Difference between revisions of "Lot Flees Sedom in Art/0/he"

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<h2>הקדמה</h2>
 
<h2>הקדמה</h2>
<p>The two images shown here, the woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493)<fn>The Chronicle, one of the earliest printed books, is a world history written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel. It was illustrated by Michael Wolgemut and his son-in-law Wilhelm Pleydenwurff and contains 1809 woodcuts produced from 645 blocks, making it one of the most densely illustrated works of its time.</fn> and the oil painting of Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1843 and 1857),<fn>Corot was a French landscape painter and printmaker and a leading artist of the Barbizon school of France. This scene was originally painted in 1843, but in 1857 Corot revised it, downsizing the sky and landscape and repainting the foreground in darker colors. The study for the original 1843 composition can be found <a href="http://metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/110000418?rpp=20&amp;pg=1&amp;ft=*&amp;deptids=52&amp;who=Camille+Corot&amp;pos=1">כאן</a>. In the original study, the destroying angel and the burning city are much more prominent.</fn> both depict Lot's flight from Sedom as recounted in <a href="Bereshit19-12" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:י״ב-כ״ו</a>. While the two works portray the same moment in the story, their differing depictions make one question several points in the narrative, including the punishment of Lot's wife, the nature of the angels, and the fate of the city itself.</p></div>
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<p>The two images shown here, the woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493)<fn>הכרוניקה, אחד הספרים הראשונים המודפסים, היא היסטוריה עולמית שנכתבה בלטינית על ידי הרטמן שדל. היא אויירה על ידי מייקל וולגמוט וחתנו וילהלם פליידנווארף, והיא מכילה 1809 חיתוכי עץ שהופקו מ-645 בלוקים, מה שהפך אותה בתקופתה לאחת היצירות המאויירת ביותר.</fn> and the oil painting of Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1843 and 1857),<fn>קורוט היה צייר ומפיק דפוס צרפתי ואמן מוביל בבית הספר ברביזון בצרפת. סצינה זו צויירה במקור בשנת 1843, אך בשנת 1857 קורוט תיקן אותה, צמצם את השמים והנוף וצבע מחדש את החזית בצבעים כהים יותר. ניתן לצפות <a href="http://metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/110000418?rpp=20&amp;pg=1&amp;ft=*&amp;deptids=52&amp;who=Camille+Corot&amp;pos=1">כאן</a> בטיוטה ששימש לחיבור המקורי בשנת 1843. בטיוטה, המלאך המשמיד והעיר הבוערת בולטים הרבה יותר.</fn> both depict Lot's flight from Sedom כפי שתואר ב<a href="Bereshit19-12" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:י״ב-כ״ו</a>. While the two works portray the same moment in the story, their differing depictions make one question several points in the narrative, including the punishment of Lot's wife, the nature of the angels, and the fate of the city itself.</p></div>
 
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<category>השוואת התמונות
 
<subcategory>Nuremberg Chronicle
 
<subcategory>Nuremberg Chronicle
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<subcategory>Corot
 
<subcategory>Corot
<p>In contrast to the image in the Nuremberg Chronicle, Corot's painting is rendered using a dark palette, capturing the intense mood of its subjects. In the foreground, a female figure<fn>Interestingly, the angels in both images appear somewhat feminine even though in the Biblical text (here and elsewhere) they are referred to in the masculine, as "אֲנָשִׁים". Biblical art frequently depicts angels as gender-neutral.</fn> guides Lot and his daughters away from the burning city. One senses both their urgency and despondency as they run barefoot, heads bowed and dressed in black. Behind them is an unidentified structure resembling a huge tomb, while to the right stands a silhouetted figure, Lot's wife. She has turned to pay her last respects to her city. At the top of the painting, in a smoke-filled sky tinted by raging orange-red fires, an angel hovers and wreaks destruction.</p>
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<p>In contrast to the image in the Nuremberg Chronicle, Corot's painting is rendered using a dark palette, capturing the intense mood of its subjects. In the foreground, a female figure<fn>מעניין לציין כי המלאכים בשני התמונות נראים נשיים במקצת, למרות שבטקסט המקראי (כאן ובמקומות אחרים) הם מכונים בלשון זכר "אֲנָשִׁים". לעתים קרובות אמנות מקראית מציירת מלאכים במגדר ניטרלי.</fn> guides Lot and his daughters away from the burning city. One senses both their urgency and despondency as they run barefoot, heads bowed and dressed in black. Behind them is an unidentified structure resembling a huge tomb, while to the right stands a silhouetted figure, Lot's wife. She has turned to pay her last respects to her city. At the top of the painting, in a smoke-filled sky tinted by raging orange-red fires, an angel hovers and wreaks destruction.</p>
 
