Difference between revisions of "Love Your Neighbor As Yourself/5"

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<text xml:lang="EN"><div class="aht-half"><b>who wagered with each other</b> and <b>said: Anyone who will go and aggravate Hillel</b> to the point that he reprimands him, <b>will take four-hundred</b> <i>zuz</i>. <b>One of them said: I will aggravate him. That day</b> that he chose to bother Hillel <b>was Shabbat eve, and Hillel was washing</b> the hair on <b>his head. He went and passed the entrance to</b> Hillel’s <b>house</b> and in a demeaning manner <b>said: Who here is Hillel, who here is Hillel?</b> Hillel <b>wrapped himself</b> in a dignified garment <b>and went out to greet him. He said to him: My son, what do you seek? He said to him: I have a question to ask.</b> Hillel <b>said to him: Ask, my son, ask.</b> The man asked him: <b>Why are the heads of Babylonians oval?</b> He was alluding to and attempting to insult Hillel, who was Babylonian. <b>He said to him: My son, you have asked a significant question.</b> The reason is <b>because they do not have clever midwives.</b> They do not know how to shape the child’s head at birth. <br/>That man <b>went and waited one hour,</b> a short while, <b>returned</b> to look for Hillel, <b>and said: Who here is Hillel, who here is Hillel?</b> Again, Hillel <b>wrapped himself and went out to greet him.</b> Hillel <b>said to him: My son, what do you seek?</b> The man <b>said to him: I have a question to ask. He said to him: Ask, my son, ask.</b> The man asked: <b>Why are the eyes of the residents of Tadmor bleary [<i>terutot</i>]?</b> Hillel <b>said to him: My son, you have asked a significant question.</b> The reason is <b>because they live among the sands</b> and the sand gets into their eyes. <br/>Once again the man <b>went, waited one hour, returned, and said: Who here is Hillel, who here is Hillel?</b> Again, <b>he,</b> Hillel, <b>wrapped himself and went out to greet him. He said to him: My son, what do you seek? He said to him: I have a question to ask. He said to him: Ask, my son, ask.</b> The man asked: <b>Why do Africans have wide feet?</b> Hillel <b>said to him: You have asked a significant question.</b> The reason is <b>because they live in marshlands</b> and their feet widened to enable them to walk through those swampy areas. <br/>That man <b>said to him: I have many</b> more <b>questions to ask, but I am afraid lest you get angry.</b> Hillel <b>wrapped himself and sat before him,</b> and <b>he said to him: All of</b> the <b>questions that you have to ask, ask</b> them. The man got angry and <b>said to him: Are you Hillel whom they call</b> the <b><i>Nasi</i> of Israel? He said to him: Yes. He said to him: If</b> it <b>is you,</b> then <b>may there not be many like you in Israel.</b> Hillel <b>said to him: My son, for what</b> reason do you say this? The man <b>said to him: Because I lost four hundred <i>zuz</i> because of you.</b> Hillel <b>said to him: Be vigilant of your spirit</b> and avoid situations of this sort. <b>Hillel is worthy of having you lose four hundred <i>zuz</i> and</b> another <b>four hundred <i>zuz</i> on his account, and Hillel will not get upset.</b> <br/><b>The Sages taught:</b> There was <b>an incident involving one gentile who came before Shammai.</b> The gentile <b>said to Shammai: How many Torahs do you have? He said to him: Two, the Written Torah and the Oral Torah.</b> The gentile <b>said to him:</b> With regard to <b>the Written</b> Torah, <b>I believe you, but</b> with regard to <b>the Oral</b> Torah, <b>I do not believe you. Convert me on condition that you will teach me</b> only the <b>Written Torah.</b> Shammai <b>scolded him and cast him out with reprimand.</b> The same gentile <b>came before Hillel,</b> who <b>converted him</b> and began teaching him Torah. <b>On the first day, he</b> showed him the letters of the alphabet and <b>said to him: <i>Alef</i>, <i>bet</i>, <i>gimmel</i>, <i>dalet</i>. The next day he reversed</b> the order of the letters and told him that an <i>alef</i> is a <i>tav</i> and so on. The convert <b>said to him: But yesterday you did not tell me that.</b> Hillel <b>said to him:</b> You see that it is impossible to learn what is written without relying on an oral tradition. <b>Didn’t you rely on me?</b> Therefore, you should <b>also rely on me</b> with regard to the matter <b>of the Oral</b> Torah, and accept the interpretations that it contains. <br/>There was <b>another incident involving one gentile who came before Shammai</b> and <b>said to</b> Shammai: <b>Convert me on condition that you teach me the entire Torah while I am standing on one foot.</b> Shammai <b>pushed him</b> away <b>with the builder’s cubit in his hand.</b> This was a common measuring stick and Shammai was a builder by trade. The same gentile <b>came before Hillel. He converted him</b> and <b>said to him:</b> That <b>which is hateful to you do not do to another; that is the entire Torah, and the rest is its interpretation. Go study.</b> <br/>There was <b>another incident involving one gentile who was passing behind the study hall</b> and <b>heard the voice of a teacher who was</b> teaching Torah to his students and <b>saying</b> the verse: <b>“And these are the garments which they shall make: A breastplate, and an <i>efod,</i></b> and a robe, and a tunic of checkered work, a mitre, and a girdle” <span class="source-link">(<a class="source" title="Shemot 28:4" data-book="English Shemot" data-ref="28,4" data-mg-type="Tanakh" data-url="Shemot/28.4$$e1">Exodus 28:4</a>)</span>. <b>The gentile said: These</b> garments, <b>for whom are they</b> designated? The students <b>said to him: For the High Priest. The gentile said to himself: I will go and convert so that they will install me as High Priest. He came before Shammai</b> and <b>said to him: Convert me on condition that you install me</b> as High Priest. Shammai <b>pushed him with the builder’s cubit in his hand. He came before Hillel; he converted him.