Literary Devices – Shemot 33

The Tanakh Lab demonstrates that various forms of the noun "פָּנִים" appear ten times in this chapter.  The word first appears in the statement that an angel, rather than Hashem, will guide the people; it then comes up in the context of the revelations to Moshe and his requests that Hashem's face (and not an angel) accompany them.  This key word reflects the chapter’s theme of seeking Hashem’s continued presence and revelation despite the sin of the calf.  

The Tanakh Lab demonstrates that, though the word "עדי" (adornment) appears only three times in the chapter, it is 199 times more prevalent here than elsewhere in Tanakh, suggesting that it is a significant word in the unit.¹ The verses highlight how the nation needed to remove the adornments they wore at Sinai during revelation, symbolic perhaps of a lowering of their status or of mourning. [See below how the text might play with this and similar sounding words to highlight the point.]

See above that the word "עדי" (adornment) might be one of the key words of the passage. Several have suggested that there might also be wordplay associated with the noun:²

• עדי / עד – Cassuto suggests that "עדי" is a play on words with “עד” (witness/ testimony). The nation had worn these adornments at Mount Sinai during revelation, and they perhaps served as testimony to the covenant.  However, after sinning, the people were no longer worthy of bearing testimony to the covenant, and so they needed to remove their adornments.³
• עדי / מועד – Amos Hakham⁴ suggests that “אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד” (verse 7) constitutes a play on words with “עדי”, conveying to the people that it (not their jewelry) is the real national treasure. 

Amos Hakham⁵ notes that in Chapters 32-33, Hashem states three different commands to Moshe that begin with the word “לך”. The first reads: “לך רד”, the next: “לך נחה,” and the final one: “לך עלה” (see 32:7, 32:34, 33:1). Together, these trace Hashem's initial anger and final forgiveness, a process which opens with “go down” but culminates with “go up”.⁶   

Verses 19-21 each begin by introducing Hashem’s speech with the word “ויאמר” without any intervening response or change in speaker.  Many times in Tanakh, this phenomenon implies resistance or opposition of some sort on the part of the other participants in the conversation.  In this case, it may underscore that Hashem does not fully accede to Moshe’s request, "Show me your glory", and instead states in three different ways, with increasing specificity, how He will appear to Moshe. 

For discussion of the general phenomenon of the "doubled Vayomer" with many examples and varying explanations of the need for such repetition, see: Redundancy. For a comprehensive discussion, see מאיר שילוח, "ויאמר... ויאמר", ספר קורנגרין (תשכ"ד): 251-267.

Using the concordance demonstrates that clouds are often a vehicle of Hashem’s revelation, becoming a symbol thereof as well.

• See Pillar of Fire, Pillar of Cloud, by R. Tamir Granot, for analysis of the phenomenon of Hashem’s revelation through natural phenomena such as fire and clouds. He suggests that in Tanakh, the cloud and pillar of fire are not two distinct modes of revelation, but one and the same.  God's glory is manifest as fire which is screened by the cloud. It is referred to as one or the other due to the perception of the viewer, who might see fire at night, but only cloud during the day.
• See For the Cloud Rested Upon It, by R. Shimon Klein, for exploration of the distinct symbols of fire and cloud.  He suggests that fire represents Hashem’s actions and manifestation while the cloud represents man’s encounter with Him.