִּקַּח שָׁאוּל אֶת הַחֶרֶב וַיִּפֹּל עָלֶיהָ.</td>
 
<td>(ד) וַיֹּאמֶר שָׁאוּל <span style="color: #0000ff;">לְנֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ וְדׇקְרֵנִי</span> בָהּ פֶּן יָבוֹאוּ הָעֲרֵלִים הָאֵלֶּה וּדְקָרֻנִי וְהִתְעַלְּלוּ בִי וְלֹא אָבָה נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו כִּי יָרֵא מְאֹד וַיִּקַּח שָׁאוּל אֶת הַחֶרֶב וַיִּפֹּל עָלֶיהָ.</td>
 
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</multilang>
 
</multilang>
 
<p>&#160;</p>
 
<p>&#160;</p>
<table lang="en">
 
 
<tr><th>Gidon and the Early Stages of Shaul's Career</th>
 
<td>
 
<ul>
 
<li><b>The Prophet's Rebuke</b> – Before Gidon's appointment, an unnamed prophet speaks to the Israelites, mentioning how Hashem took them out of Egypt and saved them from their enemies. Before Shaul's crowning, Shemuel speaks to the nation using almost identical language.</li>
 
<li><b>Hashem's Support</b> – Gidon is sent ("שְׁלַחְתִּיךָ") to rescue Israel ("וְהוֹשַׁעְתָּ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל"), and will succeed because of Hashem's help ("כִּי אֶהְיֶה עִמָּךְ"). Shaul is also sent ("אֶשְׁלַח") to resuce Israel ("וְהוֹשִׁיעַ אֶת עַמִּי") and has Hashem's support ("כִּי הָאֱלֹהִים עִמָּךְ").</li>
 
<li><b>Heavenly Spirit</b> – A heavenly sprit ("רוּחַ י"י" / "רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים") comes upon both Gidon and Shaul.</li>
 
<li><b>Battle Preparations and Tactics</b> – Gidon sends out messengers ("וּמַלְאָכִים שָׁלַח") to gather an army. He then splits it into three sections ("שְׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים"), and comes to ("וַיָּבֹא") the enemy camp ("הַמַּחֲנֶה") at midnight ("הָאַשְׁמֹרֶת הַתִּיכוֹנָה"). Shaul also sends out messengers ("וַיְשַׁלַּח... הַמַּלְאָכִים") to gather an army. He then splits it into three sections ("שְׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים"), and comes through ("וַיָּבֹאוּ") the enemy camp ("הַמַּחֲנֶה") at dawn ("בְּאַשְׁמֹרֶת הַבֹּקֶר").</li>
 
</ul>
 
</td>
 
</tr>
 
<tr><th>Gidon's Battle and Shaul's Battle at Michmas</th>
 
<td>
 
<ul>
 
<li><b>Sending to the Tents</b> – Both Gidon and Shaul select their elite soldiers, sending the rest back to their tents ("שִׁלַּח אִישׁ לְאֹהָלָיו").</li>
 
<li><b>Size of Enemy Army</b> – Both the Midianites and the Pelishhtim are described as being as many as the sand ("כַּחוֹל שֶׁעַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם לָרֹב").</li>
 
<li><b>Enemy Turning on Itself</b> – During the battle, both the Midianite and the Pelishtim camps are described as killing each other with the phrase "חֶרֶב אִישׁ בְּרֵעֵהוּ".</li>
 
</ul>
 
</td>
 
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<tr><th>Avimelekh and Shaul</th>
 
<td>
 
<ul>
 
<li><b>Bad Spirit</b> – Both Avimelekh and Shaul are affected by a bad spirit ("רוּחַ רָעָה") sent by Hashem.</li>
 
<li><b>Rebuke from the Mountain</b> – Both Yotam and David stand ("וַיַּעֲמֹד") on top of a mountain ("בְּרֹאשׁ הַר" / "עַל רֹאשׁ הָהָר") and call out ("וַיִּקְרָא").</li>
 
<li><b>Death</b> – Avimelekh and Shaul both ask their arms-bearer ("נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו") to unsheathe their sword ("שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ") and stab them ("וַיִּדְקְרֵהוּ" / "וְדׇקְרֵנִי").</li>
 
</ul>
 
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</table>
 
  
 
