Purpose of the Beheaded Heifer Ritual
Sources
Biblical Texts
Bemidbar 35:33ืืืืืจ ืืดื:ืืดื
| So you shall not pollute the land in which you are, for blood, it pollutes the land; and no expiation can be made for the land for the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him who shed it. | ืึฐืึนื ืชึทืึฒื ึดืืคืึผ ืึถืช ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึทืชึถึผื ืึธึผืึผ ืึดึผื ืึทืึธึผื ืืึผื ืึทืึฒื ึดืืฃ ืึถืช ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฐืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึนื ืึฐืึปืคึทึผืจ ืึทืึธึผื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฉึปืืคึทึผืึฐ ืึธึผืึผ ืึดึผื ืึดื ืึฐึผืึทื ืฉึนืืคึฐืืึน. |
Devarim 21:1-9ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (1) If one is found slain in the land which Hashem your God gives you to possess it, lying in the field, and it isn't known who has struck him, (2) then your elders and your judges shall come forth, and they shall measure to the cities which are around him who is slain, (3) and it shall be, that the city which is nearest to the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take a heifer of the herd, which hasn't been worked with, and which has not drawn in the yoke, (4) and the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer to a valley with running water, which is neither plowed nor sown, and they shall break the heifer's neck there in the valley. (5) The priests, the sons of Levi, shall come near; for Hashem your God has chosen them to serve him, and to bless in the name of Hashem, and according to their word shall every controversy and every assault be. (6) All the elders of that city, who are nearest to the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valley. (7) And they shall answer and say, "Our hands have not shed this blood, and our eyes have not seen it. (8) Forgive, Hashem, your people Israel, whom you have redeemed, and don't allow innocent blood in the midst of your people Israel." The blood shall be forgiven them. (9) So you shall put away the innocent blood from your midst when you shall do that which is right in the eyes of Hashem. | (ื) ืึดึผื ืึดืึธึผืฆึตื ืึธืึธื ืึธึผืึฒืึธืึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืืดื ืึฑืึนืึถืืึธ ื ึนืชึตื ืึฐืึธ ืึฐืจึดืฉึฐืืชึธึผืึผ ื ึนืคึตื ืึทึผืฉึธึผืืึถื ืึนื ื ืึนืึทืข ืึดื ืึดืึธึผืืึผ. (ื) ืึฐืึธืฆึฐืืึผ ืึฐืงึตื ึถืืึธ ืึฐืฉึนืืคึฐืึถืืึธ ืึผืึธืึฐืืึผ ืึถื ืึถืขึธืจึดืื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืกึฐืึดืืึนืช ืึถืึธืึธื. (ื) ืึฐืึธืึธื ืึธืขึดืืจ ืึทืงึฐึผืจึนืึธื ืึถื ืึถืึธืึธื ืึฐืึธืงึฐืืึผ ืึดืงึฐื ึตื ืึธืขึดืืจ ืึทืึดืื ืขึถืึฐืึทืช ืึธึผืงึธืจ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึนื ืขึปืึทึผื ืึธึผืึผ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึนื ืึธืฉึฐืืึธื ืึฐึผืขึนื. (ื) ืึฐืืึนืจึดืืึผ ืึดืงึฐื ึตื ืึธืขึดืืจ ืึทืึดืื ืึถืช ืึธืขึถืึฐืึธื ืึถื ื ึทืึทื ืึตืืชึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึนื ืึตืขึธืึตื ืึผืึน ืึฐืึนื ืึดืึธึผืจึตืขึท ืึฐืขึธืจึฐืคืึผ ืฉึธืื ืึถืช ืึธืขึถืึฐืึธื ืึทึผื ึธึผืึทื. (ื) ืึฐื ึดืึฐึผืฉืืึผ ืึทืึนึผืึฒื ึดืื ืึฐึผื ึตื ืึตืึดื ืึดึผื ืึธื ืึธึผืึทืจ ืืดื ืึฑืึนืึถืืึธ ืึฐืฉึธืืจึฐืชืึน ืึผืึฐืึธืจึตืึฐ ืึฐึผืฉึตืื ืืดื ืึฐืขึทื ืคึดึผืืึถื ืึดืึฐืึถื ืืึผื ืจึดืื ืึฐืืื ื ึธืึทืข. (ื) ืึฐืึนื ืึดืงึฐื ึตื ืึธืขึดืืจ ืึทืึดืื ืึทืงึฐึผืจึนืึดืื ืึถื ืึถืึธืึธื ืึดืจึฐืึฒืฆืึผ ืึถืช ืึฐืึตืืึถื ืขึทื ืึธืขึถืึฐืึธื ืึธืขึฒืจืึผืคึธื ืึทื ึธึผืึทื. (ื) ืึฐืขึธื ืึผ ืึฐืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึนื [ืฉึธืืคึฐืืึผ] (ืฉืคืื) ืึถืช ืึทืึธึผื ืึทืึถึผื ืึฐืขึตืื ึตืื ืึผ ืึนื ืจึธืืึผ. (ื) ืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึฐืขึทืึฐึผืึธ ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืคึธึผืึดืืชึธ ืืดื ืึฐืึทื ืชึดึผืชึตึผื ืึธึผื ื ึธืงึดื ืึฐึผืงึถืจึถื ืขึทืึฐึผืึธ ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื ืึฐื ึดืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึธืึถื ืึทืึธึผื. (ื) ืึฐืึทืชึธึผื ืชึฐึผืึทืขึตืจ ืึทืึธึผื ืึทื ึธึผืงึดื ืึดืงึดึผืจึฐืึถึผืึธ ืึดึผื ืชึทืขึฒืฉึถืื ืึทืึธึผืฉึธืืจ ืึฐึผืขึตืื ึตื ืืดื. |
Classical Texts
Mishna Sotah 9:6ืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ
| The Elders of that city would then wash their hands in water in the place of the breaking of the neck of the heifer, and they would recite: โOur hands did not spill this blood, nor did our eyes seeโ (Deuteronomy 21:7). The mishna explains: But did it enter our minds that the Elders of the court are spillers of blood, that they must make such a declaration? Rather, they mean to declare that the victim did not come to us and then we let him take his leave without food, and we did not see him and then leave him alone to depart without accompaniment. They therefore attest that they took care of all his needs and are not responsible for his death even indirectly. And the priests recite: โForgive, Lord, Your people Israel, whom You have redeemed, and suffer not innocent blood to remain in the midst of Your people Israelโ (Deuteronomy 21:8). They did not have to recite the conclusion of the verse: โAnd the blood shall be forgiven for them,โ as this is not part of the priestsโ statement, but rather the Divine Spirit informs them: When you shall do so, the blood is forgiven for you. | ืึดืงึฐื ึตื ืืึนืชึธืึผ ืึธืขึดืืจ ืจืึนืึฒืฆึดืื ืึถืช ืึฐืึตืืึถื ืึทึผืึทึผืึดื ืึดึผืึฐืงืึนื ืขึฒืจึดืืคึธื ืฉึถืื ืขึถืึฐืึธื, ืึฐืืึนืึฐืจึดืื: ืึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึนื ืฉึธืืคึฐืึปื ืึถืช ืึทืึธึผื ืึทืึถึผื ืึฐืขึตืื ึตืื ืึผ ืึนื ืจึธืืึผ (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ). ืึฐืึดื ืขึทื ืึทึผืขึฐืชึตึผื ืึผ ืขึธืึฐืชึธื, ืฉึถืืึดึผืงึฐื ึตื ืึตืืช ืึดึผืื ืฉืืึนืคึฐืึตื ืึธืึดืื ืึตื, ืึถืึธึผื ืฉึถืืึนึผื ืึธื ืึฐืึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึผืคึฐืึทืจึฐื ืึผืืึผ ืึฐืึนื ืึธืืึนื, ืึฐืึนื ืจึฐืึดืื ืึผืืึผ ืึฐืึดื ึทึผืึฐื ืึผืืึผ ืึฐืึนื ืึฐืึธืึธื. ืึฐืึทืึนึผืึฒื ึดืื ืืึนืึฐืจึดืื: ืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึฐืขึทืึฐึผืึธ ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืคึธึผืึดืืชึธ ืืณ ืึฐืึทื ืชึดึผืชึตึผื ืึธึผื ื ึธืงึดื ืึฐึผืงึถืจึถื ืขึทืึฐึผืึธ ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ). ืึนื ืึธืืึผ ืฆึฐืจึดืืึดืื ืืึนืึทืจ: ืึฐื ึดืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึธืึถื ืึทืึธึผื (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืึถืึธึผื ืจืึผืึท ืึทืงึนึผืึถืฉื ืึฐืึทืฉึทึผืืจึฐืชึธึผื, ืึตืืึธืชึทื ืฉึถืืชึทึผืขึฒืฉืืึผ ืึธึผืึธื, ืึทืึธึผื ืึดืชึฐืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึธืึถื. |
Sifre Devarim 21:1-9ืกืคืจื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (1) Piska 205 "If there be found a slain one on the earth": "If there be found": and not if there were generally found" โ to exclude (its being found) near the border or near a city inhabited mostly by gentiles โ where it was stated: When murderers proliferated, the breaking of the heifer's neck was abolished. When R. Elazar b. Dinai came, (otherwise known as Techinah b. Prishah), they began to call him "the son of the murderer." "slain" (connoting: by the sword), and not strangled. "slain": and not convulsing. "on the earth": and not hidden in a heap. "fallen": and not hanging on a tree. "in the field": and not floating on the waters. "which the Lord your G-d gives to you": to include (the land of the Jews) across the Jordan. R. Eliezer says: In all (of these instances) if he were slain (by the sword), they would break the neck (of the heifer). R. Yossi b. R. Yehudah said to R. Eliezer: If he were strangled or cast in the refuse, would they break the neck? So, in all of these instances, they would not break the neck. "it was not known who killed him": But if it were known who killed him โ even if one person in the end of the world had slain him, (though normally two witnesses are required) they would not break the neck. R. Akiva says: Whence is it derived that if beth-din saw him killing but did not recognize him, they would not break the neck? From (Ibid. 7) "And they shall answer and say โฆ our eyes have not seen" (But in that instance their eyes did see.) (2) "Then your elders shall go out": "your elders" โ two; "and your judges" โ two. And since a beth-din cannot be evenly balanced, an additional one is added, making five. These are the words of R. Yehudah. R. Shimon