View source for Lot's Wife and Her Fate/2

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<page type="Approaches">
<h1>Lot's Wife and Her Fate</h1>
<div class="overview">
<h2>Overview</h2>
<p>Commentators present a spectrum of opinions regarding the fate of Mrs. Lot and the message of this section of the narrative. Many view it through the prism of sin and punishment, with the death of Lot's wife (like the destruction of Sedom around it) being a supernatural Divine retribution for one of a number of possible transgressions. A minority group, however, views this part of the story as belonging to the realm of the less overtly miraculous. This group subdivides, with some exegetes agreeing with the first approach that Mrs. Lot did meet her demise here, but only as an incidental result of her tarrying, and others positing that she actually survived the destruction of Sedom. These readings have implications both for our perspectives on Lot and his wife and for our understandings of how Hashem runs His universe.</p></div>
<approaches>

<category>Supernatural Pillar of Salt
<p>Lot's wife miraculously turned into a pillar of salt.</p>
<mekorot>
<multilink><a href="Josephus1-11" data-aht="source">Josephus</a><a href="Josephus1-11" data-aht="source">Antiquities 1:11:4</a><a href="Josephus" data-aht="parshan">About Josephus</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="BavliBerakhot54" data-aht="source">Bavli Berakhot</a><a href="BavliBerakhot54" data-aht="source">Berakhot 54a-b</a><a href="Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah51-5" data-aht="source">Bereshit Rabbah</a><a href="BereshitRabbah51-5" data-aht="source">51:5</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">About Bereshit Rabbah</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="PsJBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan)</a><a href="PsJBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:26</a><a href="Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan)" data-aht="parshan">About Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan)</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="PirkeiDRE25" data-aht="source">Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a><a href="PirkeiDRE25" data-aht="source">25</a><a href="Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer" data-aht="parshan">About Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RashiBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">Rashi</a><a href="RashiBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:17</a><a href="RashiBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:26</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="LekachTovBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Lekach Tov</a><a href="LekachTovBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:26</a><a href="R. Toviah b. Eliezer (Lekach Tov)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Toviah b. Eliezer</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RDZHoffmannBereshit19-16" data-aht="source">R. D"Z Hoffmann</a><a href="RDZHoffmannBereshit19-16" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:16-17,26</a><a href="R. David Zvi Hoffmann" data-aht="parshan">About R. D"Z Hoffmann</a></multilink>
</mekorot>
	<point><b>To whom does "וַתְּהִי" refer?</b> This approach maintains that Lot's wife is the referent of the word "וַתְּהִי", and it was she who turned into salt.</point>
	<point><b>"נְצִיב"</b> – The "נְצִיב" is understood to be a pillar. This would be a unique meaning in Tanakh,<fn>The other occurrences of the word "נְצִיב" in Tanakh refer to a garrison or appointed officer, not an inanimate figure.</fn> and it could be related to the root יצב which means to stand.</point>
	<point><b>The prohibition of looking back and its consequences</b> – The commentators suggest a few possible understandings:
<ul>
<li><b>Divine presence</b> – Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer explains that the command was intended to prevent Lot and his family from seeing God's presence as it descended to destroy Sedom.<fn>Cf. <multilink><a href="RashbamBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">Rashbam</a><a href="RashbamBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:17</a><a href="R. Shemuel b. Meir (Rashbam)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shemuel b. Meir</a></multilink>.</fn> According to this reading, Mrs. Lot's death was not a punishment for a sin, but rather the inevitable outcome of a tragic mistake.</li>
