Difference between revisions of "How Many Plagues Were There/1/he"

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<page type="Introduction">
 
<page type="Introduction">
 
<h1>כמה מכות היו במצרים?</h1>
 
<h1>כמה מכות היו במצרים?</h1>
<h2>No Biblical Source</h2>
+
<h2>במקרא לא מפורש</h2>
<p>The "Ten Plagues" or "עֶשֶׂר מַכּוֹת" is such a famous phrase that it is frequently taken for granted and rarely questioned. But how do we know that there were "Ten Plagues"? Surprisingly, the Torah never uses either the number ten or the term "מכות" to describe the miracles in Egypt.<fn>See <multilink><a href="KaspiShemot11-10" data-aht="source">R. Yosef ibn Kaspi</a><a href="KaspiShemot11-10" data-aht="source">Shemot 11:10</a><a href="R. Yosef ibn Kaspi" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef ibn Kaspi</a></multilink> who notes that the number is never found in the Torah and makes a comparison to the notion of there being thirteen Divine attributes which is also never mentioned. The Philistines, in the book of <a href="ShemuelI4-8" data-aht="source">Shemuel</a>, are the first to employ the noun "מַכָּה" in referring to the miracles in our story. The verb הכה, however, appears already in Sefer Shemot regarding both the Plagues in general (see Shemot 3:20) and individual plagues (see Shemot 7:25, 9:15, 9:25, 9:31-32, 12:12,29).</fn> Instead it refers to them as either "אוֹתֹת וּמֹפְתִים" ("signs and wonders")<fn>See <a href="Shemot7-3" data-aht="source">Shemot 7:3</a>, <a href="Shemot7-9" data-aht="source">7:9</a>, <a href="Shemot8-18" data-aht="source">8:19</a>, <a href="Shemot10-1" data-aht="source">10:1-2</a>, <a href="Shemot11-9" data-aht="source">11:9-10</a>.</fn> or as "שְׁפָטִים" ("acts of judgment").<fn>See <a href="Shemot6-6" data-aht="source">Shemot 6:6</a>, <a href="Shemot7-3" data-aht="source">7:4</a>, <a href="Shemot12-12" data-aht="source">12:12</a>. In <a href="Shemot11-1" data-aht="source">Shemot 11:1</a>, the Plague of the Firstborn is also referred to as a "נֶגַע", and the phrase "כָּל מַגֵּפֹתַי" appears before the Plague of Hail in Shemot 9:14.</fn> The notion of there being a total of ten plagues appears first in literature from the Second Temple period,<fn>See <multilink><a href="Jubilees48-6" data-aht="source">Jubilees</a><a href="Jubilees48-6" data-aht="source">Chapter 48</a><a href="Jubilees" data-aht="parshan">About Jubilees</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="PhiloXVII" data-aht="source">Philo</a><a href="PhiloXXVI" data-aht="source">On the Life of Moses I, XVII (96-97)</a><a href="Philo" data-aht="parshan">About Philo</a></multilink>.</fn> and the earliest record of the phrase "עֶשֶׂר מַכּוֹת" is in Tannaitic sources.<fn>See <multilink><a href="MekhiltaVayehi6" data-aht="source">Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael</a><a href="MekhiltaVayehi6" data-aht="source">Beshalach Vayehi 6</a><a href="Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael" data-aht="parshan">About Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="SifreBemidbar88" data-aht="source">Sifre Bemidbar</a><a href="SifreBemidbar88" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 88</a><a href="Sifre Bemidbar" data-aht="parshan">About Sifre Bemidbar</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="MidrashTannaim26" data-aht="source">Midrash Tannaim</a><a href="MidrashTannaim26" data-aht="source">Devarim 26</a><a href="Midrash Tannaim" data-aht="parshan">About Midrash Tannaim</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="MishnaAvot5-4" data-aht="source">Mishna Avot</a><a href="MishnaAvot5-4" data-aht="source">Avot 5:4</a><a href="Mishna" data-aht="parshan">About the Mishna</a></multilink>. The second sentence of the Mishna in Avot does not appear in all textual witnesses, and the commentary by Rashi's student, <a href="RYBSAvot5-5" data-aht="source">R. Yaakov b. Shimshon</a>, discusses whether it is part of the original text or just an explanatory gloss.</fn></p>
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<p>הביטוי "עֶשֶׂר מַכּוֹת" is such a famous phrase that it is frequently taken for granted and rarely questioned. But how do we know that there were "עשר מכות"? Surprisingly, the Torah never uses either the number ten or the term "מכות" to describe the miracles in Egypt.<fn>ראו <multilink><a href="KaspiShemot11-10" data-aht="source">ר׳ יוסף אבן כספי</a><a href="KaspiShemot11-10" data-aht="source">שמות י״א:י׳</a><a href="R. Yosef ibn Kaspi" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יוסף אבן כספי</a></multilink> who notes that the number is never found in the Torah and makes a comparison to the notion of there being thirteen Divine attributes which is also never mentioned. הפלשתים בספר <a href="ShemuelI4-8" data-aht="source">שמואל</a>, הם הראשונים להשתמש בשם עצם "מַכָּה" לתאר את הנסים שאירעו במצרים. אולם, הפועל הכה מופיע כבר בספר שמות regarding both the Plagues in general (ראו שמות ג':כ') and individual plagues (ראו שמות ז':כ"ה, ט':ט"ו, ט':כ"ה, ט':ל"א-ל"ב, י"ב:י"ב,כ"ט).</fn> Instead it refers to them as either "אוֹתֹת וּמֹפְתִים"<fn>ראו <a href="Shemot7-3" data-aht="source">שמות ז׳:ג'</a>, <a href="Shemot7-9" data-aht="source">ז׳:ט׳</a>, <a href="Shemot8-18" data-aht="source">ח':י"ט</a>, <a href="Shemot10-1" data-aht="source">י׳:א׳-ב׳</a>, <a href="Shemot11-9" data-aht="source">י״א:ט׳-י׳</a>.</fn> או "שְׁפָטִים".<fn>ראו <a href="Shemot6-6" data-aht="source">שמות ו׳:ו׳</a>, <a href="Shemot7-3" data-aht="source">ז':ד'</a>, <a href="Shemot12-12" data-aht="source">י״ב:י״ב</a>. ב<a href="Shemot11-1" data-aht="source">שמות י״א:א׳</a>, מכת בכורות גם מתוארת כ"נֶגַע", והביטוי "כָּל מַגֵּפֹתַי" מופיע לפני מכת ברד בשמות ט':י"ד.</fn> The notion of there being a total of ten plagues appears first in literature from the Second Temple period,<fn>ראו <multilink><a href="Jubilees48-6" data-aht="source">יובלים</a><a href="Jubilees48-6" data-aht="source">מ״ח:ו׳-י״ב</a><a href="Jubilees" data-aht="parshan">אודות יובלים</a></multilink> ו<multilink><a href="PhiloXVII" data-aht="source">פילון</a><a href="PhiloXXVI" data-aht="source">On the Life of Moses I, XVII (96-97)</a><a href="Philo" data-aht="parshan">אודות פילון</a></multilink>.</fn> and the earliest record of the phrase "עֶשֶׂר מַכּוֹת" הוא במקורות תנאיים.<fn>ראו <multilink><a href="MekhiltaVayehi6" data-aht="source">מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל שמות</a><a href="MekhiltaVayehi6" data-aht="source">בשלח ויהי ו׳</a><a href="Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael Shemot" data-aht="parshan">אודות מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל שמות</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="SifreBemidbar88" data-aht="source">ספרי במדבר</a><a href="SifreBemidbar88" data-aht="source">פ״ח</a><a href="Sifre Bemidbar" data-aht="parshan">אודות ספרי במדבר</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="MidrashTannaim26" data-aht="source">מדרש תנאים</a><a href="MidrashTannaim26" data-aht="source">דברים כ״ו</a><a href="Midrash Tannaim" data-aht="parshan">אודות מדרש תנאים</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="MishnaAvot5-4" data-aht="source">משנה אבות</a><a href="MishnaAvot5-4" data-aht="source">אבות ה׳:ד׳</a><a href="Mishna" data-aht="parshan">אודות המשנה</a></multilink>. The second sentence of the Mishna in Avot does not appear in all textual witnesses, and the commentary by Rashi's student, <a href="RYBSAvot5-5" data-aht="source">ר' יעקב בר' שמשון</a>, discusses whether it is part of the original text or just an explanatory gloss.</fn></p>
  