says: "Your elders and your judges" โ two. And since a beth-din cannot be evenly balanced, an additional one is added, making three. "and they shall measure to the cities that are around the slain one": (They measure) from the slain one to the cities, and not from the cities to the slain one. If his head was found in one place, and his body in another, the head is brought to the body. These are the words of R. Eliezer. R. Akiva says: The body (is brought) to the head. (3) Piska 206 "And it shall be, the city closest to the slain one": the nearest and not the near ones โ whence they ruled: If it were found equi-distant between the two cities, both bring two (distinct heifers [and not one heifer jointly]). These are the words of R. Eliezer. The sages say: One city brings, and two cities do not bring. "the elders of that city shall take a heifer that has not been worked": and not the elders of Jerusalem. And Jerusalem does not bring an eglah arufah (the heifer of the broken neck). "they shall take a heifer" ("eglath bakar"): R. Eliezer says: "eglath" โ (up to) one year old; "parah" (a cow, the parah adumah [viz. Bemidbar 19:12]) โ two years old. The sages say: "eglah" โ (even one that is) two years old; "parah" โ three or four years old โ it being written (in respect to the former) "eglath bakar." How is this to be implemented? A two-year old satisfies both, "eglah" and "bakar." Similarly, (Ibid. 5) "Then there shall draw near the Cohanim โฆ (6) and all the elders of that city." How so? The elders for washing; the Cohanim for atonement. "that has not drawn under the yoke": This tells me only of the yoke. Whence are other labors derived (as disqualifying factors)? From "that has not been worked" (โ in any manner). If so, why is "yoke" specifically mentioned? The yoke disqualifies whether or not the animal works; the other labors disqualify only if the animal works. (4) Piska 207 "And the elders of that city shall bring the heifer down": I might think that this is (only) a mitzvah, (but not a categorical requirement); it is, therefore, written again "the elders of that city," after having been written before (verse 3), to make it a categorical requirement. From here they ruled: If the body were found near the border or near a city inhabited mostly by gentiles or near a city lacking a beth-din, they would not measure. ("And they shall bring the heifer down) to a hard river-bed": And whence is it derived that it is valid even if it is not hard? From (Ibid.) "in the river bed" โ even if it is not hard. ("a hard river-bed) which shall not be worked": I might think that it is forbidden to comb flax there and to chisel stones there; it is, therefore, written "and which shall not be sowed." Sowing was included in all (labor). Why was it singled out? To make it a paradigm, viz.: Just as sowing is distinctly in the soil, so, all (such labors are forbidden), to exclude those which are not labors of the soil. "and they shall break there the neck of the heifer": It is written here "breaking," and elsewhere (Vayikra 5:18) "breaking." Just as there, he breaks the neck with a hatchet from behind, so, here. "and they shall break there the neck": It is written here "there," and, elsewhere, "there." Just as there, he buries it and it is forbidden to derive benefit from it, so, here. [("a hard river-bed) which shall not be worked": I might think that it is forbidden to comb flax there and to chisel stones there; it is, therefore, written "and which shall not be sowed." Sowing was included in all (labor). Why was it singled out? To make it a paradigm, viz.: Just as sowing is distinctly in the soil, so, all (such labors are forbidden), to exclude those which are not labors of the soil.] "in the river bed" โ even if it is not hard. (5) Piska 208 "Then there shall draw near the Cohanim, the sons of Levi": What is the intent of this? (i.e., Don't we know that the Cohanim are the sons of Levi?) โ Because it is written (Ibid.) "for them did the Lord your G-d choose to serve Him," I might think that only unblemished Cohanim are eligible (for this rite); it is, therefore, written "the sons of Levi" โ to teach that blemished Cohanim are eligible