Difference between revisions of "Purpose of Akeidat Yitzchak/2/he"
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− | <opinion> | + | <opinion>שכר |
− | <p> | + | <p>בכך שפעל על פי צו ה', אברהם הגיע לרמות חדשות של אמונה, וזכה לשכר אותו לא היה מקבל לולא עבר את הניסיון בהצלחה.</p> |
<mekorot><multilink><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit22-1-2" data-aht="source">R. Saadia Gaon</a><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit22-1-2" data-aht="source">Commentary Bereshit 22:1-2</a><a href="R. Saadia Gaon" data-aht="parshan">About R. Saadia Gaon</a></multilink>,<fn>R. Saadia combines this approach with the next one, suggesting that in addition to increasing Avraham's reward, the test served to demonstrate Avraham's worthiness to the rest of the world.</fn> <multilink><a href="IbnEzraBereshitFirstCommentary22-1" data-aht="source">Ibn Ezra</a><a href="IbnEzraBereshitFirstCommentary22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit First Commentary 22:1</a><a href="R. Avraham ibn Ezra" data-aht="parshan">About R. Avraham ibn Ezra</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1</a><a href="RambanBereshit22-12" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:12</a><a href="RambanBereshit22-16" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:16</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe b. Nachman</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RanBereshit22" data-aht="source">Ran</a><a href="RanBereshit22" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22</a><a href="R. Nissim Gerondi (Ran)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Nissim Gerondi</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="SeferHaIkkarim4-13" data-aht="source">Sefer HaIkkarim</a><a href="SeferHaIkkarim4-13" data-aht="source">4:13</a><a href="Sefer HaIkkarim" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Albo</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="SefornoBereshit22-1-12" data-aht="source">Seforno</a><a href="SefornoBereshit22-1-12" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1-12</a><a href="R. Ovadyah Seforno" data-aht="parshan">About R. Ovadyah Seforno</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="BiurBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Biur</a><a href="BiurBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1</a><a href="Biur (Netivot HaShalom)" data-aht="parshan">About the Biur (Netivot HaShalom)</a></multilink></mekorot> | <mekorot><multilink><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit22-1-2" data-aht="source">R. Saadia Gaon</a><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit22-1-2" data-aht="source">Commentary Bereshit 22:1-2</a><a href="R. Saadia Gaon" data-aht="parshan">About R. Saadia Gaon</a></multilink>,<fn>R. Saadia combines this approach with the next one, suggesting that in addition to increasing Avraham's reward, the test served to demonstrate Avraham's worthiness to the rest of the world.</fn> <multilink><a href="IbnEzraBereshitFirstCommentary22-1" data-aht="source">Ibn Ezra</a><a href="IbnEzraBereshitFirstCommentary22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit First Commentary 22:1</a><a href="R. Avraham ibn Ezra" data-aht="parshan">About R. Avraham ibn Ezra</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1</a><a href="RambanBereshit22-12" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:12</a><a href="RambanBereshit22-16" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:16</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe b. Nachman</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RanBereshit22" data-aht="source">Ran</a><a href="RanBereshit22" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22</a><a href="R. Nissim Gerondi (Ran)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Nissim Gerondi</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="SeferHaIkkarim4-13" data-aht="source">Sefer HaIkkarim</a><a href="SeferHaIkkarim4-13" data-aht="source">4:13</a><a href="Sefer HaIkkarim" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Albo</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="SefornoBereshit22-1-12" data-aht="source">Seforno</a><a href="SefornoBereshit22-1-12" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1-12</a><a href="R. Ovadyah Seforno" data-aht="parshan">About R. Ovadyah Seforno</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="BiurBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Biur</a><a href="BiurBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1</a><a href="Biur (Netivot HaShalom)" data-aht="parshan">About the Biur (Netivot HaShalom)</a></multilink></mekorot> | ||
