MiMachorat HaShabbat/2

MiMachorat HaShabbat

Exegetical Approaches

Shabbat Bereshit

Within Chag HaMatzot

Sources:Baytusim, Samaritans, Karaites - Daniel Alkumsi the Karaite, Solomon b. Yerucham the KaraiteSolomon b. Yerucham the Karaite, Milchamot Hashem Shaar 10, Yefet (commentary), Levi b,. Yefet, R. Aharon b. Yosef (Hamuvchar) Keter Torah, opponents in R. Saadia GaonSefer HaHavchanahAbout R. Saadia Gaon, Karaites in Kuzari3:41About R. Yehuda HaLevi

What must be within Chag MaMatzot?

• ממחרת השבת – According to the Karaites, the "day following the Shabbat" (rather than Shabbat itself) must fall within the week of Chag Hamatzot.  Thus, one could conceivably bring the Omer offering and start counting as early as the 15th of Nissan.¹
• השבת – The Samaritans, in contrast, maintain that the Shabbat itself (not the "day following the Shabbat") must fall within the holiday.  As such, one would never bring the Omer offering before the sixteenth, but depending on when Shabbat were to fall, one might bring it as late as the 22nd, after the conclusion of the festival.

Why connect it to Chag HaMatzot? This position assumes that there is overlap in time between the unit of verses speaking of Chag HaMatzot and those speaking of the Omer offering²  and the latter's dating is informed by the former.

Evaluation of meaning of Shabbat – This understanding of Shabbat as the seventh day of the week would seem to be the simple meaning of the word, as supported by multiple verses in Torah.  See, for example, Shemot 20:7,10, Shemot 31:14-15 and Devarim 5:12-15.³

Various mentions of Shabbat – Alkumsi and Solomon b. Yerucham⁴ point out that one of the advantages of this approach is that it is consistent in understanding the word "Shabbat" in all three of its occurrences in Vayikra 23:15-16  as referring to the seventh day of the week.

Lack of date for Shavuot – The Karaites⁵ point to another advantage of this approach; it easily explains why Shavuot, unlike other holidays, is not dated in the Torah. According to them, Shavuot actually has no fixed date, only a set day of the week and in any given year it might fall out anywhere between 5-11 Sivan.⁶

"וַיֹּאכְלוּ מֵעֲבוּר הָאָרֶץ מִמׇּחֳרַת הַפֶּסַח"

• The Karaites⁷ assert that the year the Israelites entered the land, Chag HaPesach fell on a Shabbat, and the Omer offering was brought on the next day ‎‏(‎"‏‎‏מִמׇּחֳרַת הַפֶּסַח‎"),⁸‎‏ Nissan 15. allowing the nation to eat of the new harvest on that very day. The passage in Yehoshua, thus, could support their understanding of "מׇּחֳרַת הַשַּׁבָּת".
• Since the Samaritans do not accept Sefer Yehoshua as part of their canon they are not bothered by any contradictions therefrom.

"תִּסְפׇּר לָךְ מֵהָחֵל חֶרְמֵשׁ בַּקָּמָה"

Significance of date? This approach must explain what is significant about a Sunday that Hashem would decide that the counting (and thus Shavuot) need fall out on that specific day of the week.

• Two days of rest – In the Scholion to Megillat Taanit, a Baytusi tells R. Yochanan b. Zakkai that Hashem wanted the nation to rest for two consecutive days on Shavuot, which otherwise would be a short one day holiday.
• Prevent Sabbath desecration – Solomon b. Yerucham suggests instead that Shavuot was set on Sunday to ensure that the holiday never fell on Shabbat which would be problematic for bringing a Shelamim offering.

Objections

Polemical Motivations – This reading might in part be motivated by a desire to prevent the possibility of the day of the Omer sacrifice falling on a Shabbat, necessitating reaping on Shabbat.⁹  By setting a fixed day of the week, they eliminated the need to ever have to transgress the regular laws of Shabbat.¹⁰

After Chag HaMatzot

Sources:Dead Sea Scrolls

Meaning and mentions of Shabbat – As above, the understanding that Shabbat refers to the seventh day of the week is supported by many verses throughout Tanakh.  This interpretation also allows one to explain all  three appearances of the word in the same manner.

Why connected to the Shabbat after Chag HaMatazot? According to this approach, the verses which speak of the Omer offering follow chronologically from those that precede them. As such, it is natural to assume that the Shabbat referred to is the one that falls after Chag HaMatzot and not within it.