for the breaking of the neck of the heifer. "to serve Him and to pronounce the benediction in the name of the Lord": The (priestly) benediction is being likened to the (priestly) service. Just as the latter is performed, standing, so, the former. "and by their word shall every contention and every plague-spot be (ruled upon."): Contentions are being compared to plague-spots, and plague-spots to contentions. Just as plague-spots are (ruled upon) only in the daytime, so, contentions. And just as contentions are not (ruled upon) by kin, so, plague-spots. If so, why not say: Just as contentions require three (judges), so, plague-spots. And it would follow a fortiori, viz.: If his money requires three, how much more so, his body! It is, therefore, written (re plague-spots, Vayikra 13:3) "โฆ or to one of his sons, the Cohanim" โ One Cohein rules on a plague-spot. (6) Piska 209 "And all the elders of that city": Even if they are a hundred. Because we said above ([21:2] re the measuring), three or five, I might think that this is so here, too. (in respect to the washing of the hands); it is, therefore, written "and all the judges of that city" โ even if they are a hundred. "they shall wash their hands over the heifer of the broken neck in the river-bed": on the spot where its neck was broken. I might think that they may go up from the river-bed; it is, therefore, written "in the river-bed." (Ibid. 7) "And they shall answer and they shall say": Their washing and their saying must be in the river-bed. (7) Piska 210 "And they shall answer and say": in the holy tongue. "Our hands have not spilled": Now would it enter our minds that the elders of beth-din are spillers of blood! (The intent is:) He (the slain one) was not "in our hands" and dismissed without a meal; and we did not see him, (corresponding to "our eyes have not seen") and let him go without an escort. And the Cohanim say (Ibid. 8) "Forgive Your people, Israel, which You have redeemed, O Lord." "which You have redeemed ": This teaches that this atonement atones for those that left Egypt. "Forgive Your people": These are the living; These are the dead, whereby we are taught that the dead, too, require atonement, and that this atonement atones until the exodus from Egypt, and that the spiller of blood sins (retroactively) until the exodus from Egypt. "which You have redeemed": It is to this end that You redeemed us โ that there be no spillers of blood among us. Variantly: It is to this end that You redeemed us โ that if we sinned You would make atonement for us. "and the blood will be atoned unto them": The Holy Spirit says this: "If you do as prescribed herein, the blood will be atoned unto you." (9) "And you shall remove the innocent blood from your midst.": Remove the doers of evil from Israel. | (ื) ืคืืกืงื ืจื ืื ืืืฆื โ ืืื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืฆืืื. ืืืื ืืืจื: ืืฉืจืื ืืจืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื. ืืฉืื ืืืขืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืืชืืื ื ืื ืคืจืืฉื ืืื ื ืงืจื ืืืจื ืืงืจืืชื ืื ืืจืฆืื ืื. ืืื โ ืืื ืื ืืง. ืืื โ ืืื ืืคืจืคืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื. ื ืคื โ ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉืื โ ืืื ืฆืฃ ืขื ืคื ื ืืืื. ืืฉืจ ืืดื ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืื โ ืืจืืืช ืขืืจ ืืืจืื. ืจืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืืื ืขืืจืคืื. ืืืจ ืื: ืจืื ืืืกื ืืจืื ืืืืื: ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืง ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืื ืขืืจืคืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืขืืจืคืื. ืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืื โ ืืืคืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืื ืืื ืขืืจืคืื. ืจืื ืขืงืืื ืืืืจ: ืื ืื ืื ืจืืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืชื ืื ืืื ืขืืจืคืื? ืชืืืื ืืืืจ: ืืขื ื ืืืืจื. (ื) ืืืฆืื ืืงื ืื โ ืืงื ืื ืฉื ืื. ืืฉืืคืืื โ ืฉื ืื, ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืงืื ืืืกืืคืื ืขืืืื ืขืื ืืื, ืืจื ืืืฉื, ืืืจื ืจืื ืืืืื. ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืืจ: ืืงื ืื ืืฉืืคืืื โ ืฉื ืื, ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืงืื, ืืืกืืคืื ืขืืืื ืขืื ืืื โ ืืจื ืฉืืฉื. ืืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืื ืืฉืจ ืกืืืืืช ืืืื โ ืื ืืืื ืื ืืขืจืื ืืื ืื ืืขืจืื ืื ืืืื, ื ืืฆื ืจืืฉื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืืคื ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืจืืฉ ืืฆื ืืืืฃ, ืืืจื ืจืื ืืืืขืืจ. ืืจืื ืขืงืืื ืืืืจ: ืืืืฃ ืืฆื ืืจืืฉ ื ืืฆื ืกืืื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืจืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืืืช ืืื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืช ืืื. (ื) ืคืืกืงื ืจื ืืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื โ ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืงืจืืืืช. ืืืื ืืืจื: ื ืืฆื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืชื ืขืืืจืืช, ืฉืชืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืชื ืขืืืืช, ืืืจื ืจืื ืืืืขืืจ. ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื: ืขืืจ ืืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืชื ืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืชื ืขืืืืช, ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื. ืืืงืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื โ ืืื ืืงื ื ืืจืืฉืื. ืขืืืช ืืงืจ โ ืจืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืืจ: ืขืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชื ืืคืจื ืืช ืฉืชืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื: ืขืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชื ืืคืจื ืืช ืฉืืฉ, ืื ืืจืืข. ืืืจ ืืืจ: ืขืืืช ืืงืจ โ ืฉืืื ืื ืฉื ื ืืจืืื, ืื ืืืฆื ืืฉืชืื? ืขืืืช ืืงืจ. ืืืจ ืืืจ: ืจืืืฆื ืืืงื ืื ืืืคืจื ืืืื ืื. ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืืื ืื โ ืื ืขืืืื. ืืื ืื ืืขืื? ืชืืืื ืืืืจ: ืืฉืจ ืื ืืฉืื ืืขืื. (ืกืืืง ืคืืกืงื) (ื) ืคืืกืงื ืจื ืืืืจืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื โ ืืฆืื ืืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื. ืื ื ืื ืืืชื โ ืืืฉืืขื, ืงืฉื. ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืจ ืขืืจืคืื ืืืชื ืืงืืคืืฅ ืืืืจืื, ืืืงืืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืจืข ืืืืขืืื. ืืืื ืืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืืืง ืฉื ืคืฉืชื ืืืื ืงืจ ืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืื? ืชืืืื ืืืืจ: ืื ืืืจืข, ืืจืืขื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืฆืืช? ืืืงืืฉ ืืืื, ืื ืืจืืขื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืช ืงืจืงืข ืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืช ืงืจืงืข. ืืขืจืคื ืฉื โ ื ืืืจ ืืื ืขืจืืคื, ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืขืจืืคื, ืื ืขืจืืคื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืขืืจืคืื ืืงืืคืืฅ ืืืืจืื ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืื ืืงืืืจื, ืืฃ ืขืจืืคื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืขืืจืคื ืืงืืคืืฅ ืืืืจืื ืืงืืืจื ืืืกืืจ ืืื ืื. ืื ืื โ ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืื ื ืืืชื. (ื) ืคืืกืงื ืจื ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื โ ืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืฉืจืช ืืฉื ืืดื ืืืืื (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืื ืื ืืื ืชืืืืื, ืืขืื ืืืืื ืื ืื? ืชืืืื ืืืืจ: ืื ื ืืื. ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืดื ืืืืื โ ืืืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉืจื ืืืขืื ืืืืื. ืืฉืจืชื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืดื โ ืืงืืฉ ืืจืื ืืฉืืจืืช. ืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืขืืืื, ืืฃ ืืจืื ืืขืืืื. ืืขื ืคืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืื ื ืืข โ ืืงืืฉ ืจืืืื ืื ืืขืื. ืื ืจืืืื ืืืื, ืืฃ ื ืืขืื ืืืื. ืืื ืจืืืื ืฉืื ืืงืจืืืื, ืืฃ ื ืืขืื ืฉืื ืืงืจืืืื. ืื ืื ืจืืืื ืืฉืืฉื, ืืฃ ื ืืขืื ืืฉืืฉื? ืืืื ืืื, ืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืืฉื ืืืคื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืฉื? ืชืืืื ืืืืจ: ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืื (ืืืงืจื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืช ืื ืืขืื. (ื) ืคืืกืงื ืจื ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื โ ืืืคืืื ืื ืืื, ืฉืืืจื ื ืืืขืื ืฉืืฉื ืืืืฉื. ืืืื ืืฃ ืืื ืื? ืชืืืื ืืืืจ: ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื, ืืืคืืื ืื ืืื. ืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืื ืืขืจืืคื ืื ืื โ ืขื ืืงืื ืขืจืืคืชื ืฉื ืขืืื. ืืืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืืืจื? ืชืืืื ืืืืจ: ืื ืื, ืฉืชืื ืืืืจืชื ืืขื ืืชื ืื ืื. (ื) ืคืืกืงื ืจื ืืขื ื ืืืืจื โ ืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ. ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื โ ืืื ืขืืชื ืขื ืืื ื ืฉืืงื ื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืื? ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื. ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื: ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืฉืืื ืืืืจ: ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช ืืดื, ืืืื ืฉืืคืจื ืื ืืืคืจืช ืขื ืืืฆืื ืืฆืจืื. ืืคืจ ืืขืื โ ืืื ืืืืื. ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช โ ืืื ืืืชืื. ืืืื ืฉืืืชืื ืฆืจืืืื ืืคืจื, ื ืืฆืื ื ืืืืื ืฉืฉืืคื ืืืื ืืืื. ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช โ ืขื ืื ืช ืื ืคืืืชื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืื ื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื. ืืืจ ืืืจ: ืขื ืื ืช ืื ืคืืืชื ื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืชื ืืืคืจ ืขืืื ื, ืืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืืืจืช: ืื ืืื ืฉืชืขืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืคืจ ืืื. (ื) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ โ ืืขืจ ืขืืฉื ืืจืขืืช ืืืฉืจืื. |
Yerushalmi Sotah 9:6ืืจืืฉืืื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ
| (1) MISHNAH: When the Elders of Jerusalem had completed their work and left, the Elders of that town bring โa cattle calf, one which never had been used for work, which never had drawn under a yoke.โ Bodily defects do not disqualify it. One brings it down to an etan valley; the meaning of etan is โhardโ. Even if it is not hard it is qualified. One breaks its neck with a stiletto from behind. Its place is forbidden to be used for sowing or agricultural works; it may be used to card flax or to hew stones. The priests say: โPurge for Your people Israel which You did redeem, o Eternal.โ They did not have to say that โthe blood was purged for them,โ but the Holy Spirit announces to them that when they follow this procedure the blood will be purged for them. If the killer was found before the calf should have its neck broken, it should leave and graze in the flock. If after the calfโs neck was broken it should be buried at its place because if came from the start in a doubtful case; it purged its doubt and left. If the killer was found after the calfโs neck was broken, he should be executed. (2) HALAKHAH: โOne which never had been used for work,โ intentionally, โwhich never had drawn under a yoke,โ intentionally or unintentionally. Rebbi Jonah explains the Mishnah: โOne which never had been used for work,โ intentionally, โwhich never had drawn under a yoke,โ intentionally or unintentionally, if it actually had drawn. Rebbi Yose explained the Mishnah: Intentionally even if it had not drawn, unintentionally if it actually had drawn. It turns out that Rebbi Jonah follows Rebbi Ismael and Rebbi Yose the rabbis. Rebbi Jonah follows Rebbi Ismael, since Rebbi Ismael says, anything which was in a set and left the set to teach leaves its set and stands in its new meaning. Therefore, he has to spell out โone which never had been used for work,โ intentionally, โwhich never had drawn under a yoke,โ intentionally or unintentionally, if it actually had drawn. Rebbi Yose follows the rabbis, since the rabbis say, anything which was in a set and left the set to teach remains in its set and in its new meaning. Therefore, he has to spell out: intentionally even if it had not drawn, unintentionally if it actually had drawn. (3) The Elders wash their hands with water at the place where the calfโs neck was broken and say: โOur hands did not spill this blood,โ etc. The priests say: โPurge for Your people Israel.โ The Holy Spirit says, โthe blood was purged for them.