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>משמעות המילה "נִסָּה"</b> – הפרשנים חלוקים בהבנתם את המילה הזו:<br/> |
<ul> | <ul> | ||
− | <li><b> | + | <li><b>בחן </b>– רס"ג ורמב"ן מבינים את המילה "נִסָּה" כבחן, אך מציינים כי מבחן לא בהכרח נועד בשביל הבוחן. במבחן, האדם הנבחן עצמו הוא זה שמרוויח מן החוויה.<fn>ה', בניגוד לאברהם, ידע לכך אורך הדרך את תוצאות הניסיון.</fn></li> |
− | <li><b> | + | <li><b>אימן – </b>מצד שני, לפי ר' יוסף אלבו והביאור, משמעות השורש "נסה" הוא אימן או הרגיל.<fn>לפסוקים אחרים בהם ייתכן כי המילה נסה מקבלת את המשמעות הזו, ראו שמות כ":ט"ז, ושמואל א' י"ז:ל"ט. ראו גם רשב"ם על שמות ט"ז:ד'.</fn> בכך שציווה את אברהם לעקוד את בנו, ה' אימן את לבו של אברהם והרגיל אותו ליראת ה' הראוייה לעבודת ה'.<fn>השוו לרש"ר הירש אשר מקשר בין המילה "נסה" לשורש "נשא" אך גם מציע כי משמעות הפסוק הנה שה' רומם את אברהם לרמה גבוהה יותר. בציווי זה, רמתו הרוחנית של אברהם רוממה.</fn></li> |
</ul></point> | </ul></point> | ||
<point><b>Hashem's foreknowledge</b> – As these sources all agree that Hashem gained no new knowledge from the test, the verses pose no theological issue regarding Hashem's omniscience and foreknowledge.</point> | <point><b>Hashem's foreknowledge</b> – As these sources all agree that Hashem gained no new knowledge from the test, the verses pose no theological issue regarding Hashem's omniscience and foreknowledge.</point> | ||
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<p>The <i>Akeidah</i> was meant to demonstrate Avraham's worthiness and why he merited to be selected by Hashem to be the father of the chosen nation.</p> | <p>The <i>Akeidah</i> was meant to demonstrate Avraham's worthiness and why he merited to be selected by Hashem to be the father of the chosen nation.</p> | ||
<mekorot><multilink><a href="Jubilees17-19-25" data-aht="source">Jubilees</a><a href="Jubilees17-19-25" data-aht="source">17:19-25</a><a href="Jubilees18" data-aht="source">18</a><a href="Jubilees" data-aht="parshan">About Jubilees</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="Pseudo-Philo32-3" data-aht="source">Pseudo-Philo</a><a href="Pseudo-Philo32-3" data-aht="source">32:3</a><a href="Pseudo-Philo" data-aht="parshan">About Pseudo-Philo</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="BavliSanhedrin89b" data-aht="source">Bavli Sanhedrin</a><a href="BavliSanhedrin89b" data-aht="source">Sanhedrin 89b</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah55-1-6" data-aht="source">Bereshit Rabbah</a><a href="BereshitRabbah55-1-6" data-aht="source">55:1-6</a><a href="BereshitRabbah56-7" data-aht="source">56:7</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">About Bereshit Rabbah</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit22-1-2" data-aht="source">R. Saadia Gaon</a><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit22-1-2" data-aht="source">Commentary Bereshit 22:1-2</a><a href="R. Saadia Gaon" data-aht="parshan">About R. Saadia Gaon</a></multilink>,<fn>R. Saadia also claims that the trial was intended to increase the rewards designated to Avraham.