Literary Devices – Bereshit 32

• Subservient language – Tanakh Lab demonstrates that the words “אדון” and "עבד" appear frequently in the narrative of Yaakov’s reunion with Esav in Bereshit 32-33.¹ This language underscores Yaakov’s mistrust of Esav and his need to be strategically deferential when relating to him. On the backdrop of the prophetic promise of Esav’s eventual subservience to Yaakov (Bereshit 25:23) and Yaakov's taking Yitzchak’s blessing "Be master over your brothers" (Bereshit 27:29), such subservience is very ironic.²
• Articles – See רב יעקב מידן, "המפגש בין יעקב לעשו", כי קרוב אליך (תל אביב, 2014): 256-258, who, pointing to several Midrashic sources as support, criticizes Yaakov's obsequious behavior as manifest in this repeated language.

• Tanakh Lab demonstrates that the word that appears with greatest frequency in both Chapter 32 alone and in the larger unit of Chapters 32-33 is "פנים".‎³  The term is used in the context of "going before", "appeasing the face" and "seeing the face" which all relate to submission to authority.⁴ The word, thus, highlights the motif of Yaakov’s ironic subservience to Esav so prevalent in this unit, as discussed above.⁵
• More broadly, though, the keyword of “פנים” relates to the most prominent theme of Yaakov’s narrative: deceit and revelation. While the first part of the Yaakov narrative revolves around concealment,⁶ in these climactic chapters of his narrative, Yaakov experiences a powerful revelation of Hashem followed by a face-to-face encounter with Esav.  This symbolizes a trajectory away from cunning and concealment, toward looking things in the face.  This is perhaps reflected by Rashi’s comment on the change of Yaakov’s name to Yisrael in this chapter:  “לא יאמרו עליך עוד שהברכות בעקיבה וברמייה, כי אם בשררה ובגילוי פנים"

• When looking at Chapter 32 alone, Tanakh Lab demonstrates that, relative to the rest of Sefer Bereshit, מחנה (camp) is the word that appears with most significant frequency in the unit. The similar sounding מנחה (tribute) is also a frequently appearing word.
• Articles – See Y. Grossman, יעקב: סיפורה של משפחה (ראשון לציון, 2019):354-357, who notes how the words play off each other, as the first alludes to Yaakov’s military preparations for his encounter with Esav, while the second refers to the gift he sends to appease Esav.

In the smaller unit of Yaakov's encounter with the "man/angel" in Bereshit 32:23-33, the word which appears to be most significant is "ירך", thigh.

Da'at Mikra⁷ points out that all of the terms for Esav’s land in Bereshit 32:4 "שֵׂעִיר שְׂדֵה אֱדוֹם" are plays on Esav’s names and descriptors.

• שֵׂעִיר – The land is referred to as שֵׂעִיר as Esav was an "אִישׁ שָׂעִר" (Bereshit 27:11)
• שְׂדֵה – The word "שדה" recalls the description of Esav an "אִישׁ שָׂדֶה" (Bereshit 25:27)
•  אֱדוֹם – The name Edom  alludes to Esav's being an "אַדְמוֹנִי" (Bereshit 25:25).

• חבק / אבק – Da'at Mikra⁸ points out that the root word for “hug” in Esav’s unexpected embrace of Yaakov in Bereshit 33:4 ("חבק") sounds similar to the root word for “struggle” ("אבק") in Yaakov’s encounter with the angel in Bereshit 32:25.⁹  These sounds play on each other to underscore the surprising resolution of Yaakov’s struggle.
• Articles  See R. Elhanan Samet, פרשת וישלח: המפגש הכפול בין יעקב לעשו, who notes that the play on words serves to highlight that it is the failure of Esav's representative  in the nocturnal violent struggle (מאבק) which leads Esav to embrace (חיבוק) the following day.

• See discussion above, under "Key Words"
  

Rashi Bereshit 32:29About R. Shelomo Yitzchakiand RadakBereshit 32:29About R. David Kimchi state that when the man/angel explains Yaakov's change of name to Yisrael: "כִּי שָׂרִיתָ עִם אֱלֹהִים וְעִם אֲנָשִׁים" (you have striven with God and with men), he is referring to Yaakov's earlier struggles with both Esav and Lavan. This reflects that the current struggle with the angel is the culmination of many years of challenges that have characterized Yaakov's life. Yaakov's new name attests to this constant striving with others.

It is noteworthy that the episode with the man/angel, like the revelation of Hashem in Chapter 28, takes place at night. The motif of revelation at night in Yaakov’s story represents the concealment/deceit and challenges with which he consistently grapples.

Robert Alter, in his commentary on Bereshit,¹⁰ suggests that the two camps referred to in verses 3, 8, and 11 represent the “law of binary division” that characterizes Yaakov’s life: twin brothers in conflict, two sisters in conflict, flocks of animals divided into two groups, and now the division of his family and property into two camps.