</b> <br/>Hillel <b>said to him,</b> to the convert: <b>Is it not</b> the way of the world that <b>only one who knows the protocols [<i>takhsisei</i>]</b> of royalty <b>is appointed king? Go</b> and <b>learn the royal protocols</b> by engaging in Torah study. <b>He went and read</b> the Bible. <b>When he reached</b> the verse which says: <b>“And the common man that draws near shall be put to death”</b> <span class="source-link">(<a class="source" title="Bemidbar 1:51" href="//mg.alhatorah.org/Bemidbar/1.51#e1" target="_blank" data-book="English Bemidbar" data-ref="1,51" data-mg-type="Tanakh" data-url="Bemidbar/1.51$$e1">Numbers 1:51</a>)</span>, the convert <b>said to</b> Hillel: <b>With regard to whom is the verse speaking?</b> Hillel <b>said to him: Even with regard to David, king of Israel. The convert reasoned an <i>a fortiori</i> inference himself: If the Jewish people are called God’s children, and due to the love that God loved them he called them: “Israel is My son, My firstborn”</b> <span class="source-link">(<a class="source" title="Shemot 4:22" href="//mg.alhatorah.org/Shemot/4.22#e1" target="_blank" data-book="English Shemot" data-ref="4,22" data-mg-type="Tanakh" data-url="Shemot/4.22$$e1">Exodus 4:22</a>)</span>, and nevertheless <b>it is written about them: And the common man that draws near shall be put to death; a mere convert who came</b> without merit, <b>with</b> nothing more than <b>his staff and traveling bag, all the more so</b> that this applies to him, as well. <br/>The convert <b>came before Shammai</b> and <b>told him</b> that he retracts his demand to appoint him High Priest, saying: <b>Am I at all worthy to be High Priest? Is it not written in the Torah: And the common man that draws near shall be put to death? He came before Hillel</b> and <b>said to him: Hillel the patient, may blessings rest upon your head as you brought me under the wings of the Divine Presence.</b> The Gemara relates: <b>Eventually, the three</b> converts <b>gathered together</b> in <b>one place,</b> and <b>they said: Shammai’s impatience sought to drive us from the world; Hillel’s patience brought us beneath the wings of the Divine Presence.</b> <br/>The Gemara continues discussing the conduct of the Sages, citing that <b>Reish Lakish said: What</b> is the meaning of <b>that which is written: “And the faith of your times shall be a strength of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge,</b> the fear of the Lord is his treasure” <span class="source-link">(<a class="source" title="Yeshayahu 33:6" href="//mg.alhatorah.org/Yeshayahu/33.6#e1" target="_blank" data-book="English Yeshayahu" data-ref="33,6" data-mg-type="Tanakh" data-url="Yeshayahu/33.6$$e1">Isaiah 33:6</a>)</span>? <b>Faith; that is the order of <i>Zera</i>’<i>im</i>, Seeds,</b> in the Mishna, because a person has faith in God and plants his seeds (Jerusalem Talmud). <b>Your times; that is the order of <i>Moed</i>, Festival,</b> which deals with the various occasions and Festivals that occur throughout the year. <b>Strength; that is the order of <i>Nashim</i>, Women. Salvations; that is the order of <i>Nezikin</i>, Damages,</b> as one who is being pursued is rescued from the hands of his pursuer. <b>Wisdom; that is the order of <i>Kodashim</i>, Consecrated Items. And knowledge; that is the order of <i>Teharot</i>, Purity,</b> which is particularly difficult to master. <b>And even</b> if a person studies and masters all of these, <b>“the fear of the Lord is his treasure,”</b> it is preeminent. <br/>With regard to the same verse, <b>Rava said:</b> After departing from this world, <b>when a person is brought to judgment</b> for the life he lived in this world, <b>they say to him</b> in the order of that verse: Did <b>you conduct business faithfully?</b> Did <b>you designate times for Torah</b> study? Did <b>you engage in procreation? Did you await salvation? Did you engage</b> in the dialectics of <b>wisdom</b> or understand <b>one matter from another? And, nevertheless,</b> beyond all these, <b>if the fear of the Lord is his treasure, yes,</b> he is worthy, and <b>if not, no,</b> none of these accomplishments have any value. There is <b>a parable</b> that illustrates this. <b>A person who said to his emissary: Bring a <i>kor</i> of wheat up to the attic for me</b> to store there. The messenger <b>went and brought it up for him. He said to the emissary:</b> Did <b>you mix a <i>kav</i> of <i>ḥomton</i>,</b> a preservative to keep away worms, <b>into it for me? He said to him: No. He said to him:</b> If so, it would have been <b>preferable had you not brought it up.</b> Of what use is worm-infested wheat? Likewise, Torah and mitzvot without the fear of God are of no value. <br/>On a related note, the Gemara cites a <i>halakha</i> that was <b>taught</b> in <b>the school</b> of <b>Rabbi Yishmael: A person</b> who sells wheat <b>may,</b> <i>ab initio</i>, <b>mix a <i>kav</i> of <i>ḥomton</i> into a <i>kor</i> of grain and need not be concerned</b> that by selling it all at the price of grain he will be guilty of theft, as the <i>kav</i> of <i>ḥomton</i> is essential for the preservation of the wheat. <br/><b>Rabba bar Rav Huna said: Any person who has Torah in him but does not have</b></div></text>
 