โ Three verses were said on one topic, what this one said the other did not say, and vice-versa. Similarly, you say: โShe said, please recognize this seal, strings, and staff,โ so far Tamar spoke. โJehudah recognized and said, she is more just than I am because I did not give her to my son Shelah,โ so far Jehudah spoke. The Holy Spirit said, โhe never knew her again.โ Three verses were said on one topic, what this one said the other did not say, and vice-versa. Similarly, you say: โThey told him and said, we came to the land you sent us to; it really is flowing of milk and honey and that is its fruit;โ so far Joshua spoke. โBut the people are strong who dwell in the land, the cities are very highly fortified, and also the young giants we saw there;โ so far said the spies. โCaleb silenced the people to Moses and said, we certainly can mount and inherit it, for certainly we can do it;โ so far Caleb spoke. Three verses were said on one topic, what this one said the other did not say, and vice-versa. Similarly, you say: โSiseraโs mother looked out and whimpered, etc.;โ so far Siseraโs mother spoke. โHer wise princesses answered her, โฆ, will they not find and distribute booty;โ so far said her daughters-in-law. And the Holy Spirit says, โso all enemies of the Eternal will be lost.โ (4) Rebbi Phineas said, it is worthy to provide purification all the time back to the Exodus. (5) Rebbi Yannai said, the words of Rebbi Meรฏr: Even if one broke its neck he is guilty. Rebbi Jacob bar Aแธฅa, Rebbi Immi, in the name of Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish: The words of Rebbi Meรฏr: Even if one broke its neck he is guilty. The words of Rebbi Simeon: Even if he cut its throat, he is not punishable. Rebbi Yannai said, I heard about a boundary, from when it is forbidden: โThey shall bring it down,โ from the time of bringing down. Rebbi Ila said, to free it from โit and its youngโ following Rebbi Simeon. (6) Rebbi Samuel bar Rav Isaac said, it is holy while still alive. The Mishnah said so: โit should leave and graze in the flock.โ What shall it leave? It shall leave its holiness. (7) Rebbi Mattania said, this is correct. What is written? โThe blood shall be purged for them;โ then it is silent. Nevertheless, โbut you shall eliminate innocent blood from your midstโ. | (ื) ืืฉื ื: ืึดืงึฐื ึตื ืืึนืชึธืึผ ืึธืขึดืืจ ืจืึนืึฒืฆึดืื ืึฐืึตืืึถื ืึทึผืึทึผืึดื ืึดึผืึฐืงืึนื ืขึฒืจึดืืคึธืชึธืึผ ืฉึถืืึธึผืขึถืึฐืึธื ืึฐืืึนืึฐืจึดืื ืึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึนื ืฉึธืืคึฐืืึผ ืึถืช ืึทืึธึผื ืึทืึถึผื ืืืืณ. ืึฐืึดื ืขึธืึธื ืขึทื ืึดืึตึผืื ืึผ ืฉึถืืึตึผืืช ืึดึผืื ืฉืืึนืคึฐืึตื ืึธืึดืื ืึตื. ืึถืึธึผื ืฉึถืืึนึผื ืึธื ืึฐืึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึผืคึฐืึทืจึฐื ืึผืืึผ ืึฐืึนื ืจึฐืึดืื ืึผืืึผ ืึฐืึดื ึทึผืึฐื ืึผืืึผ. ืึทืึนึผืึฒื ึดืื ืืึนืึฐืจึดืื ืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึฐืขึทืึฐึผืึธ ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืคึธึผืึดืืชึธ ืื ืึฐืึนื ืึธืืึผ ืฆึฐืจึดืืึดืื ืืึนืึทืจ ืึฐื ึดืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึธืึถื ืึทืึธึผื ืึถืึธึผื ืจืึผืึท ืึทืงึผืึนืึถืฉื ืึฐืึทืฉึฐึผืืจึธืชึธื ืึตืืึธืชึทื ืฉึถืืชึทึผืขึฒืฉืืึผ ืึธึผืึธื ืึทืึธึผื ืึดืชึฐืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึธืึถื. ื ึดืึฐืฆึธื ืึทืืึนืจึตื ืขึทื ืฉึถืืึนึผื ืชึตืืขึธืจึตืฃ ืึธืขึถืึฐืึธื ืชึตืฆึตื ืึฐืชึดืจึฐืึถื ืึธืขึตืึถืจ. ืึดืฉึถึผืื ึถึผืขึถืจึฐืคึธื ืึธืขึถืึฐืึธื ืชึดึผืืงึธึผืึตืจ ืึดึผืึฐืงืึนืึธืึผ ืฉึถืืขึทื ืกึธืคึตืง ืึธึผืึธื ืึดืชึฐึผืึดืืึธึผืชึธืึผ ืึดึผืืคึฐึผืจึธื ืกึฐืคึตืืงึธืึผ ืึฐืึธืึฐืึธื ืึธืึผ. ื ึถืขึถืจึฐืคึธื ืึธืขึถืึฐืึธื ืึฐืึทืึทืจ ืึธึผืึฐ ื ึดืึฐืฆึธื ืึทืืึนืจึตื ืึฒืจึตื ืึถื ืึตืืึธืจึตื. (ื) ืืืื: ืจึทืึธึผื ึดืื ืึฐึผืึธืึธื ืคึธึผืชึฐืจึดืื ืงึดืจึฐืืึธื ืึธึผืืึนืจึตื. ืึฐืจึทืึธึผื ึดืื ืึฐึผืชึทืึธึผื ืคึธึผืชึฐืจึดืื ืงึดืจึฐืืึธื ืึทึผื ึถึผืึฑืจึทื. ืจึทืึธึผื ึดืื ืึฐึผืึธืึธื ืคึธึผืชึฐืจึดืื ืงึดืจึฐืืึธื ืึธึผืืึนืจึตื. ืฉึถืืึนึผื ืึธื ืขึทื ืึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึผืคึปืึทืจึฐื ืึผืืึผ. ืึฐืึนื ืึธืจึทืึฐื ืึผืืึผ. ืึฐืึนื ืจึฐืึดืื ืึผืืึผ ืึฐืึดื ึทึผืึฐื ืึผืืึผ. ืึฐืขึดืืึฐืขึทืึฐื ืึผ ืขึทื ืึดึผืื ืึน. ืึฐืจึทืึธึผื ึดืื ืึฐึผืชึทืึธึผื ืคึธึผืชึฐืจึดืื ืงึดืจึฐืืึธื ืึทึผื ึถึผืึฑืจึทื. ืึนื