<li><b>No more deserving than compatriots</b> – Rashi suggests that since Lot and his family were not worthy on their own of being saved,<fn>See <a href="A Portrait of Lot" data-aht="page">A Portrait of Lot</a> and <a href="BER19$" data-aht="page">Why was Lot Saved</a> for different portraits of Lot.</fn> it was improper for them to watch the destruction of their fellow sinners.</li>
<li><b>Demonstrated a lack of faith</b> – R. D"Z Hoffmann asserts that, by looking back, Lot's wife displayed a lack of faith that the angel's prediction would be fulfilled.<fn>According to R. D"Z Hoffmann, Lot needed to demonstrate faith in order to merit being saved, and Mrs. Lot did the opposite. It is unclear, though, why this rather natural instinct to look back would have been punished with such severity.</fn></li>
</ul></point>
	<point><b>"וַתַּבֵּט אִשְׁתּוֹ מֵאַחֲרָיו"</b> – Targum&#160;Yerushalmi (Yonatan) understands that Mrs. Lot looked in back of the accompanying angel.<fn>Cf. Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer who speaks of God's presence, and see also R. Bachya below.</fn> R. D"Z Hoffmann says that Mrs. Lot was behind her husband as they fled and looked back from this vantage point.<fn>This may also be the import of Rashi's words "מאחריו של לוט". See, however, <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:26</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe Nachmanides</a></multilink> who states that Lot was bringing up the rear.</fn></point>
	<point><b>Why was Mrs. Lot punished by salt?</b> Most of the adherents of this approach propose that this was a measure for measure punishment.<fn>See, however, R. D"Z Hoffmann who implies that she was merely included in the punishment of the rest of Sedom.</fn> Bereshit Rabbah and Targum&#160;Yerushalmi (Yonatan) suggest that Mrs. Lot purposely made the town aware of the guests' presence by asking her neighbors to borrow salt,<fn>The advantage of this suggestion is that it readily explains why Lot's wife deserved to die, as she was responsible for the near lynch. It also accounts for how the people of Sedom knew about Lot's guests.</fn> while Rashi suggests that she displayed a lack of hospitality by depriving her guests of salt.<fn>These explanations are likely rooted in Lot's wife's absence from the story of Lot's hospitality (in contrast to Sarah and Avraham's hospitality in Bereshit 18).</fn> According to both, since her crime related to salt, she was punished by being transformed into a pillar of salt.</point>
	<point><b>The point of the story</b> – According to this approach, the Torah tells of Mrs. Lot's fate either in order to emphasize the dangers of not obeying Divine instructions, or in order to explain her absence in the subsequent episode of Lot and his daughters.<fn>This latter possibility might contend that the Torah recorded the angels' instructions not to look back merely in order to provide the necessary backdrop for the story of the death of Lot's wife (which itself was serving only as background information).</fn></point>
	<point><b>Miraculous transformation</b> – This position is not bothered by Hashem punishing in a supernatural way and seems to understand that Hashem literally transformed a human into a statue of salt. Josephus, in fact, claims to have seen it with his own eyes,<fn>See also <multilink><a href="Wisdom10-6" data-aht="source">Wisdom of Solomon</a><a href="Wisdom10-6" data-aht="source">10:6-8</a><a href="Wisdom of Solomon" data-aht="parshan">About the Wisdom of Solomon</a></multilink>.</fn> and its continued existence is implied also by the Bavli.</point>
</category>
<category>Natural Death by Salt
<p>Mrs. Lot was caught in the devastation wrought on Sedom. Like the rest of Sedom's inhabitants, she died in the onslaught of salt and brimstone, and was covered under a mound of salt.</p>
<mekorot>
<multilink><a href="RYBSBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a><a href="RYBSBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:26</a><a href="RYBSBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:17</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a></multilink>, 
	<multilink><a href="RadakBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Radak</a><a href="RadakBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:17</a><a href="RadakBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:26</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">About R. David Kimchi</a></multilink>
</mekorot>
	<point><b>To whom does "וַתְּהִי" refer?</b> This approach also holds that "וַתְּהִי" refers to Lot's wife.</point>
	<point><b>"נְצִיב"</b> – R. Yosef Bekhor Shor suggests that a "נְצִיב" is related to the word "מצבה"&#8206; (monument).<fn>See also Ibn Ezra who makes the same connection.</fn> The verse is thus describing a person who was covered by a mound of salt, and is not depicting the metamorphosis of a human person into a salt figurine.</point>