</fn> <multilink><a href="RashiBereshit22-1-26812" data-aht="source">Rashi</a><a href="RashiBereshit22-1-26812" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1-2, 6, 8, 12</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="LekachTovBereshit22-2" data-aht="source">Lekach Tov</a><a href="LekachTovBereshit22-2" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:2</a><a href="LekachTovBereshit22-12" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:12</a><a href="R. Toviah b. Eliezer (Lekach Tov)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Toviah b. Eliezer</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit22-1-212" data-aht="source">R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit22-1-212" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1-2, 12</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RambamMorehNevukhim324" data-aht="source">Rambam</a><a href="RambamMorehNevukhim324" data-aht="source">3 24</a><a href="Rambam Moreh Nevukhim" data-aht="parshan">About Rambam Moreh Nevukhim</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RadakBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Radak</a><a href="RadakBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1</a><a href="RadakBereshit22-12" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:12</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">About R. David Kimchi</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="KeliYekarBereshit22-12" data-aht="source">Keli Yekar</a><a href="KeliYekarBereshit22-12" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:12</a><a href="R. Shelomo Ephraim Luntschitz (Keli Yekar)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Ephraim Luntschitz</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="ShadalBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Shadal</a><a href="ShadalBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto</a></multilink></mekorot> | <mekorot><multilink><a href="Jubilees17-19-25" data-aht="source">Jubilees</a><a href="Jubilees17-19-25" data-aht="source">17:19-25</a><a href="Jubilees18" data-aht="source">18</a><a href="Jubilees" data-aht="parshan">About Jubilees</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="Pseudo-Philo32-3" data-aht="source">Pseudo-Philo</a><a href="Pseudo-Philo32-3" data-aht="source">32:3</a><a href="Pseudo-Philo" data-aht="parshan">About Pseudo-Philo</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="BavliSanhedrin89b" data-aht="source">Bavli Sanhedrin</a><a href="BavliSanhedrin89b" data-aht="source">Sanhedrin 89b</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="BereshitRabbah55-1-6" data-aht="source">Bereshit Rabbah</a><a href="BereshitRabbah55-1-6" data-aht="source">55:1-6</a><a href="BereshitRabbah56-7" data-aht="source">56:7</a><a href="Bereshit Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">About Bereshit Rabbah</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit22-1-2" data-aht="source">R. Saadia Gaon</a><a href="RSaadiaGaonCommentaryBereshit22-1-2" data-aht="source">Commentary Bereshit 22:1-2</a><a href="R. Saadia Gaon" data-aht="parshan">About R. Saadia Gaon</a></multilink>,<fn>R. Saadia also claims that the trial was intended to increase the rewards designated to Avraham.</fn> <multilink><a href="RashiBereshit22-1-26812" data-aht="source">Rashi</a><a href="RashiBereshit22-1-26812" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1-2, 6, 8, 12</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="LekachTovBereshit22-2" data-aht="source">Lekach Tov</a><a href="LekachTovBereshit22-2" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:2</a><a href="LekachTovBereshit22-12" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:12</a><a href="R. Toviah b. Eliezer (Lekach Tov)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Toviah b. Eliezer</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit22-1-212" data-aht="source">R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a><a href="RYosefBekhorShorBereshit22-1-212" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1-2, 12</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RambamMorehNevukhim324" data-aht="source">Rambam</a><a href="RambamMorehNevukhim324" data-aht="source">3 24</a><a href="Rambam Moreh Nevukhim" data-aht="parshan">About Rambam Moreh Nevukhim</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RadakBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Radak</a><a href="RadakBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1</a><a href="RadakBereshit22-12" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:12</a><a