 
<h2>Setting Boundaries</h2>
 
<h2>Setting Boundaries</h2>
<p>The traditional count of the "Ten Plagues" begins with the Plague of Blood and concludes with the Plague of the Firstborn. However, the Biblical text sets no definitive starting or ending point for the series, leaving room to question the status of the two miracles which frame the set, the sign of the תַּנִּין and the splitting of Yam Suf. Are these fundamentally different from the other so called "plagues"? After all, these also are performed by a wondrous staff in front of Paroh, involve the hardening of his heart, and teach recognition of God. Moreover, the תַּנִּין is explicitly called a "מוֹפֵת". Conversely, perhaps the Plague of the Firstborn should be omitted from the count. Structurally it is distinct from the main plague narrative, and it is the only one of the wonders referred to as a "נֶגַע".</p>
+
<p>The traditional count of "עשר המכות" פותח עם מכת דם ומסתיים עם מכת בכורות. However, the Biblical text sets no definitive starting or ending point for the series, leaving room to question the status of the two miracles which frame the set, the sign of the תַּנִּין and the splitting of Yam Suf. Are these fundamentally different from the other so called "מכות"? After all, these also are performed by a wondrous staff in front of Paroh, involve the hardening of his heart, and teach recognition of God. Moreover, the תַּנִּין is explicitly called a "מוֹפֵת". Conversely, perhaps the Plague of the Firstborn should be omitted from the count. Structurally it is distinct from the main plague narrative, and it is the only one of the wonders referred to as a "נֶגַע".</p>
  