<text xml:lang="EN"><div class="aht-half"><b>who wagered with each other</b> and <b>said: Anyone who will go and aggravate Hillel</b> to the point that he reprimands him, <b>will take four-hundred</b> <i>zuz</i>. <b>One of them said: I will aggravate him. That day</b> that he chose to bother Hillel <b>was Shabbat eve, and Hillel was washing</b> the hair on <b>his head. He went and passed the entrance to</b> Hillel’s <b>house</b> and in a demeaning manner <b>said: Who here is Hillel, who here is Hillel?</b> Hillel <b>wrapped himself</b> in a dignified garment <b>and went out to greet him. He said to him: My son, what do you seek? He said to him: I have a question to ask.</b> Hillel <b>said to him: Ask, my son, ask.</b> The man asked him: <b>Why are the heads of Babylonians oval?</b> He was alluding to and attempting to insult Hillel, who was Babylonian. <b>He said to him: My son, you have asked a significant question.</b> The reason is <b>because they do not have clever midwives.</b> They do not know how to shape the child’s head at birth. <br/>That man <b>went and waited one hour,</b> a short while, <b>returned</b> to look for Hillel, <b>and said: Who here is Hillel, who here is Hillel?</b> Again, Hillel <b>wrapped himself and went out to greet him.</b> Hillel <b>said to him: My son, what do you seek?</b> The man <b>said to him: I have a question to ask. He said to him: Ask, my son, ask.</b> The man asked: <b>Why are the eyes of the residents of Tadmor bleary [<i>terutot</i>]?</b> Hillel <b>said to him: My son, you have asked a significant question.</b> The reason is <b>because they live among the sands</b> and the sand gets into their eyes. <br/>Once again the man <b>went, waited one hour, returned, and said: Who here is Hillel, who here is Hillel?</b> Again, <b>he,</b> Hillel, <b>wrapped himself and went out to greet him. He said to him: My son, what do you seek? He said to him: I have a question to ask. He said to him: Ask, my son, ask.</b> The man asked: <b>Why do Africans have wide feet?</b> Hillel <b>said to him: You have asked a significant question.</b> The reason is <b>because they live in marshlands</b> and their feet widened to enable them to walk through those swampy areas. <br/>That man <b>said to him: I have many</b> more <b>questions to ask, but I am afraid lest you get angry.</b> Hillel <b>wrapped himself and sat before him,</b> and <b>he said to him: All of</b> the <b>questions that you have to ask, ask</b> them. The man got angry and <b>said to him: Are you Hillel whom they call</b> the <b><i>Nasi</i> of Israel? He said to him: Yes. He said to him: If</b> it <b>is you,</b> then <b>may there not be many like you in Israel.</b> Hillel <b>said to him: My son, for what</b> reason do you say this? The man <b>said to him: Because I lost four hundred <i>zuz</i> because of you.</b> Hillel <b>said to him: Be vigilant of your spirit</b> and avoid situations of this sort. <b>Hillel is worthy of having you lose four hundred <i>zuz</i> and</b> another <b>four hundred <i>zuz</i> on his account, and Hillel will not get upset.</b> <br/><b>The Sages taught:</b> There was <b>an incident involving one gentile who came before Shammai.</b> The gentile <b>said to Shammai: How many Torahs do you have? He said to him: Two, the Written Torah and the Oral Torah.</b> The gentile <b>said to him:</b> With regard to <b>the Written</b> Torah, <b>I believe you, but</b> with regard to <b>the Oral</b> Torah, <b>I do not believe you. Convert me on condition that you will teach me</b> only the <b>Written Torah.</b> Shammai <b>scolded him and cast him out with reprimand.</b> The same gentile <b>came before Hillel,</b> who <b>converted him</b> and began teaching him Torah. <b>On the first day, he</b> showed him the letters of the alphabet and <b>said to him: <i>Alef</i>, <i>bet</i>, <i>gimmel</i>, <i>dalet</i>. The next day he reversed</b> the order of the letters and told him that an <i>alef</i> is a <i>tav</i> and so on. The convert <b>said to him: But yesterday you did not tell me that.</b> Hillel <b>said to him:</b> You see that it is impossible to learn what is written without relying on an oral tradition. <b>Didn’t you rely on me?</b> Therefore, you should <b>also rely on me</b> with regard to the matter <b>of the Oral</b> Torah, and accept the interpretations that it contains. <br/>There was <b>another incident involving one gentile who came before Shammai</b> and <b>said to</b> Shammai: <b>Convert me on condition that you teach me the entire Torah while I am standing on one foot.</b> Shammai <b>pushed him</b> away <b>with the builder’s cubit in his hand.</b> This was a common measuring stick and Shammai was a builder by trade. The same gentile <b>came before Hillel. He converted him</b> and <b>said to him:</b> That <b>which is hateful to you do not do to another; that is the entire Torah, and the rest is its interpretation. Go study.</b> <br/>There was <b>another incident involving one gentile who was passing behind the study hall</b> and <b>heard the voice of a teacher who was</b> teaching Torah to his students and <b>saying</b> the verse: <b>“And these are the garments which they shall make: A breastplate, and an <i>efod,</i></b> and a robe, and a tunic of checkered work, a mitre, and a girdle” <span class="source-link">(<a class="source" title="Shemot 28:4" data-book="English Shemot" data-ref="28,4" data-mg-type="Tanakh" data-url="Shemot/28.4$$e1">Exodus 28:4</a>)</span>. <b>The gentile said: These</b> garments, <b>for whom are they</b> designated? The students <b>said to him: For the High Priest. The gentile said to himself: I will go and convert so that they will install me as High Priest. He came before Shammai</b> and <b>said to him: Convert me on condition that you install me</b> as High Priest. Shammai <b>pushed him with the builder’s cubit in his hand. He came before Hillel; he converted him.</b> <br/>Hillel <b>said to him,</b> to the convert: <b>Is it not</b> the way of the world that <b>only one who knows the protocols [<i>takhsisei</i>]</b> of royalty <b>is appointed king? Go</b> and <b>learn the royal protocols</b> by engaging in Torah study. <b>He went and read</b> the Bible. <b>When he reached</b> the verse which says: <b>“And the common man that draws near shall be put to death”</b> <span class="source-link">(<a class="source" title="Bemidbar 1:51" href="//mg.alhatorah.org/Bemidbar/1.51#e1" target="_blank" data-book="English Bemidbar" data-ref="1,51" data-mg-type="Tanakh" data-url="Bemidbar/1.51$$e1">Numbers 1:51</a>)</span>, the convert <b>said to</b> Hillel: <b>With regard to whom is the verse speaking?</b> Hillel <b>said to him: Even with regard to David, king of Israel. The convert reasoned an <i>a fortiori</i> inference himself: If the Jewish people are called God’s children, and due to the love that God loved them he called them: “Israel is My son, My firstborn”</b> <span class="source-link">(<a class="source" title="Shemot 4:22" href="//mg.alhatorah.org/Shemot/4.22#e1" target="_blank" data-book="English Shemot" data-ref="4,22" data-mg-type="Tanakh" data-url="Shemot/4.22$$e1">Exodus 4:22</a>)</span>, and nevertheless <b>it is written about them: And the common man that draws near shall be put to death; a mere convert who came</b> without merit, <b>with</b> nothing more than <b>his staff and traveling bag, all the more so</b> that this applies to him, as well. <br/>The convert <b>came before Shammai</b> and <b>told him</b> that he retracts his demand to appoint him High Priest, saying: <b>Am I at all worthy to be High Priest? Is it not written in the Torah: And the common man that draws near shall be put to death? He came before Hillel</b> and <b>said to him: Hillel the patient, may blessings rest upon your head as you brought me under the wings of the Divine Presence.</b> The Gemara relates: <b>Eventually, the three</b> converts <b>gathered together</b> in <b>one place,</b> and <b>they said: Shammai’s impatience sought to drive us from the world; Hillel’s patience brought us beneath the wings of the Divine Presence.</b> <br/>The Gemara continues discussing the conduct of the Sages, citing that <b>Reish Lakish said: What</b> is the meaning of <b>that which is written: “And the faith of your times shall be a strength of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge,</b> the fear of the Lord is his treasure” <span class="source-link">(<a class="source" title="Yeshayahu 33:6" href="//mg.alhatorah.org/Yeshayahu/33.6#e1" target="_blank" data-book="English Yeshayahu" data-ref="33,6" data-mg-type="Tanakh" data-url="Yeshayahu/33.6$$e1">Isaiah 33:6</a>)</span>? <b>Faith; that is the order of <i>Zera</i>’<i>im</i>, Seeds,</b> in the Mishna, because a person has faith in God and plants his seeds (Jerusalem Talmud). <b>Your times; that is the order of <i>Moed</i>, Festival,</b> which deals with the various occasions and Festivals that occur throughout the year. <b>Strength; that is the order of <i>Nashim</i>, Women. Salvations; that is the order of <i>Nezikin</i>, Damages,</b> as one who is being pursued is rescued from the hands of his pursuer. <b>Wisdom; that is the order of <i>Kodashim</i>, Consecrated Items. And knowledge; that is the order of <i>Teharot</i>, Purity,</b> which is particularly difficult to master. <b>And even</b> if a person studies and masters all of these, <b>“the fear of the Lord is his treasure,”</b> it is preeminent. <br/>With regard to the same verse, <b>Rava said:</b> After departing from this world, <b>when a person is brought to judgment</b> for the life he lived in this world, <b>they say to him</b> in the order of that verse: Did <b>you conduct business faithfully?</b> Did <b>you designate times for Torah</b> study? Did <b>you engage in procreation? Did you await salvation? Did you engage</b> in the dialectics of <b>wisdom</b> or understand <b>one matter from another? And, nevertheless,</b> beyond all these, <b>if the fear of the Lord is his treasure, yes,</b> he is worthy, and <b>if not, no,</b> none of these accomplishments have any value. There is <b>a parable</b> that illustrates this. <b>A person who said to his emissary: Bring a <i>kor</i> of wheat up to the attic for me</b> to store there. The messenger <b>went and brought it up for him. He said to the emissary:</b> Did <b>you mix a <i>kav</i> of <i>ḥomton</i>,</b> a preservative to keep away worms, <b>into it for me? He said to him: No. He said to him:</b> If so, it would have been <b>preferable had you not brought it up.</b> Of what use is worm-infested wheat? Likewise, Torah and mitzvot without the fear of God are of no value. <br/>On a related note, the Gemara cites a <i>halakha</i> that was <b>taught</b> in <b>the school</b> of <b>Rabbi Yishmael: A person</b> who sells wheat <b>may,</b> <i>ab initio</i>, <b>mix a <i>kav</i> of <i>ḥomton</i> into a <i>kor</i> of grain and need not be concerned</b> that by selling it all at the price of grain he will be guilty of theft, as the <i>kav</i> of <i>ḥomton</i> is essential for the preservation of the wheat. <br/><b>Rabba bar Rav Huna said: Any person who has Torah in him but does not have</b></div></text>
 