<h2>Analysis</h2>
 
<h2>Analysis</h2>
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<ul>
 
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<ul>
<li><b>The Early Stages of Gidon and Shaul's Careers</b> – The language used by the prophet in his rebuke is found only in these two places. The phrases "שְׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים" and the term "אַשְׁמֹרֶת" are also found only rarely.<fn>It is interesting to note that two of the other instances of dividing an army into "שְׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים" are also found in our narratives, in Shofetim 9:43 and Shemuel I 13:17. The phrase&#160; is also found in Iyyov 1:17. The term "אַשְׁמֹרֶת" appears in Shemot 14:24, Tehillim 63:7, 90:4, 119:148, and Eicha 2:19.</fn></li>
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<li><b>The Early Stages of Gidon and Shaul's Careers</b> – The language used by the prophet in his rebuke is found only in these two places. The phrases "שְׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים" and the term "אַשְׁמֹרֶת" are also found only rarely.<fn>It is interesting to note that two of the other instances of dividing an army into "שְׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים" are also found in our narratives, in Shofetim 9:43 and Shemuel I 13:17. The phrase&#160; is also found in Iyyov 1:17. The term "אַשְׁמֹרֶת" appears in Shemot 14:24, Tehillim 63:7, 90:4, 119:148, and Eicha 2:19.</fn>&#160; Most of the ether parallels, however, do not contain singular language.</li>
 
<li><b>Gidon's Battle and Shaul's Battle at Michmas</b> – The phrases&#160; "שִׁלַּח אִישׁ לְאֹהָלָיו" and "חֶרֶב אִישׁ בְּרֵעֵהוּ" appear only in these stories.<fn>Similar (but not identical) phrases appear elsewhere: see Yehoshua 22:6-7 and Divrei HaYamim II 7:10 for other "sending to tents", and see Yechezkel 38:21 and Chagai 2:22 for "sword in one's brother".</fn> The phrase "כַּחוֹל אֲשֶׁר עַל / שֶׁעַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם לָרֹב", while not unique, is also found only rarely.<fn>See Yehoshua 11:4 for another army described as such, and Bereshit 22:17 and Melakhim I 5:9 for other usages.</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Gidon's Battle and Shaul's Battle at Michmas</b> – The phrases&#160; "שִׁלַּח אִישׁ לְאֹהָלָיו" and "חֶרֶב אִישׁ בְּרֵעֵהוּ" appear only in these stories.<fn>Similar (but not identical) phrases appear elsewhere: see Yehoshua 22:6-7 and Divrei HaYamim II 7:10 for other "sending to tents", and see Yechezkel 38:21 and Chagai 2:22 for "sword in one's brother".</fn> The phrase "כַּחוֹל אֲשֶׁר עַל / שֶׁעַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם לָרֹב", while not unique, is also found only rarely.<fn>See Yehoshua 11:4 for another army described as such, and Bereshit 22:17 and Melakhim I 5:9 for other usages.</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Avimelekh and Shaul</b> – The term "bad spirit" ("רוּחַ רָעָה"), the phrase "standing" ("וַיַּעֲמֹד") on "top of a mountain" ("בְּרֹאשׁ הַר" / "עַל רֹאשׁ הָהָר"), and the request "שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ" appear only in these stories. The term arms-bearer ("נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו") and the verb stab (דקר) are also found only rarely in Tanakh.<fn>Only two other characters, Yonatan and Yoav, have arms-bearers, and the verb דקר is found in only eight other places in Tanakh.</fn></li>
 
<li><b>Avimelekh and Shaul</b> – The term "bad spirit" ("רוּחַ רָעָה"), the phrase "standing" ("וַיַּעֲמֹד") on "top of a mountain" ("בְּרֹאשׁ הַר" / "עַל רֹאשׁ הָהָר"), and the request "שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ" appear only in these stories. The term arms-bearer ("נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו") and the verb stab (דקר) are also found only rarely in Tanakh.<fn>Only two other characters, Yonatan and Yoav, have arms-bearers, and the verb דקר is found in only eight other places in Tanakh.</fn></li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
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<ul>
 +
<li><b>Degree of similarity</b> – Though the speech of the prophet to both Gidon and Shaul is almost identical, and there are several phrases which have a high degree of similarity,<fn>For example, see "כַּחוֹל אֲשֶׁר עַל / שֶׁעַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם לָרֹב", "שִׁלַּח אִישׁ לְאֹהָלָיו", and "חֶרֶב אִישׁ בְּרֵעֵהוּ".</fn> many of the other parallels are not exact.&#160; In several of them synonyms substitute for a certain word,<fn>See, for instance, "שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ וּמוֹתְתֵנִי" versus "שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ וְדׇקְרֵנִי", or "וְהוֹשַׁעְתָּ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל" versus "וְהוֹשִׁיעַ אֶת עַמִּי".</fn> or there is a change in order, number or speaker.</li>
 +
<li>Function of the parallels</li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
  