<h2>Terminology</h2>
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<h2>מינוח</h2>
 
<p>The phrases used in the introduction to the plague narrative plays an important role in the way we think about the series.</p>
 
<p>The phrases used in the introduction to the plague narrative plays an important role in the way we think about the series.</p>
<multilang style="overflow:auto">
+
<multilang style="overflow: auto;">
<q xml:lang="he" dir="rtl">(ג) וַאֲנִי אַקְשֶׁה אֶת לֵב פַּרְעֹה וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אֶת <b>אֹתֹתַי</b> וְאֶת <b>מוֹפְתַי</b> בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם. (ד) וְלֹא יִשְׁמַע אֲלֵכֶם פַּרְעֹה וְנָתַתִּי אֶת יָדִי בְּמִצְרָיִם וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת צִבְאֹתַי אֶת עַמִּי בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם <b>בִּשְׁפָטִים</b> גְּדֹלִים. (ה) וְיָדְעוּ מִצְרַיִם כִּי אֲנִי ה' בִּנְטֹתִי אֶת יָדִי עַל מִצְרָיִם וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתּוֹכָם. (שמות ז':ג'-ה')</q>
+
<q xml:lang="he" dir="rtl">(ג) וַאֲנִי אַקְשֶׁה אֶת לֵב פַּרְעֹה וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אֶת <b>אֹתֹתַי</b> וְאֶת <b>מוֹפְתַי</b> בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם. (ד) וְלֹא יִשְׁמַע אֲלֵכֶם פַּרְעֹה וְנָתַתִּי אֶת יָדִי בְּמִצְרָיִם וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת צִבְאֹתַי אֶת עַמִּי בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם <b>בִּשְׁפָטִים</b> גְּדֹלִים. (ה) וְיָדְעוּ מִצְרַיִם כִּי אֲנִי ה' בִּנְטֹתִי אֶת יָדִי עַל מִצְרָיִם וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתּוֹכָם. (שמות ז':ג'-ה')</q>
<q xml:lang="en">(3) And I will harden Paroh's heart, and multiply my <b>signs</b> and my <b>wonders</b> in the land of Egypt. (4) But Paroh will not listen to you, and I will lay my hand on Egypt, and bring forth my armies, my people the Children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great <b>judgments</b>. (5) And the Egyptians will know that I am Hashem, when I stretch forth my hand upon Egypt, and bring out the Children of Israel from among them.</q>
+
<q xml:lang="en">(3) And I will harden Paroh's heart, and multiply my <b>signs</b> and my <b>wonders</b> in the land of Egypt. (4) But Paroh will not listen to you, and I will lay my hand on Egypt, and bring forth my armies, my people the Children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great <b>judgments</b>. (5) And the Egyptians will know that I am Hashem, when I stretch forth my hand upon Egypt, and bring out the Children of Israel from among them.</q>
</multilang>
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</multilang>
 
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<p>האם המונחים "אוֹתֹת",&#8206; "מֹפְתִים", ו"שְׁפָטִים" refer to the same or to different categories of miracles? Were these actions intended primarily להיות "אותות ומופתים" חינוכיים או "מכות ושפטים" שמענישים?<fn>ראו <a href="Purpose of the Plagues" data-aht="page">מטרת מכות מצרים</a>.</fn> Once Paroh released the nation ("וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתּוֹכָם"), was the purpose of the miracles achieved? These questions directly relate to the various options for the boundaries of the series. אות התַּנִּין can fit as part of a list of wonders which come to edify, but not in a list of judgments or plagues. On the other side, the drowning of the Egyptians at Yam Suf could certainly be viewed as one of Hashem's judgments, but given its occurring outside of Egypt after the Exodus had already taken place, it stands apart from the other wonders.</p>
<p>Do the terms "אוֹתֹת",&#8206; "מֹפְתִים", and "שְׁפָטִים" refer to the same or to different categories of miracles? Were these actions intended primarily to be educative "signs and wonders" or punitive "plagues and judgments"?<fn>See <a href="Purpose of the Plagues" data-aht="page">Purpose of the Plagues</a>.</fn> Once Paroh released the nation ("וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתּוֹכָם"), was the purpose of the miracles achieved? These questions directly relate to the various options for the boundaries of the series. The sign of the תַּנִּין can fit as part of a list of wonders which come to edify, but not in a list of judgments or plagues. On the other side, the drowning of the Egyptians at Yam Suf could certainly be viewed as one of Hashem's judgments, but given its occurring outside of Egypt after the Exodus had already taken place, it stands apart from the other wonders.</p>
 