href="R. David Kimchi (Radak)" data-aht="parshan">About R. David Kimchi</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="KeliYekarBereshit22-12" data-aht="source">Keli Yekar</a><a href="KeliYekarBereshit22-12" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:12</a><a href="R. Shelomo Ephraim Luntschitz (Keli Yekar)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Ephraim Luntschitz</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="ShadalBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Shadal</a><a href="ShadalBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto</a></multilink></mekorot> | ||
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>משמעות המילה "נִסָּה"</b><ul> |
<li><b>Test</b> – Most of these sources understand the word according to its simple sense, to mean "to test" or "try", but claim that a test is sometimes aimed not at the tester, or even at the one tested, but rather at the audience who watches or hears of the trial.<fn>Thus, Hashem learned nothing from the trial, but rather taught others.</fn></li> | <li><b>Test</b> – Most of these sources understand the word according to its simple sense, to mean "to test" or "try", but claim that a test is sometimes aimed not at the tester, or even at the one tested, but rather at the audience who watches or hears of the trial.<fn>Thus, Hashem learned nothing from the trial, but rather taught others.</fn></li> | ||
<li><b>Raise as a banner</b> – Bereshit Rabbah, the gloss in R"Y Bekhor Shor, <multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit22-3" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit22-3" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:3</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink>, and the Keli Yekar go a step further in asserting that the word "נִסָּה" is related to the word "נס", or banner. Through the <i>Akeidah,</i> Hashem set up Avraham as a signpost for others to emulate.</li> | <li><b>Raise as a banner</b> – Bereshit Rabbah, the gloss in R"Y Bekhor Shor, <multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit22-3" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit22-3" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:3</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink>, and the Keli Yekar go a step further in asserting that the word "נִסָּה" is related to the word "נס", or banner. Through the <i>Akeidah,</i> Hashem set up Avraham as a signpost for others to emulate.</li> |
Version as of 00:04, 26 June 2019
מטרת עקידת יצחק
גישות פרשניות
סקירה
בניסיון להתמודד עם הבעיות השונות אשר מעלה פרשת העקידה, פרשנים רבים בוחנים מחדש הנחות יסוד השוכנות בלב התיאולוגיה היהודית, וכן תפיסות עולם בסיסיות ביותר. כך, רלב"ג קורא תיגר על הרעיון הנפוץ כי ה' הוא לחלוטין יודע-כל וכי ה' לא יכול לסגת מצו שנתן. מתוך הבנת פשט של הטקסט, הוא טוען כי, עד לפרשת העקידה, ה' באמת לא היה בטוח לגבי עומק נאמנותו של א-ברהם, וכי עדיין הייתה אי-ודאות בשאלה, האם יצחק יהיה ממשיך דרכו של אברהם?
אחרים מערערים על התפיסה המקובלת שלנו את האבות. כך, רשב"ם דוחה את התפיסה על פיה העקידה היוותה אירוע שיא בקריירה של אברהם, וטוען כי העקידה דווקא הייתה עונש. בדומה לך, גישתו של שד"ל גורמת לנו לבחון מחדש האם מערכת הערכים של האבות תמיד תאמה את המערכת הערכית אותה מבטאת התורה בשלבים מאוחרים יותר, או שאולי ישנה אפשרות כי המערכת הזו התפתחה לאורך זמן. על פיו, העולם כולו, לרבות אברהם, תפס את המעשה של הקרבת ילדים כצורה הגבוהה ביותר של הבעת נאמנות לא-לוהים. רק דרך סיפור העקידה עצמו, ה' לימד את העולם המונוטאיסטי כי זהו מעשה מזעזע ולא מוסרי.
לבסוף, רד"צ הופמן ואחרים דוחים את הרעיון כי ישנה מערכת אתית אנושית הנפרדת מרצון ה'. בעיניהם, סיפור העקידה בא ללמד אותנו שאדם צריך להיות מוכן להקריב את כל ישותו לא-לוהים, כולל את אמונותיו המוסריות, מתוך הבנה כי רק דבר ה' קובע מהו המעשה המוסרי והנכון.
בשביל ה': הערכת אברהם
ה' היה צריך לבחון את אברהם על מנת להעריך את גודל אמונתו מאחר ועד פרשת העקידה, ה' לא ידע את מלוא ההיקף של נאמנותו של אברהם אליו.
בשביל אברהם
על פי גישה זו, אברהם, ולא ה', הוא זה שאמור ללמוד מחוויה זו. גישה זו חלוקה בשאלה האם החווייה נועדה להועיל לאברהם, או להעניש אותו:
עונש
החוויה נועדה להעניש את אברהם על הברית שכרת עם הפלישתים.