 
<h2>Points of Contrast</h2>
 
<h2>Points of Contrast</h2>
 +
<p>Most of the points of contrast between the narratives relate to Gidona nd Shaul's behavior during their battle:</p>
 +
<p>&#160;</p>
  
 
<h2>Conclusions</h2>
 
<h2>Conclusions</h2>

Version as of 13:01, 7 December 2016

Gidon and Shaul

This topic has not yet undergone editorial review

Introduction

Though Gidon and Shaul might initially appear to have little in common, the narratives of the two leaders actually have significant overlap. A study of the parallels reveals that in the beginning of their paths, Shaul and Gidon are much alike. However, with time, Shaul gradually moves in a different direction, until he turns into a tyrannical ruler, much closer in nature to Gidon's son Avimelekh, than to the Shofet.

Content Parallels

 The table below charts many of the content similarities between the two narratives:

The Early Stages of Gidon and Shaul's Careers
  • Background to appointment – The appointment of both leaders comes on the backdrop of oppression by an enemy and follows a prophetic speech about how Hashem consistently saves His nation from their enemies.
  • Refusal – After being appointed as a leader by Hashem's representative, both Gidon and Shaul initially refuse to accept the position due to their families' low stature and size.
  • Three Signs – Before Gidon commits to battle, he is given three different signs as encouragement. When Shaul leaves Shemuel, he is similarly told of three events which will serve as signs that Hashem is with him.
  • Battle Preparations and Tactics – In preparation for each of their initial battles1 both leaders send out messengers to collect soldiers to fight and split their army into three sections.
  • Post-Battle Conflict – Following the battle, the men of Ephraim complain to Gidon, but he manages to pacify them without any deaths. Following Shaul's battle, their is an attempt to kill anyone opposed to Shaul, but Shaul also manages to prevent any bloodshed.
  • Kingship Offer – As a result of the victory, an offer is made to both Gidon and Shaul to make them a king over Israel.
Gidon's Battle with Midyan and Shaul's Battle at Michmas
  • The Nation Hides – In both stories, the Israelites hide from the enemy in various caves and other inaccessible places.
  • Diminishing army– Gidon gathers an army through a shofar blast.  He then dismisses the fearful soldiers and following a further winnowing process, he reduces the army to only three hundred elite soldiers. Shaul similarly calls his men by blowing the shofar, but the fearful flee to Gilad, leaving him only six hundred soldiers.
  • The Enemy – Both the Midianites and the Philistines are described as having armies as vast as the sand by the sea.
  • Battle Tactics – Gidon and Shaul make use of confusion in the enemy's ranks, causing the enemy to turn on itself. The enemy is then chased by reinforcements summoned from Mount Ephraim.
  • No Food During Pursuit – Following a lengthy pursuit, Gidon attempts to secure food for his fatigued army but is refused. While pursuing the Philistines, Shaul prohibits his army from eating, causing them to become tired.
Avimelekh and Shaul
  • Destruction of Competitors – Avimelekh kills all seventy of his brothers,2 with only the youngest son, Yotam, escaping. Shaul orders the death of all the priests of Nov,3 with only one priest, Evyatar, escaping.
  • Rebuke from the Mountain – After escaping, Yotam stands on top of Mount Gerizim, accusing Avimelekh's supporters (בעלי שכם) of ingratitude. When fleeing Shaul, David calls out from the top of the mountain, asking what wrong he has done to deserve Shaul hunting him.
  • Evil Spirit – An evil spirit is sent by Hashem to plague both leaders.
  • Death – When death is imminent in battle, both  leaders ask their arms-bearer to stab them and kill them so that they can die at their hand rather than by others.4