 
<br/>
 
<br/>
<p>In light of these issues, commentators debate both the number and nature of the set of miracles or plagues. Their differing positions further affect how the series may be divided and categorized and what should be identified as its turning point and climax.<fn>For elaboration, see <a href="Patterns in the Plagues" data-aht="page">Patterns in the Plagues</a>.</fn></p>
+
<p>In light of these issues, commentators debate both the number and nature of the set of miracles or plagues. Their differing positions further affect how the series may be divided and categorized and what should be identified as its turning point and climax.<fn>להרחבה, ראו <a href="Patterns in the Plagues" data-aht="page">Patterns במכות</a>.</fn></p>
  
 
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Version as of 06:59, 24 July 2019

כמה מכות היו במצרים?

הקדמה

במקרא לא מפורש

הביטוי "עֶשֶׂר מַכּוֹת" is such a famous phrase that it is frequently taken for granted and rarely questioned. But how do we know that there were "עשר מכות"? Surprisingly, the Torah never uses either the number ten or the term "מכות" to describe the miracles in Egypt.1 Instead it refers to them as either "אוֹתֹת וּמֹפְתִים"2 או "שְׁפָטִים".3 The notion of there being a total of ten plagues appears first in literature from the Second Temple period,4 and the earliest record of the phrase "עֶשֶׂר מַכּוֹת" הוא במקורות תנאיים.5

Setting Boundaries

The traditional count of "עשר המכות" פותח עם מכת דם ומסתיים עם מכת בכורות. However, the Biblical text sets no definitive starting or ending point for the series, leaving room to question the status of the two miracles which frame the set, the sign of the תַּנִּין and the splitting of Yam Suf. Are these fundamentally different from the other so called "מכות"? After all, these also are performed by a wondrous staff in front of Paroh, involve the hardening of his heart, and teach recognition of God. Moreover, the תַּנִּין is explicitly called a "מוֹפֵת". Conversely, perhaps the Plague of the Firstborn should be omitted from the count. Structurally it is distinct from the main plague narrative, and it is the only one of the wonders referred to as a "נֶגַע".

מינוח

The phrases used in the introduction to the plague narrative plays an important role in the way we think about the series.

EN/HEע/E

(ג) וַאֲנִי אַקְשֶׁה אֶת לֵב פַּרְעֹה וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אֶת אֹתֹתַי וְאֶת מוֹפְתַי בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם. (ד) וְלֹא יִשְׁמַע אֲלֵכֶם פַּרְעֹה וְנָתַתִּי אֶת יָדִי בְּמִצְרָיִם וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת צִבְאֹתַי אֶת עַמִּי בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם בִּשְׁפָטִים גְּדֹלִים. (ה) וְיָדְעוּ מִצְרַיִם כִּי אֲנִי ה' בִּנְטֹתִי אֶת יָדִי עַל מִצְרָיִם וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתּוֹכָם. (שמות ז':ג'-ה')

(3) And I will harden Paroh's heart, and multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt. (4) But Paroh will not listen to you, and I will lay my hand on Egypt, and bring forth my armies, my people the Children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments. (5) And the Egyptians will know that I am Hashem, when I stretch forth my hand upon Egypt, and bring out the Children of Israel from among them.

האם המונחים "אוֹתֹת",‎ "מֹפְתִים", ו"שְׁפָטִים" refer to the same or to different categories of miracles? Were these actions intended primarily להיות "אותות ומופתים" חינוכיים או "מכות ושפטים" שמענישים?6 Once Paroh released the nation ("וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתּוֹכָם"), was the purpose of the miracles achieved? These questions directly relate to the various options for the boundaries of the series. אות התַּנִּין can fit as part of a list of wonders which come to edify, but not in a list of judgments or plagues. On the other side, the drowning of the Egyptians at Yam Suf could certainly be viewed as one of Hashem's judgments, but given its occurring outside of Egypt after the Exodus had already taken place, it stands apart from the other wonders.


In light of these issues, commentators debate both the number and nature of the set of miracles or plagues. Their differing positions further affect how the series may be divided and categorized and what should be identified as its turning point and climax.7