ייתכן כי פרשנותו של רשב"ם מונעת, לפחות באופן חלקי, מפולמוסים שהתעוררו בתקופתו:
- מאחר ונוצרים ראו בעקדה סמל מטרים להצלבתו של ישו, ייתכן כי רשב"ם רצה להאיר את הסיפור באור הרבה יותר שלילי, ולהציע כי הסיפור אינו מגלם את תמצית מערכת היחסים שבין אברהם לבין ה', אלא דווקא הינו תוצאה של חטא.
- י. בן-נון,27 לחילופין, מציע כי ייתכן שרשב"ם נאבק כאן באידיאליזציה שעברה העקדה בקרב אנשי ימי הביניים אשר הוכרחו לוותר על חיי ילדיהם על מנת שלא להמיר את דתם, וראו באברהם, בעקבות מעשה העקדה, מודל לחיקוי.28
שכר
בכך שפעל על פי צו ה', אברהם הגיע לרמות חדשות של אמונה, וזכה לשכר אותו לא היה מקבל לולא עבר את הניסיון בהצלחה.
- בחן – רס"ג ורמב"ן מבינים את המילה "נִסָּה" כבחן, אך מציינים כי מבחן לא בהכרח נועד בשביל הבוחן. במבחן, האדם הנבחן עצמו הוא זה שמרוויח מן החוויה.30
- אימן – מצד שני, לפי ר' יוסף אלבו והביאור, משמעות השורש "נסה" הוא אימן או הרגיל.31 בכך שציווה את אברהם לעקוד את בנו, ה' אימן את לבו של אברהם והרגיל אותו ליראת ה' הראוייה לעבודת ה'.32
- Self-development – Ran, R"Y Albo, and the Biur explain that acting on a belief serves to strengthen that belief.34 Though Avraham's willingness to do Hashem's bidding and sacrifice his son was not in question, having to actively bind Yitzchak and raise the knife raised his fear of God to new levels. Undergoing a trial changes a person in a way that merely thinking can never do.35
- Increased reward – Ramban and R"Y Albo36 maintain that, after the trial, Avraham merited a reward not only for his good intentions, but also for his positive actions. R. Saadia points out that Hashem often presents the righteous with many trials in this world in order to later merit them with redoubled rewards.37
- Was known – Ramban turns the verb "יָדַעְתִּי" into the passive, "נודעה". Now that Avraham had actualized his potential, his awe of God was known in practice.41
- Words of the spokesperson – Seforno, instead, claims that it is the angel speaking in his own name who declares, "now I know that you are more God-fearing [than me, the angel]."42
- The text prefaces that this was a test – Ibn Ezra asserts that this is not the only place where Hashem appears to have changed His mind, pointing to the replacement of the firstborns with the Levites as another example. Nonetheless, he explains that in this story, the fact that the narrative opens with the words "And Hashem tested Avraham" proves that, from the outset, Hashem never intended that Avraham should actually slaughter his son.
- Hashem never really commanded a sacrifice – R. Saadia deals with this question at length, offering four possible explanations of how Hashem did not really go back on His word. Some of these are somewhat similar to Ralbag's reading above, and posit some ambiguity in the wording of the original command,43 which allows for the possibility that Hashem never really asked that Yitzchak be sacrificed.44 R. Saadia's comments are explicitly polemical, responding to Moslem claims that if God can command one thing and then retract it, it is also possible that He can command the Torah and then replace it.45 In his reply, R. Saadia distinguishes between Hashem's private instructions to Avraham and the Torah's mitzvot which were explicitly given to be permanent.
For Others
The primary objective of the trial was not for its actual participants, but to teach others looking in from the outside enduring lessons about Hashem's ways and/or worship.
Explanation of Choice of Avraham
The Akeidah was meant to demonstrate Avraham's worthiness and why he merited to be selected by Hashem to be the father of the chosen nation.