<h3 xml:lang="HE">בבלי שבת ל״א.</h3>
 
<h3 xml:lang="HE">בבלי שבת ל״א.</h3>
<text xml:lang="HE"><div class="aht-half"><a class="daf-icon" title="צורת הדף (PDF)" href="https://beta.hebrewbooks.org/pagefeed/hebrewbooks_org_36104_59.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="//media.alhatorah.org/icons/daf.png" alt=""/></a> <openabb>תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן</openabb>: מַעֲשֶׂה בְּגוֹי אֶחָד שֶׁבָּא לִפְנֵי שַׁמַּאי. אָמַר לוֹ: כַּמָּה תּוֹרוֹת יֵשׁ לָכֶם? אָמַר לוֹ: שְׁתַּיִם, תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב וְתוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. <abb>א״ל</abb><openabb>אָמַר לוֹ</openabb>: שֶׁבִּכְתָב – אֲנִי מַאֲמִינְךָ, וְשֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה – אֵינִי מַאֲמִינְךָ; גַּיְּירֵנִי <abb>ע״מ</abb><openabb>עַל מְנָת</openabb> שֶׁתְּלַמְּדֵנִי תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב. גָּעַר בּוֹ וְהוֹצִיאוֹ בִּנְזִיפָה. בָּא לִפְנֵי הִלֵּל – גַּיְירֵיהּ. יוֹמָא קַמָּא <abb>א״ל</abb><openabb>אֲמַר לֵיהּ</openabb>: א״ב ג״ד; לִמְחַר אֲפֵיךְ לֵיהּ. <abb>א״ל</abb><openabb>אֲמַר לֵיהּ</openabb>: וְהָא אֶתְמוֹל לָא אֲמַרְתְּ לִי הָכִי!? <abb>א״ל</abb><openabb>אֲמַר לֵיהּ</openabb>: לָאו עֲלַי דִּידִי קָא סָמְכַתְּ? דְּעַל פֶּה נָמֵי סְמוֹךְ עֲלַי.: <br/>שׁוּב מַעֲשֶׂה בְּגוֹי אֶחָד שֶׁבָּא לִפְנֵי שַׁמַּאי; <abb>א״ל</abb><openabb>אָמַר לוֹ</openabb>: גַּיְּירֵנִי <abb>ע״מ</abb><openabb>עַל מְנָת</openabb> שֶׁתְּלַמְּדֵנִי כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ כְּשֶׁאֲנִי עוֹמֵד עַל רֶגֶל אַחַת. דְּחָפוֹ בְּאַמַּת הַבִּנְיָן שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ. בָּא לִפְנֵי הִלֵּל – גַּיְירֵיהּ. אָמַר לוֹ: דַּעֲלָךְ סְנֵי לְחַבְרָךְ לָא תַּעֲבֵיד – זוֹ הִיא כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ, וְאִידַּךְ פֵּירוּשַׁהּ הוּא, זִיל גְּמוֹר.</div></text>
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<text xml:lang="HE"><div class="aht-half"><a class="daf-icon" title="צורת הדף (PDF)" href="https://beta.hebrewbooks.org/pagefeed/hebrewbooks_org_36104_59.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="//media.alhatorah.org/icons/daf.png" alt=""/></a> תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מַעֲשֶׂה בְּגוֹי אֶחָד שֶׁבָּא לִפְנֵי שַׁמַּאי. אָמַר לוֹ: כַּמָּה תּוֹרוֹת יֵשׁ לָכֶם? אָמַר לוֹ: שְׁתַּיִם, תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב וְתוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. אָמַר לוֹ: שֶׁבִּכְתָב – אֲנִי מַאֲמִינְךָ, וְשֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה – אֵינִי מַאֲמִינְךָ; גַּיְּירֵנִי עַל מְנָת שֶׁתְּלַמְּדֵנִי תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב. גָּעַר בּוֹ וְהוֹצִיאוֹ בִּנְזִיפָה. בָּא לִפְנֵי הִלֵּל – גַּיְירֵיהּ. יוֹמָא קַמָּא אֲמַר לֵיהּ: א״ב ג״ד; לִמְחַר אֲפֵיךְ לֵיהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְהָא אֶתְמוֹל לָא אֲמַרְתְּ לִי הָכִי!? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָאו עֲלַי דִּידִי קָא סָמְכַתְּ? דְּעַל פֶּה נָמֵי סְמוֹךְ עֲלַי.: <br/>שׁוּב מַעֲשֶׂה בְּגוֹי אֶחָד שֶׁבָּא לִפְנֵי שַׁמַּאי; אָמַר לוֹ: גַּיְּירֵנִי עַל מְנָת שֶׁתְּלַמְּדֵנִי כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ כְּשֶׁאֲנִי עוֹמֵד עַל רֶגֶל אַחַת. דְּחָפוֹ בְּאַמַּת הַבִּנְיָן שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ. בָּא לִפְנֵי הִלֵּל – גַּיְירֵיהּ. אָמַר לוֹ: דַּעֲלָךְ סְנֵי לְחַבְרָךְ לָא תַּעֲבֵיד – זוֹ הִיא כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ, וְאִידַּךְ פֵּירוּשַׁהּ הוּא, זִיל גְּמוֹר.</div></text>
 
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Version as of 12:07, 28 June 2021

EN/HEע/E

Love Your Neighbor As Yourself

Sources

Biblical Texts

Bereshit 5:1בראשית ה׳:א׳

This is the book of the generations of Adam. On the day that God created man, He made him in God’s likeness.זֶה סֵפֶר תּוֹלְדֹת אָדָם בְּיוֹם בְּרֹא אֱלֹהִים אָדָם בִּדְמוּת אֱלֹהִים עָשָׂה אֹתוֹ.

Vayikra 19:17-19ויקרא י״ט:י״ז-י״ט

(17) “‘You shall not hate your brother in your heart. You shall surely rebuke your neighbor, and not bear sin because of him. (18) “‘You shall not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the children of your people; but you shall love your neighbor as yourself. I am Hashem. (19) “‘You shall keep my statutes. “‘You shall not crossbreed different kinds of animals. “‘you shall not sow your field with two kinds of seed; “‘neither shall there come upon on you a garment made of two kinds of material.(יז) לֹא תִשְׂנָא אֶת אָחִיךָ בִּלְבָבֶךָ הוֹכֵחַ תּוֹכִיחַ אֶת עֲמִיתֶךָ וְלֹא תִשָּׂא עָלָיו חֵטְא. (יח) לֹא תִקֹּם וְלֹא תִטֹּר אֶת בְּנֵי עַמֶּךָ וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ אֲנִי י״י. (יט) אֶת חֻקֹּתַי תִּשְׁמֹרוּ בְּהֶמְתְּךָ לֹא תַרְבִּיעַ כִּלְאַיִם שָׂדְךָ לֹא תִזְרַע כִּלְאָיִם וּבֶגֶד כִּלְאַיִם שַׁעַטְנֵז לֹא יַעֲלֶה עָלֶיךָ.

Classical Texts

Sifra Vayikra 19:18ספרא ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

״וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ״ – רַבִּי עֲקִיבָה אוֹמֵר: זֶה כְּלָל גָּדוֹל בַּתּוֹרָה.
בֶּן עַזַּי אוֹמֵר: ״זֶה סֵפֶר תּוֹלְדֹת אָדָם״ (בראשית ה׳:א׳), זֶה כְּלָל גָּדוֹל מִזֶּה.

Yerushalmi Nedarim 9:4ירושלמי נדרים ט׳:ד׳

משנה ועוד אמר ר״מ פותחין לו מן הכתוב שבתורה ואומר לו אילו היית יודע שאתה עובר על {ויקרא יט} לא תקום ועל לא תטור ועל לא תשנא את אחיך בלבבך ואהבת לרעך כמוך וחי אחיך עמך שמא יעני ואין את יכול לפרנסו ואמר אילו הייתי יודע שהוא כן לא הייתי נודר הרי זה מותר:
גמרא כתיב לא תקום ולא תטור את בני עמך.
היך עבידא הוה מקטע קופד ומחת סכינא לידוי תחזור ותמחי לידיה. {ויקרא יט} ואהבת לרעך כמוך. רבי עקיבה אומר זהו כלל גדול בתורה. בן עזאי אומר {בראשית ה} זה ספר תולדות אדם זה כלל גדול מזה.

Bavli Shabbat 31aבבלי שבת ל״א.