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<subcategory>אנשים או מלאכים
 
<subcategory>אנשים או מלאכים
<p>In the Chronicle, the character accompanying Lot and his family is clearly drawn as an angel. In Corot's painting, though, the figure guiding Lot appears human.<fn>This character has no wings and looks no different than any of the other people in the image. In contrast, Corot depicts the angel in the sky with wings.</fn> Was Lot led by an angel or a human? This depends on whether the word "מַלְאָכִים" in the chapter refers to celestial beings or simply to messengers.<fn>In Tanakh, the word <a href="DIC$">"מַלְאָךְ"</a> is used to refer to both a generic (and human) emissary as well as an angel (or Divine messenger). Interestingly, the English word "angel" derives from the Greek "angelos" which means a messenger.</fn> It should also be noted that the characters are referred to as "מַלְאָכִים" only twice in the entire story,<fn>See <a href="Bereshit19-1" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:א׳, ט״ו</a>.</fn> while in most verses they are instead called "אֲנָשִׁים"&#8206;.<fn>See <a href="Bereshit18-2" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:ב׳, ט״ז, כ״ב</a> and <a href="Bereshit19-5" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:ה׳, ח׳,י׳,י״ב, ט״ז</a>. On one hand, the "מַלְאָכִים"&#8206; / "אֲנָשִׁים" appear to eat and drink, and the people of Sedom even want to sleep with them. On the other hand, though, they clearly possess supernatural powers, as they have prophetic knowledge of future events, are able to blind the Sodomites, and warn Lot that they are about to destroy Sedom. These factors all suggest that they are not mere mortals.</fn> להרחבה, ראו <a href="Avraham's Guests – Angels or Men" data-aht="page">האורחים של אברהם – מלאכים או בני אדם?</a></p>
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<p>In the Chronicle, the character accompanying Lot and his family is clearly drawn as an angel. In Corot's painting, though, the figure guiding Lot appears human.<fn>לדמות זו אין כנפיים והיא לא נראית שונה מכל האנשים האחרים בתמונה. לעומת זאת קורוט מתאר את המלאך בשמיים עם כנפיים.</fn> Was Lot led by an angel or a human? This depends on whether the word "מַלְאָכִים" in the chapter refers to celestial beings or simply to messengers.<fn>במקרא, מלת <a href="DIC$">"מַלְאָךְ"</a> משמש לתאר גם שליח אנושי וגם שליח א-לוהי. מעניין לציין כי המלה באנגלית "angel" נובעת מהמלה היוונית "angelos" שפירושו שליח.</fn> It should also be noted that the characters are referred to as "מַלְאָכִים" only twice in the entire story,<fn>ראו <a href="Bereshit19-1" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:א׳, ט״ו</a>.</fn> while in most verses they are instead called "אֲנָשִׁים"&#8206;.<fn>ראו <a href="Bereshit18-2" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:ב׳, ט״ז, כ״ב</a> ו<a href="Bereshit19-5" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:ה׳, ח׳,י׳,י״ב, ט״ז</a>. מצד אחד, ה"מַלְאָכִים"&#8206; / "אֲנָשִׁים" נראים כאוכלים ושותים, ואנשי סדום אפילו רוצים לשכב איתם. אולם, מצד שני, ברור שהם בעלי כוחות על טבעיים, שכן יש להם ידע נבואי על אירועים עתידיים, הם מסוגלים לסנוור את הסדומים, והם מזהירים את לוט כי הם עומדים להשמיד את סדום. גורמים אלה מראים כולם כי הם אינם בני תמותה בלבד.</fn> להרחבה, ראו <a href="Avraham's Guests – Angels or Men" data-aht="page">האורחים של אברהם – מלאכים או בני אדם?</a></p>
 
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<subcategory>כמה מצילים היו?
 