Literary Allusions

 The above similarities in content are buttressed by several linguistic parallels.  These are divided into three distinct tables, one for each section of the narrative:

EN/HEע/E
גדעון ושאול בהתחלת דרכם

גדעון
שאול
נאום הנביא

(ו:ח) וַיִּשְׁלַח י"י אִישׁ נָבִיא אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמֶר לָהֶם כֹּה אָמַר י"י אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אָנֹכִי הֶעֱלֵיתִי אֶתְכֶם מִמִּצְרַיִם וָאֹצִיא אֶתְכֶם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים. (ט) וָאַצִּל אֶתְכֶם מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם וּמִיַּד כׇּל לֹחֲצֵיכֶם...

(י:יז) וַיַּצְעֵק שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת הָעָם אֶל י"י הַמִּצְפָּה. (יח) וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כֹּה אָמַר י"י אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אָנֹכִי הֶעֱלֵיתִי אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרָיִם וָאַצִּיל אֶתְכֶם מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם וּמִיַּד כׇּל הַמַּמְלָכוֹת הַלֹּחֲצִים אֶתְכֶם.
גבור חיל (יב) וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו מַלְאַךְ י"י וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו י"י עִמְּךָ גִּבּוֹר הֶחָיִל. (ט:א) וַיְהִי אִישׁ [מִבִּנְיָמִין] (מבן ימין) וּשְׁמוֹ קִישׁ... גִּבּוֹר חָיִל.
מינוי כמושיע (יד) וַיִּפֶן אֵלָיו י"י וַיֹּאמֶר לֵךְ בְּכֹחֲךָ זֶה וְהוֹשַׁעְתָּ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִכַּף מִדְיָן הֲלֹא שְׁלַחְתִּיךָ. (ט:טז) כָּעֵת מָחָר אֶשְׁלַח אֵלֶיךָ אִישׁ מֵאֶרֶץ בִּנְיָמִן... וְהוֹשִׁיעַ אֶת עַמִּי מִיַּד פְּלִשְׁתִּים...
היסוס בגלל חוסר ייחוס (טו) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו בִּי אֲדֹנָי בַּמָּה אוֹשִׁיעַ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל הִנֵּה אַלְפִּי הַדַּל בִּמְנַשֶּׁה וְאָנֹכִי הַצָּעִיר בְּבֵית אָבִי. (ט:כא) וַיַּעַן שָׁאוּל וַיֹּאמֶר הֲלוֹא בֶן יְמִינִי אָנֹכִי מִקַּטַנֵּי שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִשְׁפַּחְתִּי הַצְּעִרָה מִכׇּל מִשְׁפְּחוֹת שִׁבְטֵי בִנְיָמִן וְלָמָּה דִּבַּרְתָּ אֵלַי כַּדָּבָר הַזֶּה.
ה' עמו (טז) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו י"י כִּי אֶהְיֶה עִמָּךְ וְהִכִּיתָ אֶת מִדְיָן כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד. (י:ז) וְעֲשֵׂה לְךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּמְצָא יָדֶךָ כִּי הָאֱלֹהִים עִמָּךְ.
רוח ה' (לד) וְרוּחַ י"י לָבְשָׁה אֶת גִּדְעוֹן (יא:ו) וַתִּצְלַח רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים עַל שָׁאוּל
שליחת מלאכים לאסוף את העם (לה) וּמַלְאָכִים שָׁלַח בְּכׇל מְנַשֶּׁה וַיִּזָּעֵק גַּם הוּא אַחֲרָיו וּמַלְאָכִים שָׁלַח בְּאָשֵׁר וּבִזְבֻלוּן וּבְנַפְתָּלִי וַיַּעֲלוּ לִקְרָאתָם. (יא:ז) וַיִּקַּח צֶמֶד בָּקָר וַיְנַתְּחֵהוּ וַיְשַׁלַּח בְּכׇל גְּבוּל יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּיַד הַמַּלְאָכִים... וַיִּפֹּל פַּחַד י"י עַל הָעָם וַיֵּצְאוּ כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד.
טקטיקת המלחמה (ז:טז) וַיַּחַץ אֶת שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת הָאִישׁ שְׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים ...(יט) וַיָּבֹא גִדְעוֹן וּמֵאָה אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אִתּוֹ... הַמַּחֲנֶה רֹאשׁ הָאַשְׁמֹרֶת הַתִּיכוֹנָה. (יא:יא) וַיְהִי מִמׇּחֳרָת וַיָּשֶׂם שָׁאוּל אֶת הָעָם שְׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים וַיָּבֹאוּ בְתוֹךְ הַמַּחֲנֶה בְּאַשְׁמֹרֶת הַבֹּקֶר וַיַּכּוּ אֶת עַמּוֹן עַד חֹם הַיּוֹם ...
