Dating of "מִמׇּחֳרַת הַשַּׁבָּת" – Unlike the above approach, due to the unique calendar of the Dead Sea sect¹¹ whose year is divisible by seven, the Omer offering was always brought not only on a set day of the week but also on a set date of the month, the 26th of Nissan.¹² As such, according to their calendar,¹³ Shavuot always falls on the 15th of Sivan.¹⁴ 

Lack of date for Shavuot – Since the Qumran sect does assert that the holiday of Shavuot has a set date¹⁵ it is surprising that the Torah never mentions one.  They might reply that it was simply unnecessary since the law requires one to count from the Omer offering until the holiday.¹⁶

"וַיֹּאכְלוּ מֵעֲבוּר הָאָרֶץ מִמׇּחֳרַת הַפֶּסַח" – This verse in Yehoshua is difficult for this approach as it implies that the Israelites ate from the new wheat on the 15th of Nissan, while, according to Qumran, this should have been prohibited until the 26th of Nissan when the Omer was brought.  They might reply that the verse is not speaking of eating iof the new produce but rather the old.

After the First Harvest

Yom Shabbaton (Yom Tov)

A Day of Ceasement

Week

¹ This would happen any year in which the fourteenth of Nissan coincided with Shabbat.

² Though the latter follows the former in the text, the two speak of the same time period.  Since the rituals are distinct, each is relayed separately, with its own passage and unique heading despite the chronological overlap.

³ It should be noted, though, that in many of its appearances in Torah the word "Shabbat" might not connote a proper noun, the name of a day of the week, but might more generally be pointing to a day in which something ceased.  See, for example, its usage in Shemot 15:25-25 or Vayikra 23:3, and the opinion below which takes this understanding in Vayikra 23:15 as well.  See, though, Solomon b. Yerucham who argues that the definitive "ה"  in the beginning of the word "הַשַּׁבָּת" suggests that it is a defined day, known from beforehand as the special day of the week, Shabbat.

⁴ See also the position that R. Saadia Gaon is responding to in his ספר הבחנה.  One of the main arguments of the Karaites against the Rabbinate approach was the latter's inconsistency in understanding the word Shabbat in each of its appearances in the unit.

⁵ See, for instance, Alkumsi, Solomon b. Yerucham and Levi b. Yefet.

⁶ According to the Samaritans the date is also variable but ranges between 6-12 Sivan instead.  [See above that the Karaites and Samaritans disagreed about whether one began counting on the first Sunday of Chag HaMatzot if that fell out on the 15th of Nissan.]  Such flexible dating serves to sever the direct connection between Shavuot and the giving of the Torah.  As neither the Samaritans nor the  Karaites assume that the revelation at Sinai occurred on 6 Sivan, they had no incentive to set Shavuot on that date.  [The Karaite R. Aharon b. Yosef, in his comments to Shemot 18:29, asserts that the date of revelation is 3 Sivan, while the Samaritans commemorate it on the 46th day of the Omer.  However, since the Samaritans celebrate Shavuot for a full week, beginning on the Monday of the last week of the Omer, they too end up connecting revelation and the holiday.]

⁷ See Alkumis, Solomon b. Yerucham

⁸ Pesach is understood to be the fourteenth of Nissan, the day the Pesach offering was brought.  This fits with the usage and dating of the term in Bemidbar 33:3.

⁹ See Solomon b. Yerucham's similar argument above regarding the desire to eliminate any problems bringing the Shelamim offering, if Shavuot were to fall on Shabbat.

¹⁰ This discomfort was not shared by the Rabbinates who suggest in several cases that another law might supersede the laws of Shabbat.

¹¹ The Torah does not lay forth rules as to how one should set up a calendar and different sects chose different methods.  While the sages opted to make a combination lunar-solar calendar, the Qumran sect preferred  a solar one of 364 days and 52 weeks.  As this is divisible by seven, all monthly dates consistently fall out on the same day of the week.  New months were not determined by the moon but set to be 30 days each, with every third month being 31.
The sect set יום רביעי as the first day of its year, perhaps because on this day of creation the luminaries were established to be "לְאֹתֹת וּלְמוֹעֲדִים וּלְיָמִים וְשָׁנִים".  As such, both the first of Nissan and the 15th of Nissan fall out on a Wednesday, and the day following Shabbat Bereshit after Chag HaMatzot is always the 26th of Nissan.

¹² Others who adopt this approach but do not abide by the Dead Sea sect calendar would say that the date is variable and could fall anywhere between the 22nd and 28th of Nissan, making Shavuot fall anywhere between the 12th and 18th of Sivan.

¹³ Since they maintain that Nissan and Iyyar always have thirty days, a count of fifty days from the 26th of Nissan would end with the 15th of Sivan.

¹⁴ Compare with Jubilees1:1-315:1-416:16-1844:1-6About Jubilees which also sets the holiday on the fifteenth of the moth, the day which it understands to be the revelation at Sinai.  As is its wont, Jubilees roots this date with earlier events associated to the Patriarchs, suggesting that the Covenant between the Pieces, Avraham's circumcision and the birth of Yitzchak all occurred on this date as well.  As such, from early on the date was related to covenant making.

¹⁵ See above point.

¹⁶ Compare this response with the similar one of the Rabbis below.