<subcategory>כמה מצילים היו?
<p>In the Chronicle, only one savior accompanies Lot, whereas in Corot's painting two messengers appear, with one destroying the city and the other guiding Lot to safety. Does Tanakh delineate specific roles for the various angels? How many participate in the saving of Lot?<fn>The question relates to a connected difficulty in the text. While three messengers visit Abraham, only two make their way to Sedom. What is the relationship between the various characters?</fn> The Biblical narrative leaves these questions unanswered. Throughout most of Chapter 19 (including the section about leading Lot out of the city) the angels are referred to in the plural, suggesting that they are acting as a pair. In the conversation about destroying the city (<a href="Bereshit19-12" data-aht="source">פסוקים כ"א-כ"ב</a>), though, one of the angels speaks in the singular as if he is solely responsible for that task.<fn><multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah50-2" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah50-2" data-aht="source">פרשה נ׳:ב׳</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink> takes this approach, suggesting that each angel had a unique mission. One was supposed to destroy Sedom and the other to save Lot. See also <multilink><a href="RashiBereshit18-2" data-aht="source">רש״י</a><a href="RashiBereshit18-2" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:ב׳</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שלמה יצחקי</a></multilink> who points to the few verses in the chapter where the angels speak as individuals. He notes that בפסוק י"ז a single angel tells Lot to save himself, אך בפסוק כ"ב one angel speaks of destroying. This leads Rashi to conclude that one angel was the savior and one the destroyer. From a simple reading of the text, though, it seems that the speaker in both verses is the same angel.</fn></p>
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<p>In the Chronicle, only one savior accompanies Lot, whereas in Corot's painting two messengers appear, with one destroying the city and the other guiding Lot to safety. Does Tanakh delineate specific roles for the various angels? How many participate in the saving of Lot?<fn>השאלה נוגעת לקושי בטקסט. בעוד שלושה שליחים מבקרים באברהם, רק שניים עושים את דרכם לסדום. מה הקשר בין הדמויות השונות ולאן נעלם השלישי?</fn> The Biblical narrative leaves these questions unanswered. Throughout most of Chapter 19 (including the section about leading Lot out of the city) the angels are referred to in the plural, suggesting that they are acting as a pair. In the conversation about destroying the city (<a href="Bereshit19-12" data-aht="source">פסוקים כ"א-כ"ב</a>), though, one of the angels speaks in the singular as if he is solely responsible for that task.<fn><multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah50-2" data-aht="source">בראשית רבה</a><a href="BereshitRabbah50-2" data-aht="source">פרשה נ׳:ב׳</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">אודות בראשית רבה</a></multilink> נוקט בגישה זו, ומציע שלכל מלאך הייתה משימה ייחודית. האחד היה אמור להשמיד את סדום והשני להציל את לוט. ראו גם <multilink><a href="RashiBereshit18-2" data-aht="source">רש״י</a><a href="RashiBereshit18-2" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ח:ב׳</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' שלמה יצחקי</a></multilink> שמצביע על הפסוקים המעטים בפרק בו המלאכים מדברים כיחידים. הוא מציין כי בפסוק י"ז מלאך יחיד אומר ללוט להציל את עצמו, אבל בפסוק כ"ב מלאך אחד מדבר על השמדה. זה מוביל את רש"י למסקנה שמלאך אחד היה המושיע ומלאך אחר היה המשמיד. אולם מקריאה פשוטה של הטקסט נראה כי הדובר בשני הפסוקים הוא אותו מלאך.</fn></p>
 
