Lot Flees Sedom in Art/0/he

מנוסת לוט מסדום

הקדמה

The two images shown here, the woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493)¹ and the oil painting of Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1843 and 1857),² both depict Lot's flight from Sedom as recounted in בראשית י״ט:י״ב-כ״ו. While the two works portray the same moment in the story, their differing depictions make one question several points in the narrative, including the punishment of Lot's wife, the nature of the angels, and the fate of the city itself.

Contrasting Images

Nuremberg Chronicle

The illustration in the Nuremberg Chronicle is colored in soft pinks and blues, giving it a light mood that belies the somber situation being depicted. On the left of the woodcut stands the crumbling city, its colorful towers falling amidst flames that look more like petals than fire. In the center, Lot's wife has been transformed into a pillar of salt. Her head peeps out of the cylinder, lending a comical rather than tragic character to her fate. A few steps to her right, a winged angel leads Lot and his daughters away from the destroyed city. All the figures are dressed in silken cloaks and are walking calmly, as if utterly unaware of the destruction unfolding behind them.

Corot

In contrast to the image in the Nuremberg Chronicle, Corot's painting is rendered using a dark palette, capturing the intense mood of its subjects. In the foreground, a female figure³ guides Lot and his daughters away from the burning city. One senses both their urgency and despondency as they run barefoot, heads bowed and dressed in black. Behind them is an unidentified structure resembling a huge tomb, while to the right stands a silhouetted figure, Lot's wife. She has turned to pay her last respects to her city. At the top of the painting, in a smoke-filled sky tinted by raging orange-red fires, an angel hovers and wreaks destruction.

Relationship to the Biblical Text

The artists' choices reflect certain ambiguities in the Biblical text and different possible interpretive stances:

Sedom's Fate

Corot's smoke-filled sky suggests that the city below was consumed by fire. Although the illustration in the Chronicle similarly depicts flames, its main focus is, instead, on the toppling houses. What happened to Sedom? 19:25 reads, "וַה' הִמְטִיר עַל סְדֹם וְעַל עֲמֹרָה גָּפְרִית וָאֵשׁ מֵאֵת ה' מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם", but immediately afterwards we are told, "וַיַּהֲפֹךְ אֶת הֶעָרִים". What is the relationship between the "fire and brimstone" and the "overturning of the city"? Was a miraculous heavenly fire rained down from the sky or was the city destroyed via a more natural disaster such as an earthquake or volcanic eruption? See הפיכת סדום and נס וטבע.

Angels or Humans?

In the Chronicle, the character accompanying Lot and his family is clearly drawn as an angel. In Corot's painting, though, the figure guiding Lot appears human.⁴ Was Lot led by an angel or a human? This depends on whether the word "מַלְאָכִים" in the chapter refers to celestial beings or simply to messengers.⁵ It should also be noted that the characters are referred to as "מַלְאָכִים" only twice in the entire story,⁶ while in most verses they are instead called "אֲנָשִׁים"‎.⁷ For more, see האורחים של אברהם – מלאכים או בני אדם?

How Many Saviors?

In the Chronicle, only one savior accompanies Lot, whereas in Corot's painting two messengers appear, with one destroying the city and the other guiding Lot to safety. Does Tanakh delineate specific roles for the various angels? How many participate in the saving of Lot?⁸ The Biblical narrative leaves these questions unanswered. Throughout most of Chapter 19 (including the section about leading Lot out of the city) the angels are referred to in the plural, suggesting that they are acting as a pair. In the conversation about destroying the city (פסוקים כ"א-כ"ב), though, one of the angels speaks in the singular as if he is solely responsible for that task.⁹

Mrs. Lot

The illustrator of the Chronicle highlights how Lot's wife was miraculously transformed into a cartoon like pillar of salt. However, Corot leaves her fate more ambiguous, as her still figure might simply be staring at the destroyed city or could be a person-turned-pillar. What does the Biblical text have to say about her fortune? The verses, like Corot, are unclear. Although most readers assume that the phrase "וַתְּהִי נְצִיב מֶלַח" refers to Lot's wife, it is possible that the referent of the clause is actually the land itself.¹⁰ Moreover, even if the words refer to Lot's wife, they may describe a natural rather than a supernatural punishment. See ר׳ יוסף בכור שורבראשית י״ט:י״זבראשית י״ט:כ״ואודות ר' יוסף בכור שור who suggests that the extra minutes wasted in looking back at Sedom resulted in Mrs. Lot getting caught in the firestorm of brimstone and salt¹¹ which rained down on Sedom.¹² For elaboration, see אשת לוט וגורלה.

¹ The Chronicle, one of the earliest printed books, is a world history written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel. It was illustrated by Michael Wolgemut and his son-in-law Wilhelm Pleydenwurff and contains 1809 woodcuts produced from 645 blocks, making it one of the most densely illustrated works of its time.

² Corot was a French landscape painter and printmaker and a leading artist of the Barbizon school of France. This scene was originally painted in 1843, but in 1857 Corot revised it, downsizing the sky and landscape and repainting the foreground in darker colors. The study for the original 1843 composition can be found כאן. In the original study, the destroying angel and the burning city are much more prominent.

³ Interestingly, the angels in both images appear somewhat feminine even though in the Biblical text (here and elsewhere) they are referred to in the masculine, as "אֲנָשִׁים". Biblical art frequently depicts angels as gender-neutral.

⁴ This character has no wings and looks no different than any of the other people in the image. In contrast, Corot depicts the angel in the sky with wings.

⁵ In Tanakh, the word "מַלְאָךְ" is used to refer to both a generic (and human) emissary as well as an angel (or Divine messenger). Interestingly, the English word "angel" derives from the Greek "angelos" which means a messenger.

⁶ See בראשית י״ט:א׳, ט״ו.

⁷ See בראשית י״ח:ב׳, ט״ז, כ״ב and בראשית י״ט:ה׳, ח׳,י׳,י״ב, ט״ז. On one hand, the "מַלְאָכִים"‎ / "אֲנָשִׁים" appear to eat and drink, and the people of Sedom even want to sleep with them. On the other hand, though, they clearly possess supernatural powers, as they have prophetic knowledge of future events, are able to blind the Sodomites, and warn Lot that they are about to destroy Sedom. These factors all suggest that they are not mere mortals.

⁸ The question relates to a connected difficulty in the text. While three messengers visit Abraham, only two make their way to Sedom. What is the relationship between the various characters?

⁹ בראשית רבהפרשה נ׳:ב׳אודות בראשית רבה takes this approach, suggesting that each angel had a unique mission. One was supposed to destroy Sedom and the other to save Lot. See also רש״יבראשית י״ח:ב׳אודות ר' שלמה יצחקי who points to the few verses in the chapter where the angels speak as individuals. He notes that in verse 17 a single angel tells Lot to save himself, while in verse 22 one angel speaks of destroying. This leads Rashi to conclude that one angel was the savior and one the destroyer. From a simple reading of the text, though, it seems that the speaker in both verses is the same angel.

¹⁰ The verse, then, describes not what happened to Lot's wife, but rather what she saw when she turned. See רלב״גבראשית ביאור המילות י״ט:כ״ובראשית ביאור הפרשה י״ט:כ״ג-כ״ובראשית י״ט, סוף ביאור דברי הפרשהאודות ר' לוי בן גרשום and others discussed in אשת לוט וגורלה.

¹¹ See דברים כ״ט:כ״ב which suggests that salt also rained on Sedom.

¹² According to this approach, Lot's wife might have resembled a "נְצִיב מֶלַח", but this was due to natural rather than miraculous events.