Moshe's Birth and the Legend of Sargon/0

Moshe's Birth and the Legend of Sargon

Open Comparison Table

Introduction

Numerous legends from both the ancient and classical periods share the motif of a hero being abandoned at birth,¹ and some of them recall the story of Moshe's infancy in Shemot 2.  Of these, the closest parallel is probably the Mesopotamian legend recounting the birth of Sargon, founder of Akkad.²  It tells how Sargon's mother bore him in secret, placed him in a basket, and cast him into a river.  There he was found by Akki who raised him and appointed him as his gardener until subsequently Sargon ascended to the throne.  A comparison of the Moshe and Sargon tales serves to highlight both the unique aspects of the Biblical story and some of the difficulties in the narrative.

Content Parallels and Contrasts

The overall plot of both stories is very similar.  A mother places her a baby in a basket and sets it on the river.  A stranger then discovers the baby, draws him from the water and adopts him, and the child grows up to become a heroic figure.  The table below provides more specific similarities as well as distinctions between the stories:

	Parallels	Contrasts
Parents	Moshe's mother is from the Levite tribe, and Sargon's mother is a priestess.3 In both stories, the father does not play an active role.	While Sargon's father remains unknown, Moshe's father is identified. Moreover, while Sargon loses contact with his mother, Moshe's mother continues to nurse him.
Baby Left in River	Moshe and Sargon are both placed in a basket by their mothers, covered in bitumen, and hidden by a river.	Sargon's mother "cast" him into the "river", suggesting abandonment.  In contrast, Moshe is "placed" in the "reeds", with his sister standing guard.
Background for Abandonment		Yocheved's actions are prompted by Paroh's decree to kill all male babies.  No reason is given for Sargon's mother's actions.4
Salvation	Moshe is drawn from the water and adopted by Paroh's daughter, and Sargon is adopted by Akki, "the drawer of water".	Moshe is saved by a member of the nobility, while Sargon is saved by a commoner. This enables Moshe, born a slave, to move up in status, while Sargon, born to a higher class, moves down.
Unknown Identity	Both Sargon and Moshe's full identity are unknown to their saviors.	Moshe's Israelite origins are immediately apparent to Paroh's daughter.
Naming		Moshe is named by the daughter of Paroh, and his name reflects her drawing him forth from the water.  Sargon's name means "the legitimate king" which might suggest that it was an epithet he gave to himself.5
Interim Profession	Before assuming leadership roles, both engage in more common professions.	Moshe is a shepherd, while Sargon is a gardener.
Rise to Power	Both are commissioned by a deity to become leaders of their respective peoples.

Analysis

As is often the case, it is the contrasts between the two stories which are the most revealing:

• Placement of basket – The contrast between Sargon's casting of her child in the water versus Yocheved's placing of Moshe in the reeds makes the reader wonder about the motives of each mother.  N. Sarna⁶ suggests that Sargon's mother was likely protecting herself rather than the baby.  Being a priestess, she was expected to be chaste, and thus had to rid herself of her unwanted illegitimate child.⁷  Yocheved, in contrast, was reacting to a decree of death, and with tender love, attempted to save her baby. This analysis, though, is questionable, as Sargon's mother's caulking of her infant's basket suggests that she, too, may have hoped that her infant would be saved.  Moreover, Shemot leaves Yocheved's intentions unclear.  Was she hoping for Moshe to stay hidden (and continue to be cared for by his family) or be found?⁸
• Familial Involvement – A comparison of the stories highlights the continued involvement of Moshe's family in his welfare.  His sister stands guard to discover his fate, and later his mother herself is able to nurse him.  This raises the question of the extent of Moshe's continued relationship with his family even after he moves to the palace.  How much did he know of his Israelite origins?   Did he have a connection to his siblings?  The fact that Aharon comes to greet Moshe on his way back from Midyan may suggest that close familial bonds were maintained.
• Change in status – Moshe's connection to a nation of slaves and the fact that he is found by a royal princess inverts the motif found in the Sargon (and other) legends in which it is a commoner who adopts a baby of originally noble lineage.  N. Sarna⁹ points out that the folklore motif serves a political purpose, to legitimate a usurping king who really has no blood claim to the throne but wants to present himself as having had one.  Sargon's name, "the king is true or legitimate" would support such a claim.¹⁰  The Biblical story, obviously, does not share this goal, presenting Moshe as one who rises in status to live in the palace, but then decides to identify with his lowly nation instead.  It suggests that noble birth might not be a necessary prerequisite for leadership, while a royal upbringing might be advantageous.¹¹

¹ Elements common to many of these tales include: a baby of noble status and its abandonment, unusual nursing or protection of the infant, discovery and adoption, and a list of exploits of the hero.  For an extensive comparison of such legends, see D. B. Redford, "The Literary Motif of the Exposed Child," Numen 14 (1967): 209-228 and Brian Lewis, The Sargon Legend: A Study of the Akkadian Text and the Tale of the Hero who was Exposed at Birth (Massachusetts, 1980).

² Sargon ruled over Mesopotamia in the 24th-23rd century BCE, but the earliest surviving fragments of the legend date to the much later Neo-Assyrian period (7th century BCE).  This has led to the proposal that the legend may have actually first been been written by the 8th century BCE Assyrian king, Sargon II, who took the name of and identified himself with the original monarch. [See, for example, James K. Hoffmeier, Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition (Oxford University Press, 1999): 137.]

³ This is the translation in the later editions of ANET.  Earlier versions read "changeling".  The Akkadian "enitum" could be connected to the word "enu" meaning change, or to "entum", one of the priestly classes banned from having children.

⁴ See, though, the suggestion of N. Sarna, Exploring Exodus, (New York, 1996): 30, below that she was motivated by a desire to protect herself rather than her son.

⁵ The legend does not say who called him by this name.

⁶ See N. Sarna, Exploring Exodus, (New York, 1986): 30

⁷ Her act was motivated not by love for a child, but to avoid the shame and disgrace of her personal offense.  

⁸ See also Moshe Saved from the Nile in Art.

⁹ See note above.

¹⁰ However, the legend's emphasis on the king's having grown up amongst the common people could just as easily be explained as an attempt to identify with the masses.  Sargon might have intentionally presented himself as a "man of the people", to garner the support of the lower classes.

¹¹ See Ibn EzraShemot Long Commentary 2:3About R. Avraham ibn Ezra and RalbagShemot Toalot 2About R. Levi b. Gershom who both speak of the advantages of Moshe's growing up in the palace.  It both exposed him to Egyptian knowledge and expertise and ensured that he did not share his nation's slave mentality.