	<point><b>"וַתַּבֵּט אִשְׁתּוֹ מֵאַחֲרָיו"</b> – This approach needs to postulate that Mrs. Lot was behind the rest of her family, as she was the only one caught in the general destruction.<fn>In contrast, according to the approach above that Lot's wife was punished individually, she could have been situated anywhere.</fn> R. Yosef Bekhor Shor therefore explains that due to her lingering and continuously looking back,<fn>Compare to the similar description in Josephus.</fn> Lot's wife fell behind the others and was "מֵאַחֲרָיו". Thus, "וַתַּבֵּט" describes not a single furtive glance, but a continuous process. Radak adds that, from her position behind her husband, Mrs. Lot looked back at the city.</point>
	<point><b>Why were they instructed not to look back?</b> According to R. Yosef Bekhor Shor and Radak, rather than constituting a prohibition, this was a warning for their own good not to tarry, lest they not escape the devastation.<fn>This interpretation is found already in <multilink><a href="RashbamBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">Rashbam</a><a href="RashbamBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:17</a><a href="R. Shemuel b. Meir (Rashbam)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shemuel b. Meir</a></multilink>. A variation of this is found in <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:17</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe Nachmanides</a></multilink>, who suggests that illness and death could have resulted from the contamination of the air in the immediate vicinity of Sedom. [Ramban goes even a step further in asserting that even looking at the destruction could have severe detrimental effects on one's health.]</fn></point>
	<point><b>Death by salt</b> – Being covered under a layer of salt was not a special punishment for Lot's wife, but merely a natural consequence of tarrying, the fate shared by all those caught in the destruction of Sedom. Though salt is not mentioned elsewhere in the Bereshit narrative, R. Yosef Bekhor Shor notes that <a href="Devarim29-22" data-aht="source">Devarim 29:22</a> is explicit that the mineral was part of the fire and brimstone storm that rained down upon the city.<fn>See Ibn Ezra and Radak who make the same point. Cf. Chizkuni and Ralbag's approach below that goes a step further and maintains that this verse is, in fact, describing the role of the salt in Sedom's devastation.</fn></point>
	<point><b>The point of the story</b> – The Torah tells of Mrs. Lot's death so that her absence in the subsequent story of Lot and his daughters will be comprehensible.</point>
	<point><b>Miraculous transformation?</b> This position may be motivated, in part, by a desire to mitigate the potentially supernatural aspect of the story.</point>
	<point><b>When did Mrs. Lot die?</b> A simple chronological reading of the narrative suggests that Mrs. Lot looked behind her only after Lot's party had arrived at Zoar but before he left the safe confines of the city. As the angel suggests that the destruction could not begin until after Lot's safe arrival at the city, this position must contend with the question of how Mrs. Lot nonetheless got caught in the devastation.<fn>There are two possible ways of addressing this problem:
		<p>a) It is possible that this approach would maintain that Mrs. Lot never made it to Zoar at all. The phrase "וַתַּבֵּט אִשְׁתּוֹ מֵאַחֲרָיו" is written out of place, and describes Mrs. Lot's actions while still en route. Gazing at the city caused Mrs. Lot to lag behind the rest of the party, and thus, she was still in transit when Lot reached Zoar and the firestorm began.</p>
		<p>b) Alternatively, Mrs. Lot did indeed arrive in Zoar with her husband. However, when Lot left Zoar for the mountains, Sedom's destruction was still ongoing, and his wife was caught in the onslaught at that point. According to this, the entire verse describing Mrs. Lot's actions is recorded achronologically, before the event really happened. The text opted, instead, to preserve topical order, recording her death as part of the process of the destruction of Sedom.</p></fn></point>
</category>
<category>Not Punished by Salt
<p>The verse says nothing about the fate of Lot's wife. It simply tells the reader that she turned and saw how the land had been transformed into a wasteland of salt.</p>
<mekorot>
<multilink><a href="RBachyaBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Ibn Ezra cited by R. Bachya</a><a href="RBachyaBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:26</a><a href="R. Bachya b. Asher" data-aht="parshan">About R. Bachya b. Asher</a></multilink>,<fn>This interpretation is not found in the extant commentary of Ibn Ezra.</fn> 