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<subcategory>אשת לוט
 
<subcategory>אשת לוט
<p>The illustrator of the Chronicle highlights how Lot's wife was miraculously transformed into a cartoon like pillar of salt. However, Corot leaves her fate more ambiguous, as her still figure might simply be staring at the destroyed city or could be a person-turned-pillar. What does the Biblical text have to say about her fortune? The verses, like Corot, are unclear. Although most readers assume that the phrase "וַתְּהִי נְצִיב מֶלַח" refers to Lot's wife, it is possible that the referent of the clause is actually the land itself.<fn>The verse, then, describes not what happened to Lot's wife, but rather what she saw when she turned. See <multilink><a href="RalbagBereshitM19-22" data-aht="source">רלב״ג</a><a href="RalbagBereshitM19-22" data-aht="source">בראשית ביאור המילות י״ט:כ״ו</a><a href="RalbagBereshitP19-23" data-aht="source">בראשית ביאור הפרשה י״ט:כ״ג-כ״ו</a><a href="RalbagBereshitP19-end" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט, סוף ביאור דברי הפרשה</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' לוי בן גרשום</a></multilink> and others discussed in <a href="Lot's Wife and Her Fate" data-aht="page">אשת לוט וגורלה</a>.</fn> Moreover, even if the words refer to Lot's wife, they may describe a natural rather than a supernatural punishment. See <multilink><a href="RYBSBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">ר׳ יוסף בכור שור</a><a href="RYBSBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:י״ז</a><a href="RYBSBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:כ״ו</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יוסף בכור שור</a></multilink> who suggests that the extra minutes wasted in looking back at Sedom resulted in Mrs. Lot getting caught in the firestorm of brimstone and salt<fn>See <a href="Devarim29-22" data-aht="source">דברים כ״ט:כ״ב</a> which suggests that salt also rained on Sedom.</fn> which rained down on Sedom.<fn>According to this approach, Lot's wife might have resembled a "נְצִיב מֶלַח", but this was due to natural rather than miraculous events.</fn> להרחבה, ראו <a href="Lot's Wife and Her Fate" data-aht="page">אשת לוט וגורלה</a>.</p>
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<p>The illustrator of the Chronicle highlights how Lot's wife was miraculously transformed into a cartoon like pillar of salt. However, Corot leaves her fate more ambiguous, as her still figure might simply be staring at the destroyed city or could be a person-turned-pillar. What does the Biblical text have to say about her fortune? The verses, like Corot, are unclear. Although most readers assume that the phrase "וַתְּהִי נְצִיב מֶלַח" refers to Lot's wife, it is possible that the referent of the clause is actually the land itself.<fn>הפסוק, אם כן, מתאר לא מה שקרה לאשתו של לוט, אלא את מה שהיא ראתה כשפנתה לאחוריה. ראו גישת <multilink><a href="RalbagBereshitM19-22" data-aht="source">רלב״ג</a><a href="RalbagBereshitM19-22" data-aht="source">בראשית ביאור המילות י״ט:כ״ו</a><a href="RalbagBereshitP19-23" data-aht="source">בראשית ביאור הפרשה י״ט:כ״ג-כ״ו</a><a href="RalbagBereshitP19-end" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט, סוף ביאור דברי הפרשה</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' לוי בן גרשום</a></multilink> ופרשנים אחרים שנידונה בנושא של <a href="Lot's Wife and Her Fate" data-aht="page">אשת לוט וגורלה</a>.</fn> Moreover, even if the words refer to Lot's wife, they may describe a natural rather than a supernatural punishment. ראו <multilink><a href="RYBSBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">ר׳ יוסף בכור שור</a><a href="RYBSBereshit19-17" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:י״ז</a><a href="RYBSBereshit19-26" data-aht="source">בראשית י״ט:כ״ו</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יוסף בכור שור</a></multilink> המציע שהדקות המיותרות wasted in looking back at Sedom resulted in Mrs. Lot getting caught in the firestorm of brimstone and salt<fn>ראו <a href="Devarim29-22" data-aht="source">דברים כ״ט:כ״ב</a> שמרמז שגם מלח הומטר על סדום.</fn> which rained down on Sedom.<fn>על פי גישה זו, ייתכן שאשתו של לוט דמתה ל"נְצִיב מֶלַח", אך הדבר נבע מאירועים טבעיים ולא מופלאים.</fn> להרחבה, ראו <a href="Lot's Wife and Her Fate" data-aht="page">אשת לוט וגורלה</a>.</p>
 
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Version as of 12:39, 31 July 2019

מנוסת לוט מסדום

הקדמה

The two images shown here, the woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493)1 and the oil painting of Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1843 and 1857),2 both depict Lot's flight from Sedom כפי שתואר בבראשית י״ט:י״ב-כ״ו. While the two works portray the same moment in the story, their differing depictions make one question several points in the narrative, including the punishment of Lot's wife, the nature of the angels, and the fate of the city itself.