who wagered with each other and said: Anyone who will go and aggravate Hillel to the point that he reprimands him, will take four-hundred zuz. One of them said: I will aggravate him. That day that he chose to bother Hillel was Shabbat eve, and Hillel was washing the hair on his head. He went and passed the entrance to Hillel’s house and in a demeaning manner said: Who here is Hillel, who here is Hillel? Hillel wrapped himself in a dignified garment and went out to greet him. He said to him: My son, what do you seek? He said to him: I have a question to ask. Hillel said to him: Ask, my son, ask. The man asked him: Why are the heads of Babylonians oval? He was alluding to and attempting to insult Hillel, who was Babylonian. He said to him: My son, you have asked a significant question. The reason is because they do not have clever midwives. They do not know how to shape the child’s head at birth.
That man went and waited one hour, a short while, returned to look for Hillel, and said: Who here is Hillel, who here is Hillel? Again, Hillel wrapped himself and went out to greet him. Hillel said to him: My son, what do you seek? The man said to him: I have a question to ask. He said to him: Ask, my son, ask. The man asked: Why are the eyes of the residents of Tadmor bleary [terutot]? Hillel said to him: My son, you have asked a significant question. The reason is because they live among the sands and the sand gets into their eyes.
Once again the man went, waited one hour, returned, and said: Who here is Hillel, who here is Hillel? Again, he, Hillel, wrapped himself and went out to greet him. He said to him: My son, what do you seek? He said to him: I have a question to ask. He said to him: Ask, my son, ask. The man asked: Why do Africans have wide feet? Hillel said to him: You have asked a significant question. The reason is because they live in marshlands and their feet widened to enable them to walk through those swampy areas.
That man said to him: I have many more questions to ask, but I am afraid lest you get angry. Hillel wrapped himself and sat before him, and he said to him: All of the questions that you have to ask, ask them. The man got angry and said to him: Are you Hillel whom they call the Nasi of Israel? He said to him: Yes. He said to him: If it is you, then may there not be many like you in Israel. Hillel said to him: My son, for what reason do you say this? The man said to him: Because I lost four hundred zuz because of you. Hillel said to him: Be vigilant of your spirit and avoid situations of this sort. Hillel is worthy of having you lose four hundred zuz and another four hundred zuz on his account, and Hillel will not get upset.
The Sages taught: There was an incident involving one gentile who came before Shammai. The gentile said to Shammai: How many Torahs do you have? He said to him: Two, the Written Torah and the Oral Torah. The gentile said to him: With regard to the Written Torah, I believe you, but with regard to the Oral Torah, I do not believe you. Convert me on condition that you will teach me only the Written Torah. Shammai scolded him and cast him out with reprimand. The same gentile came before Hillel, who converted him and began teaching him Torah. On the first day, he showed him the letters of the alphabet and said to him: Alef, bet, gimmel, dalet. The next day he reversed the order of the letters and told him that an alef is a tav and so on. The convert said to him: But yesterday you did not tell me that. Hillel said to him: You see that it is impossible to learn what is written without relying on an oral tradition. Didn’t you rely on me? Therefore, you should also rely on me with regard to the matter of the Oral Torah, and accept the interpretations that it contains.
There was another incident involving one gentile who came before Shammai and said to Shammai: Convert me on condition that you teach me the entire Torah while I am standing on one foot. Shammai pushed him away with the builder’s cubit in his hand. This was a common measuring stick and Shammai was a builder by trade. The same gentile came before Hillel. He converted him and said to him: That which is hateful to you do not do to another; that is the entire Torah, and the rest is its interpretation. Go study.
There was another incident involving one gentile who was passing behind the study hall and heard the voice of a teacher who was teaching Torah to his students and saying the verse: “And these are the garments which they shall make: A breastplate, and an efod, and a robe, and a tunic of checkered work, a mitre, and a girdle” (Exodus 28:4). The gentile said: These garments, for whom are they designated? The students said to him: For the High Priest. The gentile said to himself: I will go and convert so that they will install me as High Priest. He came before Shammai and said to him: Convert me on condition that you install me as High Priest. Shammai pushed him with the builder’s cubit in his hand. He came before Hillel; he converted him.
Hillel said to him, to the convert: Is it not the way of the world that only one who knows the protocols [takhsisei] of royalty is appointed king? Go and learn the royal protocols by engaging in Torah study. He went and read the Bible. When he reached the verse which says: “And the common man that draws near shall be put to death” (Numbers 1:51), the convert said to Hillel: With regard to whom is the verse speaking? Hillel said to him: Even with regard to David, king of Israel. The convert reasoned an a fortiori inference himself: If the Jewish people are called God’s children, and due to the love that God loved them he called them: “Israel is My son, My firstborn” (Exodus 4:22), and nevertheless it is written about them: And the common man that draws near shall be put to death; a mere convert who came without merit, with nothing more than his staff and traveling bag, all the more so that this applies to him, as well.
The convert came before Shammai and told him that he retracts his demand to appoint him High Priest, saying: Am I at all worthy to be High Priest? Is it not written in the Torah: And the common man that draws near shall be put to death? He came before Hillel and said to him: Hillel the patient, may blessings rest upon your head as you brought me under the wings of the Divine Presence. The Gemara relates: Eventually, the three converts gathered together in one place, and they said: Shammai’s impatience sought to drive us from the world; Hillel’s patience brought us beneath the wings of the Divine Presence.
The Gemara continues discussing the conduct of the Sages, citing that Reish Lakish said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And the faith of your times shall be a strength of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge, the fear of the Lord is his treasure” (Isaiah 33:6)? Faith; that is the order of Zeraim, Seeds, in the Mishna, because a person has faith in God and plants his seeds (Jerusalem Talmud). Your times; that is the order of Moed, Festival, which deals with the various occasions and Festivals that occur throughout the year. Strength; that is the order of Nashim, Women. Salvations; that is the order of Nezikin, Damages, as one who is being pursued is rescued from the hands of his pursuer. Wisdom; that is the order of Kodashim, Consecrated Items. And knowledge; that is the order of Teharot, Purity, which is particularly difficult to master. And even if a person studies and masters all of these, “the fear of the Lord is his treasure,” it is preeminent.
With regard to the same verse, Rava said: After departing from this world, when a person is brought to judgment for the life he lived in this world, they say to him in the order of that verse: Did you conduct business faithfully? Did you designate times for Torah study? Did you engage in procreation? Did you await salvation? Did you engage in the dialectics of wisdom or understand one matter from another? And, nevertheless, beyond all these, if the fear of the Lord is his treasure, yes, he is worthy, and if not, no, none of these accomplishments have any value. There is a parable that illustrates this. A person who said to his emissary: Bring a kor of wheat up to the attic for me to store there. The messenger went and brought it up for him. He said to the emissary: Did you mix a kav of ḥomton, a preservative to keep away worms, into it for me? He said to him: No. He said to him: If so, it would have been preferable had you not brought it up. Of what use is worm-infested wheat? Likewise, Torah and mitzvot without the fear of God are of no value.
On a related note, the Gemara cites a halakha that was taught in the school of Rabbi Yishmael: A person who sells wheat may, ab initio, mix a kav of ḥomton into a kor of grain and need not be concerned that by selling it all at the price of grain he will be guilty of theft, as the kav of ḥomton is essential for the preservation of the wheat.
Rabba bar Rav Huna said: Any person who has Torah in him but does not have
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מַעֲשֶׂה בְּגוֹי אֶחָד שֶׁבָּא לִפְנֵי שַׁמַּאי. אָמַר לוֹ: כַּמָּה תּוֹרוֹת יֵשׁ לָכֶם? אָמַר לוֹ: שְׁתַּיִם, תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב וְתוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה. אָמַר לוֹ: שֶׁבִּכְתָב – אֲנִי מַאֲמִינְךָ, וְשֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה – אֵינִי מַאֲמִינְךָ; גַּיְּירֵנִי עַל מְנָת שֶׁתְּלַמְּדֵנִי תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב. גָּעַר בּוֹ וְהוֹצִיאוֹ בִּנְזִיפָה. בָּא לִפְנֵי הִלֵּל – גַּיְירֵיהּ. יוֹמָא קַמָּא אֲמַר לֵיהּ: א״ב ג״ד; לִמְחַר אֲפֵיךְ לֵיהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְהָא אֶתְמוֹל לָא אֲמַרְתְּ לִי הָכִי!? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָאו עֲלַי דִּידִי קָא סָמְכַתְּ? דְּעַל פֶּה נָמֵי סְמוֹךְ עֲלַי.:
שׁוּב מַעֲשֶׂה בְּגוֹי אֶחָד שֶׁבָּא לִפְנֵי שַׁמַּאי; אָמַר לוֹ: גַּיְּירֵנִי עַל מְנָת שֶׁתְּלַמְּדֵנִי כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ כְּשֶׁאֲנִי עוֹמֵד עַל רֶגֶל אַחַת. דְּחָפוֹ בְּאַמַּת הַבִּנְיָן שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ. בָּא לִפְנֵי הִלֵּל – גַּיְירֵיהּ. אָמַר לוֹ: דַּעֲלָךְ סְנֵי לְחַבְרָךְ לָא תַּעֲבֵיד – זוֹ הִיא כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ, וְאִידַּךְ פֵּירוּשַׁהּ הוּא, זִיל גְּמוֹר.

Bavli Bava Metzia 62aבבלי בבא מציעא ס״ב.

If two people were walking on a desolate path and there was a jug [kiton] of water in the possession of one of them, and the situation was such that if both drink from the jug, both will die, as there is not enough water, but if only one of them drinks, he will reach a settled area, there is a dispute as to the halakha. Ben Petora taught: It is preferable that both of them drink and die, and let neither one of them see the death of the other. This was the accepted opinion until Rabbi Akiva came and taught that the verse states: “And your brother shall live with you,” indicating that your life takes precedence over the life of the other.
שנים שהיו מהלכין בדרך וביד אחד מהן קיתון של מים אם שותין שניהם מתים ואם שותה אחד מהן מגיע לישוב דרש בן פטורא מוטב שישתו שניהם וימותו ואל יראה אחד מהם במיתתו של חבירו עד שבא ר׳ עקיבא ולימד וחי אחיך עמך חייך קודמים לחיי חבירך.