 

EN/HEע/E
גדעון ושאול במלחמה
  גדעון שאול
הזעקת העם (ו:לד) וְרוּחַ י"י לָבְשָׁה אֶת גִּדְעוֹן וַיִּתְקַע בַּשּׁוֹפָר וַיִּזָּעֵק אֲבִיעֶזֶר אַחֲרָיו. (יג:ג-ד) וְשָׁאוּל תָּקַע בַּשּׁוֹפָר... וַיִּצָּעֲקוּ הָעָם אַחֲרֵי שָׁאוּל הַגִּלְגָּל..
שליחות העם הביתה (ז:ח) וַיִּקְחוּ אֶת צֵדָה הָעָם בְּיָדָם וְאֵת שׁוֹפְרֹתֵיהֶם וְאֵת כׇּל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל שִׁלַּח אִישׁ לְאֹהָלָיו (יג:ב) וַיִּבְחַר לוֹ שָׁאוּל שְׁלֹשֶׁת אֲלָפִים מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל... וְיֶתֶר הָעָם שִׁלַּח אִישׁ לְאֹהָלָיו.
עוצמת האויב (ז:יב) וּמִדְיָן וַעֲמָלֵק וְכׇל בְּנֵי קֶדֶם נֹפְלִים בָּעֵמֶק כָּאַרְבֶּה לָרֹב וְלִגְמַלֵּיהֶם אֵין מִסְפָּר כַּחוֹל שֶׁעַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם לָרֹב. (יג:ה) וּפְלִשְׁתִּים נֶאֶסְפוּ לְהִלָּחֵם עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁלֹשִׁים אֶלֶף רֶכֶב וְשֵׁשֶׁת אֲלָפִים פָּרָשִׁים וְעָם כַּחוֹל אֲשֶׁר עַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם לָרֹב...
מהומה במחנה האויב (ז:כב) וַיִּתְקְעוּ שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת הַשּׁוֹפָרוֹת וַיָּשֶׂם י"י אֵת חֶרֶב אִישׁ בְּרֵעֵהוּ וּבְכׇל הַמַּחֲנֶה... (יד:כ) וַיָּבֹאוּ עַד הַמִּלְחָמָה וְהִנֵּה הָיְתָה חֶרֶב אִישׁ בְּרֵעֵהוּ מְהוּמָה גְּדוֹלָה מְאֹד.
לחם לעייפים (ח:ה) וַיֹּאמֶר לְאַנְשֵׁי סֻכּוֹת תְּנוּ נָא כִּכְּרוֹת לֶחֶם לָעָם אֲשֶׁר בְּרַגְלָי כִּי עֲיֵפִים הֵם וְאָנֹכִי רֹדֵף אַחֲרֵי זֶבַח וְצַלְמֻנָּע מַלְכֵי מִדְיָן. (יד:כח) וַיַּעַן אִישׁ מֵהָעָם וַיֹּאמֶר הַשְׁבֵּעַ הִשְׁבִּיעַ אָבִיךָ אֶת הָעָם לֵאמֹר אָרוּר הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יֹאכַל לֶחֶם הַיּוֹם וַיָּעַף הָעָם
חרדה במחנה (ח:יב) וַיִּלְכֹּד אֶת שְׁנֵי מַלְכֵי מִדְיָן אֶת זֶבַח וְאֶת צַלְמֻנָּע וְכׇל הַמַּחֲנֶה הֶחֱרִיד (יד:טו) וַתְּהִי חֲרָדָה בַמַּחֲנֶה בַשָּׂדֶה וּבְכׇל הָעָם הַמַּצָּב וְהַמַּשְׁחִית חָרְדוּ גַּם הֵמָּה...





