- Test – Most of these sources understand the word according to its simple sense, to mean "to test" or "try", but claim that a test is sometimes aimed not at the tester, or even at the one tested, but rather at the audience who watches or hears of the trial.48
- Raise as a banner – Bereshit Rabbah, the gloss in R"Y Bekhor Shor, Abarbanel, and the Keli Yekar go a step further in asserting that the word "נִסָּה" is related to the word "נס", or banner. Through the Akeidah, Hashem set up Avraham as a signpost for others to emulate.
- Avraham's unconditional fear and obedience – Most of these sources claim that the trial was meant to prove to all the extent of Avraham's love of and obedience to God. Avraham's willingness to sacrifice his only, beloved child at Hashem's behest, proved why Avraham merited to be Hashem's choice.
- Avraham worthy despite not practicing child sacrifice – Shadal, in contrast, suggests that, through the Akeidah, Hashem wanted to make clear to the entire world that the fact that the Children of Israel do not practice child sacrifice is not a sign of lack of devotion to God. Thus, Avraham's readiness to sacrifice Yitzchak demonstrated that had Hashem so desired, he, too, would have been willing to sacrifice his loved ones. Hashem, though, has no desire for child offerings. As such, Israel has no reason to feel inferior, and pagan nations should not view themselves as superior.
- Avraham not unique – For Shadal, this is not a question, as he does not suggest that the story's goal is to show Avraham's uniqueness, but only that he is no less devoted than others.
- Dissonance with prior value system – Alternatively, according to those who disagree with Shadal, the difficulty of the test for Avraham might have been precisely because he had grown away from pagan norms and had a different understanding of both God and what that God stood for.52 To heed Hashem's word, he had to struggle with a value system, instilled in him by God Himself, which called child sacrifice "murder".53
- No ulterior motive – Philo asserts that most people who offer their children in sacrifice do so with an ulterior motive in mind, stemming either from a desire for glory or out of fear or hopes of preventing some catastrophe.54 Avraham, though, had neither purpose in mind, only the desire to do Hashem's bidding.55
- Satan and other angels – Jubilees, Pseudo-Philo, Bavli, Bereshit Rabbah, Rashi, and R"Y Bekhor Shor suggest that the test was aimed at the Satan and/or other angels who had questioned Avraham's loyalty and obedience to Hashem.56 Such beings need not have been physically present to see the event.
- Other people – Most of the other sources more simply suggest that the lesson was for the other nations (or, according to Shadal, Israel as well) living in or after Avraham's generation who had heard of (even if they did not witness) the event.57 Radak points out that word of the experience spread due to its being recounted in the Torah.58
- According to the Bavli,60 the verse is referring to events not recorded in the Torah, which led to the need to demonstrate Avraham's righteousness to the world.61
- Alternatively, this approach could say that the phrase serves to link the Akeidah to the previous chapter's description of the miraculous birth of Yitzchak and the promise "כִּי בְיִצְחָק יִקָּרֵא לְךָ זָרַע", both of which contributed to the difficulty of the trial.
Model of How to Worship Hashem
The episode teaches how to properly serve God and about the need to completely submit ourselves to His will.
- Willingness to sacrifice for God – R. D"Z Hoffmann asserts that the Akeidah teaches that when asked, one must be ready to sacrifice one's self (or, what is even more difficult, one's child) for Hashem. Though Hashem does not demand this all the time, and has no need for pointless sacrifices of the self, there are certain circumstances when martyrdom is expected of an individual. Proper service of Hashem entails a constant recognition of that fact. Thus, every time an individual offers an animal sacrifice for Hashem, he makes the same declaration as Avraham that he is submitting and surrendering his entire being to God, and that the animal is serving as a substitute for the person himself.63
- Priority of Divine will over human ethics – In a similar vein,64 many modern scholars suggest that the point of the Akeidah was to teach that when human ethics seem to conflict with the Divine will, priority must be given to Hashem's command.65 There is no such thing as an independent human morality.66 In the words of the Aish Kodesh: "The nations of the world think that truth exists in and of itself and that God commanded truth because it was of itself true... not so the nation of Israel who say... all truth that is in the world is only because God commanded it."67