Medieval Texts

Rashbam Vayikra 19:18רשב״ם ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

לא תקום DO NOT TAKE VENGEANCE: Paying him back evil for evil. ולא תטור AND DO NOT BEAR A GRUDGE: even in your heart. Rather give in.
ואהבת לרעך כמוך LOVE YOUR FELLOW AS YOURSELF: If he is really your fellow, i.e. if he is good. However, if he is evil, [you should hate him, as it is written (Prov. 8:13),] "To fear the LORD is to hate the evildoers."
לא תקום – לגמול לו רעה תחת רעה.
ולא תטור – אפילו בלבבך, אלא עבור על מידותיך.
ואהבת לרעך כמוך – אם רעך, אם טוב. אבל אם הוא רשע – כדכתיב: יראת י״י שנאת רע (משלי ח׳:י״ג).

Ibn Ezra Vayikra 19:18אבן עזרא ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

THOU SHALT NOT TAKE VENGEANCE, NOR BEAR ANY GRUDGE. This is explained in the words of our rabbis of blessed memory.
BUT THOU SHALT LOVE THY NEIGHBOR. Many are of the opinion that the lamed of le-re'akha (thy neighbor) is superfluous. It is like the lamed of le-avner (Abner) (II Sam. 3:30). I believe that le-re'akha is to be taken literally. Its meaning is that one should love that which is good for one's neighbor as he does for himself.
The meaning of I am the Lord is, I the Lord alone created all of you.
((יח) לא תקם ולא תטר – מפורש בדברי חכמינו ז״ל (בבלי יומא כ״ג.).
ואהבת לרעך – על דעת רבים: שהלמ״ד נוסף, כלמ״ד הרגו לאבנר (שמואל ב ג׳:ל׳).
ועל דעתי: שהוא כמשמעו, שיאהב הטוב לחבירו כאשר יאהב לנפשו.
וטעם אני י״י – כי אני אלוה אחד בראתי אתכם.

R. Yosef Bekhor Shor Vayikra 19:18ר׳ יוסף בכור שור ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

לא תקום ולא תטור – כמו שפירשו רבותינו (ספרא ויקרא י״ט:י״ח), שלא תשנאנו על שלו, ולא תטור לו איבה אם אינו רוצה להשאיל לך או לתת לך, דשמא אינו יכול או צריך לאותו דבר. אבל אם יגזול את שלך או יגנוב, תינקום ותטור וקח שלך מתחת ידו.
ואהבת לרעך כמוך – כמו שאתה רוצה שיאהוב אותך, דעלך סני לחברך לא תעביד (בבלי שבת ל״א.), ולכך כתוב: ואהבת לרעך כמוך, [פירושו: הוא כמוך ביראה. ואם לאו, לא תאהבנו, שנאמר: יראת ה׳ שנאות רע (משלי ח׳:י״ג). הגה״ה.] שאינו אומר שיאהב אחר כמו עצמו, אלא כתיב: וחי אחיך עמך (ויקרא כ״ה:ל״ו) – חייך קודמים לחיי חבירך (בבלי ב״מ ס״ב.). שאם היה רוצה לומר שיאהב אחר כמו עצמו, היה לו לכתוב: ואהבת את רעך כמוך, וכן ואהבת לו כמוך (ויקרא י״ט:ל״ד), ולא כתב ואהבת אותו כמוך. אבל במקום אחר שכתב ואהבתם את הגר (דברים י׳:י״ט), לא כתב כמוך. ואהבת לו – משמע לעשות לו כמוך, כמו שאתה רוצה שיעשה הוא לך, כמו שפירשתי.
ואם תאמר: מאי שנא שאין הקב״ה מזהיר בלאו על אותו שלא רצה להשאיל לי מגלו, ולא היה לו שום טענה עלי שלא עשיתי לו מאומה, ועלי שיש לי טענה עליו שלא רצה להשאיל לי, הזהיר בלאו אם לא אשאיל לו קרדומי? איכא למימר: שאותו לא הניח בשנאה אלא שחביבה עלי{ו} מגלו ואינו רוצה להשאילו, ולא הכריחו הכתוב להשאיל את שלו שלא כרצונו. אבל לך שקרדומך עשוי להשאיל, שהרי היית משאיל לו לולי הנקימה, ואם כן משנאה ומרוע לב אתה מניח להשאיל. ואומר לך הקב״ה: תנצח האהבה שיש לך עמי את השנאה שיש לך עמו, ותשאיל לו בשביל אהבתי, ולא תקום, ומתוך כך יבא שלום ביניכם. וכן תמצא גבי כי תראה חמור שנאך רובץ תחת משאו (שמות כ״ג:ה׳), שאמר הקב״ה: תנצח האהבה שיש לך עמי את השנאה שיש לך עמו ותסייעו בשביל אהבתי. וזהו דרכיה דרכי נועם וכל נתיבותיה שלום (משלי ג׳:י״ז).
אני ה׳ – וראויה אהבתי לשכח את השנאה.
ולא תטור – אף לא תטור האיבה בלבך. לא תטור – כמו לא תשמור, כדמתרגמינן: ואביו שמר את הדבר – נטר ית פתגמא (אונקלוס בראשית ל״ז:י״א). שהנטירה מביאה אותך לידי נקימה.

Rambam Sefer HaMitzvot Positive Commandments 206רמב״ם ספר המצוות מצוות עשה ר״ו

היא שצונו לאהוב קצתנו את קצתנו כאשר נאהב עצמנו ושתהיה אהבתו וחמלתו לאחיו כאהבתו וחמלתו לעצמו בממונו ובגופו וכל מה שיהיה ברשותו אם ירצה אותו ארצה אני אותו וכל מה שארצה לעצמי ארצה לו כמוהו. והוא אמרו יתעלה ״ואהבת לרעך כמוך״ (ויקרא י״ט:י״ח). (קדושים תהיו, רמב״ם הלכות דעות פ״ז):

Rambam Hilkhot Eivel 14:1רמב"ם הלכות אבל י״ד:א׳

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁל דִּבְרֵיהֶם לְבַקֵּר חוֹלִים. וּלְנַחֵם אֲבֵלִים. וּלְהוֹצִיא הַמֵּת. וּלְהַכְנִיס הַכַּלָּה. וּלְלַוּוֹת הָאוֹרְחִים. וּלְהִתְעַסֵּק בְּכָל צָרְכֵי הַקְּבוּרָה. לָשֵׂאת עַל הַכָּתֵף. וְלֵילֵךְ לְפָנָיו וְלִסְפֹּד וְלַחְפֹּר וְלִקְבֹּר. וְכֵן לְשַׂמֵּחַ הַכַּלָּה וְהֶחָתָן. וּלְסַעֲדָם בְּכָל צָרְכֵיהֶם. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים שֶׁבְּגוּפוֹ שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם שִׁעוּר. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁכָּל מִצְוֹת אֵלּוּ מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם הֲרֵי הֵן בִּכְלַל (ויקרא י״ט:י״ח) וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ. כָּל הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁאַתָּה רוֹצֶה שֶׁיַּעֲשׂוּ אוֹתָם לְךָ אֲחֵרִים. עֲשֵׂה אַתָּה אוֹתָן לְאָחִיךְ בְּתוֹרָה וּבְמִצְוֹת:

Ramban Vayikra 19:18רמב״ן ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

(18) AND THOU SHALT LOVE THY NEIGHBOR AS THYSELF. This is an expression by way of overstatement, for a human heart is not able to accept a command to love one's neighbor as oneself. Moreover, Rabbi Akiba has already come and taught, "Your life takes precedence over the life of your fellow-being." Rather, the commandment of the Torah means that one is to love one's fellow-being in all matters, as one loves all good for oneself. It is possible that since it does not say "and thou shalt love 'eth rei'acha' as thyself," but instead it likened them in the word 'l'rei'acha' [which literally means "to" thy neighbor], and similarly it states with reference to a proselyte, and thou shalt love 'lo' (him) [but literally: "to" him] as thyself, that the meaning thereof is to equate the love of both [himself and his neighbor, or himself and the proselyte] in his mind. For sometimes a person will love his neighbor in certain matters, such as doing good to him in material wealth but not with wisdom and similar matters. But if he loves him completely, he will want his beloved friend to gain riches, properties, honor, knowledge and wisdom. However [because of human nature] he will still not want him to be his equal, for there will always be a desire in his heart that he should have more of these good things than his neighbor. Therefore Scripture commanded that this degrading jealousy should not exist in his heart, but instead a person should love when good comes in abundance to his fellow-being, just as he does for himself, and he should place no limitations upon his love for him. It is for this reason that it is said of Jonathan's [love for David], for he loved him as he loved his own soul, because Jonathan had removed [altogether] the attribute of jealousy from his heart, and he said [to David], and thou shalt be king over Israel, etc.(יח) [וטעם: ואהבת לרעך כמוך – הפלגה, כי לא יקבל לב האדם שיאהוב את חבירו כאהבתו את נפשו. ועוד שכבר בא רבי עקיבא ולמד: חייך קודמין לחיי חבירך (בבלי ב״מ ס״ב), אלא מצות התורה שיאהב חבירו בכל ענין כאשר יאהב את נפשו בכל הטוב.
ויתכן בעבור שלא אמר: ואהבת את רעך כמוך, והשוה אותם במלת: לרעך, וכן: ואהבת לו כמוך דגר (ויקרא י״ט:ל״ד), שיהיה פירושו: להשוות אהבת שניהם בדעתו. כי פעמים שיאהב אדם את רעהו בדברים ידועים להטיבו בעושר ולא בחכמה, וכיוצא בזה, ואם יהיה אוהבו בכל, יחפוץ שיזכה רעהו האהוב לו בעושר ובנכסים וכבוד ובדעת ובחכמה, ולא שישוה אליו אבל יהיה חפץ בלבו לעולם שיהיה הוא יותר ממנו בכל טובה. ויצוה הכתוב שלא תהיה פחיתות הקנאה הזאת בלבו, אבל יאהב ברבות הטובה לחבירו כאשר אדם עושה לנפשו, ולא יתן שיעורין באהבה. ועל כן אמר ביהונתן: כי אהבת נפשו אהבו (שמואל א כ׳:י״ז), בעבור שהסיר מדת הקנאה מלבו, ואמר: ואתה תמלוך על ישראל וגו׳ (שמואל א כ״ג:י״ז).]

Sefer HaChinukh 243ספר החינוך רמ״ג

The commandment of love of Israel: To love [with] love of the soul each one of Israel - meaning to say that we have compassion for an Israelite and for his money, [just] like a person has compassion for himself and for his [own] money; as it stated (Leviticus 19:18), "you shall love your neighbor as yourself." And they, may their memory be blessed, said (Shabbat 31a), "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow." And they said in Sifra, Kedoshim, Chapter 4:12, "Rabbi Akiva said, 'This is a great principle in the Torah'" - meaning to say that many commandments are dependent upon it. As one that loves his fellow like himself will not steal his money, have adultery with his wife, cheat his money from him nor hurt him from any angle. And so [too,] are there several other commandments dependent on this - the thing is well-known [revealed] to all who have intellect.
The root of the commandment is well-known - as in the way that he acts to his fellow, so will his fellow act to him. And there will be peace among the creatures with this.
And the laws of this commandment are included in the commandment, as the general principle of everything is that a man behave with his fellow in the way that a man behaves [with] himself - to guard his money and to distance all injury from him. And if he recounts things about him, he recounts them for praise, and he relate to his honor; and he does not become honored through his disgrace - and as they, may their memory be blessed, said (Talmud Yerushalmi Chagigah 2:1), "One who is honored by the disgrace of his fellow has no share in the world to come, but one who treats his fellow with love, peace and neighborliness, seeks their benefit and is happy about their good, the verse states about him, 'Israel, about you will I be glorified' (Isaiah 49:3)."
And this commandment is practiced in every place and at all times. And one who transgresses it and is not careful about the money of his fellow, to guard it - and all the more so, if he injures him with money or caused him pain in any matter, volitionally - has violated this positive commandment; besides the liability that there is in it according to the matter in which he injured him, as is explained in its place.
מצות אהבת ישראל – לאהב כל אחד מישראל אהבת נפש, כלומר שנחמל על ישראל ועל ממונו כמו שאדם חומל על עצמו וממונו, שנאמר (ויקרא י״ט:י״ח) ואהבת לרעך כמוך. ואמרו זכרונם לברכה (שבת לא א) דעלך סני לחברך לא תעביד. ואמרו בספרא (קדושים ד יב) אמר רבי עקיבא זה כלל גדול בתורה, כלומר, שהרבה מצות שבתורה תלויות בכך, שהאוהב חברו כנפשו לא יגנב ממונו ולא ינאף את אשתו, ולא יונהו בממון ולא בדברים, ולא יסיג גבולו, ולא יזיק לו בשום צד, וכן כמה מצות אחרות תלויות בזה. ידוע [גלוי] הדבר לכל בן דעת.
שרש המצוה ידוע, כי כמו שיעשה הוא בחברו, כן יעשה חברו בו, ובזה היה שלום בין הבריות.
ודיני מצוה זו, כלולים הם בתוך המצוה, שכלל הכל הוא שיתנהג האדם עם חברו כמו שיתנהג האדם עצמו לשמר ממונו ולהרחיק ממנו כל נזק. ואם יספר עליו דברים יספרם לשבח ויחוס על כבודו ולא יתכבד בקלונו, וכמו שאמרו זכרונם לברכה (ירושלמי חגיגה פ״ב ה״א) המתכבד בקלון חברו אין לו חלק לעולם הבא, והמתנהג עם חברו דרך אהבה ושלום ורעות ומבקש תועלתם ושמח בטובם עליו הכתוב אומר (ישעיהו מט ג): ישראל אשר בך אתפאר.
ונוהגת מצוה זו בכל מקום ובכל זמן. והעובר עליה ולא נזהר בממון חבירו לשמרו, וכל שכן אם הזיק אותו בממון או צערו בשום דבר לדעת בטל עשה זה מלבד החיוב שבו לפי הענין שהזיקו, כמו שמפרש במקומו.

Ralbag Vayikra 19:18רלב״ג ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

ואהבת לרעך כמוך – רוצה לומר שיאהבהו כגופו; ולזה יבחר לו - כפי היכולת - הטובות האפשריות לו, וירחיק ממנו ההיזקים, כמו שיעשה זה לעצמו; אלא שהמצוה בזה היא באופן שלא יגיע בה נזק לאוהב מפני זאת האהבה; וזה, שלא יחוייב לאדם להניח מלאכתו מפני מלאכת חבירו, כי אהבת עצמו קודמת לאהבת זולתו. וכן אם יקום עליו להורגו, אינו מחוייב שיאהבהו ולא יזיק לו, אבל יחוייב לו למלט נפשו אפילו בנפש הקם עליו. וזה יתבאר ביאור יותר שלם בפרשת נערה המאורשה.