השוואת התמונות

Nuremberg Chronicle

The illustration in the Nuremberg Chronicle is colored in soft pinks and blues, giving it a light mood that belies the somber situation being depicted. On the left of the woodcut stands the crumbling city, its colorful towers falling amidst flames that look more like petals than fire. In the center, Lot's wife has been transformed into a pillar of salt. Her head peeps out of the cylinder, lending a comical rather than tragic character to her fate. A few steps to her right, a winged angel leads Lot and his daughters away from the destroyed city. All the figures are dressed in silken cloaks and are walking calmly, as if utterly unaware of the destruction unfolding behind them.

Corot

In contrast to the image in the Nuremberg Chronicle, Corot's painting is rendered using a dark palette, capturing the intense mood of its subjects. In the foreground, a female figure3 guides Lot and his daughters away from the burning city. One senses both their urgency and despondency as they run barefoot, heads bowed and dressed in black. Behind them is an unidentified structure resembling a huge tomb, while to the right stands a silhouetted figure, Lot's wife. She has turned to pay her last respects to her city. At the top of the painting, in a smoke-filled sky tinted by raging orange-red fires, an angel hovers and wreaks destruction.

יחס לטקסט המקראי

בחירותיהם של האמנים מעידות על ערפול מסויים בטקסט המקראי, ומהוות דרכים שונות לפרש את הפסוקים:

גורלה של סדום

Corot's smoke-filled sky suggests that the city below was consumed by fire. Although the illustration in the Chronicle similarly depicts flames, its main focus is, instead, on the toppling houses. What happened to Sedom? בי"ט:כ"ה כתוב: "וַה' הִמְטִיר עַל סְדֹם וְעַל עֲמֹרָה גָּפְרִית וָאֵשׁ מֵאֵת ה' מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם", אולם מיד לאחר מכן נאמר: "וַיַּהֲפֹךְ אֶת הֶעָרִים". מה היחס בין "גָּפְרִית וָאֵשׁ" והפיכת הערים? Was a miraculous heavenly fire rained down from the sky or was the city destroyed via a more natural disaster such as an earthquake or volcanic eruption? ראו הפיכת סדום ונס וטבע.

אנשים או מלאכים

In the Chronicle, the character accompanying Lot and his family is clearly drawn as an angel. In Corot's painting, though, the figure guiding Lot appears human.4 Was Lot led by an angel or a human? This depends on whether the word "מַלְאָכִים" in the chapter refers to celestial beings or simply to messengers.5 It should also be noted that the characters are referred to as "מַלְאָכִים" only twice in the entire story,6 while in most verses they are instead called "אֲנָשִׁים"‎.7 להרחבה, ראו האורחים של אברהם – מלאכים או בני אדם?

כמה מצילים היו?

In the Chronicle, only one savior accompanies Lot, whereas in Corot's painting two messengers appear, with one destroying the city and the other guiding Lot to safety. Does Tanakh delineate specific roles for the various angels? How many participate in the saving of Lot?8 The Biblical narrative leaves these questions unanswered. Throughout most of Chapter 19 (including the section about leading Lot out of the city) the angels are referred to in the plural, suggesting that they are acting as a pair. In the conversation about destroying the city (פסוקים כ"א-כ"ב), though, one of the angels speaks in the singular as if he is solely responsible for that task.9

אשת לוט

The illustrator of the Chronicle highlights how Lot's wife was miraculously transformed into a cartoon like pillar of salt. However, Corot leaves her fate more ambiguous, as her still figure might simply be staring at the destroyed city or could be a person-turned-pillar. What does the Biblical text have to say about her fortune? The verses, like Corot, are unclear. Although most readers assume that the phrase "וַתְּהִי נְצִיב מֶלַח" refers to Lot's wife, it is possible that the referent of the clause is actually the land itself.10 Moreover, even if the words refer to Lot's wife, they may describe a natural rather than a supernatural punishment. ראו ר׳ יוסף בכור שורבראשית י״ט:י״זבראשית י״ט:כ״ואודות ר' יוסף בכור שור המציע שהדקות המיותרות wasted in looking back at Sedom resulted in Mrs. Lot getting caught in the firestorm of brimstone and salt11 which rained down on Sedom.12 להרחבה, ראו אשת לוט וגורלה.