	<multilink><a href="ChizkuniBereshit19-26" data-aht="source"> Chizkuni</a><a href="ChizkuniBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">Bereshit 19:26</a><a href="R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach (Chizkuni)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach</a></multilink>, 
	<multilink><a href="RalbagBereshitP19-17" data-aht="source">Ralbag</a><a href="RalbagBereshitM19-26" data-aht="source">Beiur HaMilot Bereshit 19:26</a><a href="RalbagBereshitP19-17" data-aht="source">Beiur HaParashah Bereshit 19:17,26,38</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Levi b. Gershom</a></multilink>
</mekorot>
	<point><b>To whom does "וַתְּהִי" refer?</b> According to this approach, the referent of the verb is, not Mrs. Lot, but the land itself.<fn>These exegetes all suggest that it refers to the "אֶרֶץ" mentioned in verse 23, and thus the verb takes the feminine form. Alternatively, it refers to the "אֲדָמָה", mentioned in the immediately preceding verse 25 (thanks to Shlomo Katz for this suggestion).</fn></point>
	<point><b>"נְצִיב"</b> – The land became a mound of salt. Chizkuni notes that according to this interpretation, the description of the devastation in the Bereshit narrative matches the references to the destruction in <a href="Devarim29-22" data-aht="source">Devarim 29:22</a> and <a href="Zephaniah2-9" data-aht="source">Zephaniah 2:9</a> which highlight the role played by salt.<fn>In contrast, according to the other approaches, salt is conspicuously missing from the description in Bereshit.</fn></point>
	<point><b>"וַתַּבֵּט אִשְׁתּוֹ מֵאַחֲרָיו"</b> – It is not clear how these commentators read this phrase. For their explanation, though, it is irrelevant whether Lot's wife was in front of or behind her husband when looking at the city.</point>
	<point><b>Why were they instructed not to look back?</b> Chizkuni and Ralbag explain that looking back would cause them to tarry.<fn>This interpretation is found already in Rashbam, R"Y Bekhor Shor, and Radak above.</fn></point>
	<point><b>What happened to Lot's wife?</b><ul>
		<li><b>Died</b> – According to Ralbag, the absence of Lot's wife from the end of the story proves that she did in fact perish with the rest of Sedom. This was a consequence of her lingering,<fn>Ralbag here is very similar to the approach developed by R. Yosef Bekhor Shor above. The main difference relates to the specific manner of death, with Ralbag disassociating Mrs. Lot from the "נְצִיב מֶלַח".</fn> rather than a punishment for transgressing the command of the messengers and was not necessarily related to salt at all.<fn>According to Ralbag, Mrs. Lot could have died from any one of the fire, brimstone, or earthquake which were part of the destruction of Sedom. See above for the possibility that the text here is not in chronological order, and that she died on the way to Zoar.</fn></li>
		<li><b>Lived</b> – It is possible, though, that according to Ibn Ezra and Chizkuni, Mrs. Lot did not die at all. When the rest of the family decided to move from Zoar to the mountains, she might have decided to stay behind,<fn>See Yehuda Sarna's development of this possibility in "The Salt Saga: Lot's Wife or Sodom Itself", Nachalah 1 (1999): 83.</fn> and is thus missing from the end of the narrative.</li>
	</ul></point>
	<point><b>The point of the story</b> – For Ralbag, the story comes simply to explain Mrs. Lot's absence in the subsequent episode. However, according to the possibility that she lived, it is unclear why suddenly in the middle of its description of the devastation of Sedom, the Torah shifts to portray it from the perspective of Lot's wife.<fn>This is especially difficult as we know nothing else about her and she immediately thereafter disappears from the narrative.</fn> It is also questionable why the Torah mentions the instruction not to look back, if there were no consequences for doing so.<fn>Thus, this approach succeeds in "solving" the moral difficulty of having a wrathful and mercurial God, but in the process replaces it with a literary problem.</fn></point>
	<point><b>Miraculous transformation?</b> Ralbag argues against the possibility of a supernatural transformation, claiming that God does not make miracles except to instill fear into the observers.<fn>For more on Ralbag's minimization of supernatural events, see <a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">About Ralbag</a>.</fn> In this case, no one would have been present to witness the miracle, and it would thus have served no purpose.</point>
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</approaches>
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