Historical Backdrop of Yeshayahu 1/1/en
Chronology of Yeshayahu 1
Introduction
Four Kings
Sefer Yeshayahu opens with the time frame of his tenure as prophet:
חֲזוֹן יְשַׁעְיָהוּ בֶן אָמוֹץ אֲשֶׁר חָזָה עַל יְהוּדָה וִירוּשָׁלִָם בִּימֵי עֻזִּיָּהוּ יוֹתָם אָחָז יְחִזְקִיָּהוּ מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה.
The Vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah.
However, the first actual dated prophecy is in 6:1:
בִּשְׁנַת מוֹת הַמֶּלֶךְ עֻזִּיָּהוּ וָאֶרְאֶה אֶת אֲדֹנָי יֹשֵׁב עַל כִּסֵּא רָם וְנִשָּׂא וְשׁוּלָיו מְלֵאִים אֶת הַהֵיכָל.
In the year that king Uzziah died I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne high and lifted up, and His train filled the temple.
The previous chapters are not dated and therefore it is unclear during whose reign they were said and to what time period they refer. Especially since chapter 6 seems to be an initiation prophecy including a vision of Hashem and sending of a messenger.
A Few Parts
In order to best determine to whom Yeshayahu is speaking, commentators try to match the events and sins described in the chapter with those of the various kings.
- Account of sins – There is a focus in the verses on interpersonal sins, such as "לִמְדוּ הֵיטֵב דִּרְשׁוּ מִשְׁפָּט" (17), "מְלֵאֲתִי מִשְׁפָּט צֶדֶק יָלִין בָּהּ וְעַתָּה מְרַצְּחִים" (21), and "שָׂרַיִךְ סוֹרְרִים וְחַבְרֵי גַּנָּבִים... יָתוֹם לֹא יִשְׁפֹּטוּ וְרִיב אַלְמָנָה לֹא יָבוֹא אֲלֵיהֶם" (23). The verses seem to imply that the nation was worshiping Hashem and bringing sacrifices just not for the right reason, though there is a little of a hint to idolatry, "וְהֵם פָּשְׁעוּ בִי" (2), "עָזְבוּ אֶת י"י" (4), "לֹא תוֹסִיפוּ הָבִיא מִנְחַת שָׁוְא" (13), and "כִּי יֵבֹשׁוּ מֵאֵילִים אֲשֶׁר חֲמַדְתֶּם" (29). To which king do the verses refer to?
- Uziyahu is described as doing "הַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינֵי י"י", though the nation was still sacrificing on high altars. He was stricken with leprosy according to Divrei HaYamim II (26:16) as a result of "גָּבַהּ לִבּוֹ עַד לְהַשְׁחִית וַיִּמְעַל בַּי"י אֱלֹהָיו". The social issues of the time were rebuked by Amos who extends present the injustice going on, "עַל מִכְרָם בַּכֶּסֶף צַדִּיק וְאֶבְיוֹן בַּעֲבוּר נַעֲלָיִם" (Amos 2:6).
- There is little information about Yotam, besides that he followed in Hashem's ways and that the nation continued to sacrifice on high altars.
- Achaz, however, is depicted as one of the kings of Israel, sacrificing on high altars, sending bribe from the treasures of the Mikdash, and building an altar parallel to the one in Damascus.
- Chizkiyahu returns to the right path to the extent that it says about him "בַּי"י אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּטָח וְאַחֲרָיו לֹא הָיָה כָמֹהוּ בְּכֹל מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה וַאֲשֶׁר הָיוּ לְפָנָיו" (Melakhim II 18:5). In addition, he purified the Mikdash and the country from idolatry and impurity.
- Account of destruction – The destruction seems to be talking of the present, and not a warning of what will happen in the future, "אַרְצְכֶם שְׁמָמָה עָרֵיכֶם שְׂרֻפוֹת אֵשׁ" (7), "וְנוֹתְרָה בַת צִיּוֹן כְּסֻכָּה בְכָרֶם" (8). It can refer to one of three destructions:
- Achaz's battles – Retzin the king of Aram together with Pekach king of Israel, besieged Yerushalayim, they put in captivity many of the people and killed "מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים אֶלֶף בְּיוֹם אֶחָד".
- Sancheriv's rise on Chizkiyahu – In Chizkiyahu's fourteenth year, Snacheriv rose against him and captured "כׇּל עָרֵי יְהוּדָה הַבְּצֻרוֹת".
- Exile of the ten tribes –
- Account of consolation – Yeshayahu 2:2 seems to be a continuation of the consolation in chapter 1 and there it says, "וְהָיָה בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים".