Modern Texts

HaKetav VeHaKabbalah Vayikra 19:18הכתב והקבלה ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

ואהבת לרעך כמוך – ר״ל כל אופני הטוב והחסד שאדם מסכים בדעתו וגומר בלבו שראוי לו לקבל מאהובו יעשה לרעהו שהוא כל אדם, והוא, ראובן רוצה משמעון אהובו שיתנהג עמו כאוהב נאמן בכל הדברים, וחושב בלבו אלה הדברים והאופנים שראוי לו לשמעון להתנהג עמי, א׳ שיאהב אותי באמת לא בזיוף, ב׳ שיתנהג בי כבוד תמיד כי כן ראוי להיות וכמאמר חז״ל, כבוד חברך כמורא רבך, ג׳ שידרש שלומי תמיד כי כן ראוי לרעים אהובים להיות בשלום תמיד ולדרוש איש בשלום רעהו, ד׳ שישתתף בצערי, ה׳ שיקבל אותי בסבר פנים יפות כשאבא לביתו, ו׳ שידון אותי לכף זכות בכל דבר, ז׳ שיתנדב בגופו באיזה טרחה קטנה בשבילי והוא ילוני בעמלו לפעמים בדבר שלא יעמל בו הרבה, ח׳ שיתנדב להושיע לי בדבר מועט מממונו לפעמים בעת שאצטרך בהלואה או במתנה דבר קטן ולא ימנע ממני שאלה אחת קטנה כדרך טוב איש חונן ומלוה, ט׳ שלא יתגאה עלי, והוא מסכים בשכלו וגומר בלבו עוד דברים רבים כאלה, אבל לא יסכים בשכלו ששמעון יתן לו כל הממון שלו וכל רכושו באהבתו אותו, זה לא ירצה ראובן מעמו ולא יחפוץ מאתו, כי הדעת לא יסבל זה והשכל לא יחייב כן; והנה כל האופנים במספרם כמשפטם אשר יחפץ לבב ראובן שיעשה לו שמעון אוהבו, אותן בעצמן צריך שיעשה ראובן לשמעון, ובזה הוא יוצא ידי חובת אהבת שמעון בשלמות גמור, לא שצריך למסור לשמעון כל ממונו וכל ביתו עם חדריו ועליותיו וכל רכושו באהבתו אותו, שהרי אין רוצה כזאת משמעון רעהו, וז״ש ואהבת לרעך כמוך כלומר האהבה לרעך יהיה בכל אותן האופנים, כמוך, כמו שאתה מבקש את האהבה מרעך. ומעתה לא יקשה בעיניך מה שנתקשו המפרשים ע״ז הפסוק איך תצוה התורה דבר שהוא נגד הטבע ואין האדם יכול לקיימו ? ולברוח מן המצר הזה ברחו ונפלו בדחוקים עמוקים, כי י״א כי כמוך על דרך הפלגה וגוזמא, וי״א כי כמוך בהנאה בדבר שאתה מקבל הנאה תתן לו, אם אתה אוהב סוס תן לו וכדומה לזה; ובאמת אין אנו צריכים אל הדחוקים האלו כי לא קשה מלת כמוך כלל, כי בזה תבאר לנו התורה כוונתה שתצוה על דבר שהוא דרך הטבע, ושכל אדם יוכל לקיימה, לא על דבר שהוא נגד הטבע ושאין אדם יוכל לקיימה (ס׳ הברית); אמנם לפ״ז המכוון במלת, כמוך. כמו אתה. (וויא דוא), ויחסר הנשוא שהיא בקשת האהבה, לכן נראה לי שבמלת כמוך נכלל גם כן הוראת החמוד והחשק אל הדבר, מענין כָמַה לך בשרי (תהלים ס״ו), ופי שנים בהוראת כמוך, וטעמו כמו שאתה תחמוד ותתאוה (וויא דוא זיא ווינשעסט).

Shadal Vayikra 19:18שד״ל ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

ואהבת לרעך כמוך – כל שאר עברות שבין אדם לחברו הם נתעבות מצד עצמן, חוץ מן הנקמה שהיא נראית כמשפט צדק, לפיכך אמר בה ואהבת לרעך כמוך, כמו שאתה לא תחפוץ שאחרים ינקמו ממך, כן לא תקח נקמה מרעך, אף על פי שבדין היתה נקמתך, וכן בכל ענין תאהב לרעך מה שתאהב לעצמך. ורמבמ״ן פירש תאהב את רעך בכל דרכי האהבה שאתה אוהב את עצמך, והשווי יהיה באיכות האהבה ולא בכמותה, במקום שאין התנגדות בין שני הדברים הנאהבים – וזה אמנם קרוב למדת סדום (שלי שלי ושלך שלך), כי איך איטיב לחברי בלי שיבואני הפסד או טורח קל או כבד? כי בהכרח יש תמיד התנגדות בין הנאתי להנאת זולתי, ואי אפשר לי לתת פרוטה לחברי בלי שתחסר הפרוטה ההיא מכיסי.

Netziv Vayikra 19:18נצי״ב ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

ואהבת לרעך כמוך – א״א לפרש כמשמעו כידוע דחייך קודם לחיי חבירך אלא הרמב״ם פי׳ בהל׳ אבל פי״ד כמו שאתה חפץ מחברך. והדבר מובן שלא יסכל האדם שחבירו יאהבהו כמו נפש עצמו אלא בגדר הראוי לפי הקורבה וד״א. באותו אופן עליך לאהוב בני אדם. ולפי זה הפי׳ קאי בסמיכות לאזהרה הקודמת שכמו שאתה חפץ אם עשית רעה לאדם שלא ינקום ממך אלא יעבור על פשעך כך תנהג עם רעך כך יש לפרש הסמיכות לפי׳ הרמב״ם ומלשון הירושלמי למדתי פי׳ אחר להסמיכות. וז״ל הירושלמי נדרים פ״ט ה״ד כתיב לא תקום ולא תטור את בני עמך האיך עבידא הוי מקטע קופר ומחת סכינא לידיה תחזור ותמחי לידיה ואהבת לרעך כמוך רע״א זה כלל גדול בתורה. פי׳ שהנקימה בחבירו דומה לאדם שמחתך בשר ולא נזהר היד שאוחז הסכין והכה בסכינו על ידו השנית אם תעלה עה״ד לחזור ולהכות את היד החותך ולנקום בה כך ואהבת לרעך כמוך אחר לא תקום וגו׳ שאע״ג שחיי עצמו וטובתו קודם לשל חבירו מכ״מ ה״ה כמו האדם בעצמו שאע״ג שאין ראוי לאיזה אבר להכות אבר השני מכ״מ אם כבר הכה אין לנקום מהאבר המכה כך אין לנקום מחבירו אחר שכבר הזיק אותך וה״ה כמוך שכל ישראל נפש אחת. וע׳ מש״כ בס׳ דברים ל״ב ט׳ בביאור יעקב חבל נחלתו ובספר בראשית מ״ט כ״ד.

R. David Zvi Hoffmann Vayikra 19:18ר׳ דוד צבי הופמן ויקרא י״ט:י״ח

ואהבת ל׳ – הוראתו הוא, וודאי, בהבדל מ״ואהבת את״, אהבה המובעת במעשים, היינו עשיית מעשים של חסד (לפי זה אין לבאר את ה־״ל״ על פי דעתם של גזניוס־קאוטש n 117). ביחס אל ה׳ נאמר: ״ואהבת את ה׳⁠ ⁠״, מפני שכל אחד מוכשר לאהוב את ה׳ בכל לבו; לזאת דרוש רק לדעת אותו. אבל אין אדם יכול גם לאהוב את כל בן־אדם, ואף אותו שלא מצא חן בעיניו: אלא שעשיית חסד חובה היא ואפשרית ביחס לכל אדם, כשם שעושה אדם אך טוב לעצמו. ולכן מתרגם גם הלל (וכן יונתן) את הפסוק שלפנינו: מה דעלך סני לחברך לא תעבד (השוה שבת ל״א.), נקודת-הכובד בפירושו של הלל היא במלת ״תעבד״, ולא בהפיכת החיוב לשלילה, הגם שגם לזאת יש חשיבות. מנדלסזון צדק בהעירו, שהתורה התכוונה רק לאיכות האהבה, ולא לכמותה. מבחינת הכמות יעשה אדם תמיד לעצמו יותר טובות מאשר לחברו; אבל האיכות צריכה להיות שווה לזו שכלפי עצמו. משום כך אפשר בדרך שלילה לדרוש על-כל-פנים, שלא לעשות לחברנו מה ששנוא עלינו; אבל בבחינה חיובית יעשה כל אחד לעצמו יותר טובות מאשר לחברו. וכך אין מצוה זו בלתי מוגבלת. אולם וויתור על האנוכיות, לא לעשות לזולת מה שנמאס עלינו, כלומר: מה שמזיק, כפי תפיסתו של הלל, הוא תמציתה של כל התורה כולה. אלא שדבר זה לא יהיה מסור לבינתו של כל אחד. צריך שחכמה עליונה תדריך אותנו להכיר, מה שנוא ומה ראוי שישנאו אותו ומה הוא שמביא נזק לנו ולעולם כולו.
אני ה׳ – האב האחד של כל בני אדם הוא המאחד אותנו כאחים וכבני עם אחד.