 

EN/HEע/E
אבימלך ושאול
  אבימלך שאול
רוח רעה (כג) וַיִּשְׁלַח אֱלֹהִים רוּחַ רָעָה בֵּין אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וּבֵין בַּעֲלֵי שְׁכֶם וַיִּבְגְּדוּ בַעֲלֵי שְׁכֶם בַּאֲבִימֶלֶךְ. (טז:יד) וְרוּחַ י"י סָרָה מֵעִם שָׁאוּל וּבִעֲתַתּוּ רוּחַ רָעָה מֵאֵת י"י.
תוכחה מההר (ז) וַיַּגִּדוּ לְיוֹתָם וַיֵּלֶךְ וַיַּעֲמֹד בְּרֹאשׁ הַר גְּרִזִים וַיִּשָּׂא קוֹלוֹ וַיִּקְרָא... (כו:יג-יד) וַיַּעֲבֹר דָּוִד הָעֵבֶר וַיַּעֲמֹד עַל רֹאשׁ הָהָר מֵרָחֹק רַב הַמָּקוֹם בֵּינֵיהֶם. וַיִּקְרָא...
מות (נד) וַיִּקְרָא מְהֵרָה אֶל הַנַּעַר נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ וּמוֹתְתֵנִי פֶּן יֹאמְרוּ לִי אִשָּׁה הֲרָגָתְהוּ וַיִּדְקְרֵהוּ נַעֲרוֹ וַיָּמֹת. (ד) וַיֹּאמֶר שָׁאוּל לְנֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ וְדׇקְרֵנִי בָהּ פֶּן יָבוֹאוּ הָעֲרֵלִים הָאֵלֶּה וּדְקָרֻנִי וְהִתְעַלְּלוּ בִי וְלֹא אָבָה נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו כִּי יָרֵא מְאֹד וַיִּקַּח שָׁאוּל אֶת הַחֶרֶב וַיִּפֹּל עָלֶיהָ.
סוף המלחמה נה) וַיִּרְאוּ אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי מֵת אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וַיֵּלְכוּ אִישׁ לִמְקֹמוֹ. ז) וַיִּרְאוּ אַנְשֵׁי יִשְׂרָאֵל ... כִּי נָסוּ אַנְשֵׁי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְכִי מֵתוּ שָׁאוּל וּבָנָיו וַיַּעַזְבוּ אֶת הֶעָרִים וַיָּנֻסוּ...


















 

Analysis

As both stories deal with war and battle it is perhaps not surprising that there should be similar language in the respective chapters. In addition, much of the parallel language is not unique to these stories. Nonetheless, the abundance and concentration of the examples might point to some level of intentionality and not simply sheer coincidence

  • Distinctive phrases – 
    • The Early Stages of Gidon and Shaul's Careers – The language used by the prophet in his rebuke is found only in these two places. The phrases "שְׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים" and the term "אַשְׁמֹרֶת" are also found only rarely.5  Most of the ether parallels, however, do not contain singular language.
    • Gidon's Battle and Shaul's Battle at Michmas – The phrases  "שִׁלַּח אִישׁ לְאֹהָלָיו" and "חֶרֶב אִישׁ בְּרֵעֵהוּ" appear only in these stories.6 The phrase "כַּחוֹל אֲשֶׁר עַל / שֶׁעַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם לָרֹב", while not unique, is also found only rarely.7
    • Avimelekh and Shaul – The term "bad spirit" ("רוּחַ רָעָה"), the phrase "standing" ("וַיַּעֲמֹד") on "top of a mountain" ("בְּרֹאשׁ הַר" / "עַל רֹאשׁ הָהָר"), and the request "שְׁלֹף חַרְבְּךָ" appear only in these stories. The term arms-bearer ("נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו") and the verb stab (דקר) are also found only rarely in Tanakh.8
  • Degree of similarity – Though the speech of the prophet to both Gidon and Shaul is almost identical, and there are several phrases which have a high degree of similarity,9 many of the other parallels are not exact.  In several of them synonyms substitute for a certain word,10 or there is a change in order, number or speaker.
  • Function of the parallels

Points of Contrast

Most of the points of contrast between the narratives relate to Gidona nd Shaul's behavior during their battle:

 

Conclusions