ืึธื ืขึทื ืึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึผืคึฐืึทืจึฐื ืึผืืึผ. ืึฐึผืึนื ืึทืึฐืึธืืึธื. ืึฐืึนื ืจึฐืึดืื ืึผืืึผ ืึฐืึดื ึทึผืึฐื ืึผืืึผ. ืึฐึผืึนื ืคึทืจึฐื ึธืกึธื. (ื) ืึฐืึทืึฐึผืงึตื ึดืื ืจืึนืึฒืฆึดืื ืึถืช ืึฐืึตืืึถื ืึทึผืึทึผืึดื ืขึทื ืึฐืงืึนื ืขึฒืจึดืืคึธืชึธืึผ ืฉึถืืึธึผืขึถืึฐืึธื. ืึฐืืึนืึฐืจึดืื ืึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึนื ืฉึธืืคึฐืืึผ ืึถืช ืึทืึธึผื ืึทืึถึผื ืืืืณ. ืึฐืึทืึนึผืึฒื ึดืื ืืึนืึฐืจึดืื ืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึฐืขึทืึฐึผืึธ ืึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตื. ืึฐืจืึผืึท ืึทืงึผืึนืึถืฉื ืืึนืึถืจึถืช ืึฐื ึดืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึธืึถื ืึทืึธึผื. ืฉึฐืืึนืฉึธืื ืึดืงึฐืจึดืึผืึนืช ื ึถืึถืึฐืจืึผ ืึฐืขึดื ึฐืืึธื ืึถืึธื. ืึทื ืฉึถืืึธืึทืจ ืึถื ืึนื ืึธืึทืจ ืึถื ืึผืึทื ืฉึถืืึธืึทืจ ืึถื ืึนื ืึธืึทืจ ืึถื. ืึฐึผืืึนืฆึตื ืึทืึธึผืึธืจ ืึทืชึธึผื ืืึนืึตืจ. ืึทืชึนึผืืึถืจ ืึทืึตึผืจ ื ึธื ืึฐืึดื ืึทืืึนืชึถืึถืช ืึฐืึทืคึฐึผืชึดืืึดืื ืึฐืึทืึทึผืึถึผื ืึธืึตืึถึผื. ืขึทื ืึธึผืื ืึธืึฐืจึธื ืชึธืึธืจ. ืึทืึทึผืึตึผืจ ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืฆึธืึฐืงึธื ืึดืึถึผื ึดึผื ืึดึผื ืขึทื ืึตึผื ืึนื ื ึฐืชึทืชึดึผืืึธ ืึฐืฉึตืืึธื ืึฐึผื ึดื. ืขึทื ืึธึผืื ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืืึผืึธื. ืึฐืจืึผืึท ืึทืงึผืึนืึถืฉื ืึธืึฐืจึธื. ืึฐืึนื ืึธืกึทืฃ ืขืึนื ืึฐืึทืขึฐืชึธึผืึผ. ืฉึฐืืึนืฉึธืื ืึดืงึฐืจึดืึผืึนืช ื ึถืึถืึฐืจืึผ ืึฐืขึดื ึฐืืึธื ืึถืึธื. ืึทื ืฉึถืืึธืึทืจ ืึถื ืึนื ืึธืึทืจ ืึถื [ืึผืึทื ืฉึถืืึธืึทืจ ืึถื ืึนื ืึธืึทืจ ืึถื]. ืึฐึผืืึนืฆึตื ืึทืึธึผืึธืจ ืึทืชึธึผื ืืึนืึตืจ. ืึทืึฐืกึทืคึฐึผืจืึผ ืืึน ืึทืึนึผืืึฐืจืึผ ืึธึผืื ืึผ ืึถื ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฉึฐืืึทืึฐืชึธึผื ืึผ ืึฐืึทื ืึธืึทืช ืึธืึธื ืึผืึฐืึทืฉื ืึดืื ืึฐืึถื ืคึดึผืจึฐืืึธืึผ. ืขึทื ืึธึผืื ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืืึนืฉึปืืขึท. ืึถืคึถืก ืึดึผื ืขึทื ืึธืขึธื ืึทืึผืึนืฉึตืื ืึธึผืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฐืึถืขึธืจึดืื ืึฐึผืฆืึผืจืึนืช ืึฐึผืืึนืืึนืช ืึฐืืึนื ืึฐืึทื ืึฐืึดืืึตื ืึธืขึฒื ึทืง ืจึธืึดืื ืึผ ืฉึธืื. ืขึทื ืึธึผืื ืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืึทืึฐืจึทืึฐึผืึดืื. ืึทืึทึผืึทืก ืึธึผืึตื ืึถืช ืึธืขึธื ืึถื ืึนืฉึถืื ืึทืึนึผืืึถืจ ืขึธืึนื ื ึทืขึฒืึถื ืึฐืึธืจึทืฉึฐืื ืึผ ืืึนืชึธืึผ ืึดึผื ืึธืืึนื ื ืึผืึทื ืึธืึผ. ืขึทื ืึธึผืื ืึธืึทืจ ืึธึผืึตื. ืฉึธืืึนืฉื ืึดืงึฐืจึดืึผืึนืช ื ึถืึถืึฐืจืึผ ืึฐืขึดื ึฐืืึธื ืึถืึธื. ืึทื ืฉึถืืึธืึทืจ ืึถื ืึนื ืึธืึทืจ ืึถื ืึผืึทื ืฉึถืืึธืึทืจ ืึถื ืึนื ืึธืึทืจ ืึถื. ืึฐึผืืึนืฆึตื ืึทืึธึผืึธืจ ืึทืชึธึผื ืืึนืึตืจ. ืึฐึผืขึทื ืึทืึฒืืึนื ื ึดืฉึฐืืงึฐืคึธื ืึทืชึฐึผืึทืึตึผื ืึตื ืกึดืืกึฐืจึธื ืืืืณ. ืขึทื ืึธึผืื ืึธืึฐืจึธื ืึดืึผืึน ืฉึถืืึฐึผืกึดืืกึฐืจึธื. ืึทืึฐืืึนืช ืฉึธืืจืึนืชึถืืึธ ืชึทึผืขึฒื ึถืื ึธื. ืึฒืึนื ืึดืึฐืฆึฐืืึผ ืึฐืึทืึฐึผืงืึผ ืฉึธืืึธื. [ืขึทื ืึธึผืื] ืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืึทืึผืึนืชึตืืึธ. ืึฐืจืึผืึท ืึทืงึผืึนืึถืฉื ืืึนืึถืจึถืช. ืึตึผื ืืึนืึฐืืึผ ืึธึผื ืืึนืึฐืึตื ืื. (ื) ืึธืึทืจ ืจึดืึดึผื ืคึดึผืื ืึธืก. ืึฐึผืึทืื ืืึผื ืฉึถืืชึฐึผืึทืคึตึผืจ ืขึทื ืึฐืฆึดืืึทืช ืึดืฆึฐืจึทืึดื. (ื) ืึธืึทืจ ืจึดืึดึผื ืึทื ึทึผืื. ืึดึผืึฐืจึตื ืจึดืึดึผื ืึตืึดืืจ. ืึฒืคึดืืืึผ ืขึธืจึฐืคึธื ืึทืืึธื. ืจึดืึดึผื ืึทืขึฒืงึนื ืึทึผืจ ืึธืึธื ืจึดืึดึผื ืึดืึดึผื ืึฐืฉึตืื ืจึดืึดึผื ืฉึดืืึฐืขืึนื ืึถึผื ืึธืงึดืืฉื. ืึดึผืึฐืจึตื ืจึดืึดึผื ืึตืึดืืจ. ืึฒืคึดืืืึผ ืขึธืจึฐืคึธื [ืึทืืึธื. ืึดึผืึฐืจึตื ืจึดืึดึผื ืฉึดืืึฐืขืึนื. ืึฒืคึดืืืึผ ืฉึฐืืึธืึธืึผ] ืคึธึผืืึผืจ. ืึธืึทืจ ืจึดืึดึผื ืึทื ึทึผืื. ืฉึธืืึทืขึฐืชึดึผื ืึธืึผ ืึฐึผืืึผื ืึตืึตืืึธืชึทื ืึดืื ื ึถืึฑืกึถืจึถืช. ืึฐืืึนืจึดืืืึผ. ืึดืฉึฐืืขึทืช ืืึนืจึธืึธื. ืึธืึทืจ ืจึดืึดึผื ืึดืืึธื. ืึฐืคืึนืึฐืจึธืึผ ืึดืฉึผืืึผื ืืึนืชืึน ืึฐืึถืช ืึฐึผื ืึน ืึฐึผืจึดืึดึผื ืฉึดืืึฐืขืึนื. (ื) ืึธืึทืจ ืจึดืึดึผื ืฉึฐืืืึผืึตื ืึทึผืจ ืจึทื ืึดืฆึฐืึธืง. ืขึทื ืฉึถืืึดืื ืึทืึทืึดึผืื ืึดืื ืงึฐืืึนืฉึธืื. ืึทืชึฐื ึดืืชึธื ืึธืึฐืจึธื ืึตื. ืชึตึผืฆึตื ืึฐืชึดืจึฐืขึถื ืึธืขึตืึถืจ. ืึทืืึผ ืชึตืฆึตื. ืชึตึผืฆึตื ืึดืงึฐึผืืึผืฉึธึผืืชึธืึผ. (ื) ืึธืึทืจ ืจึดืึดึผื ืึทืชึทึผื ึฐืึธื. ืึฐืึตืืึผืช. ืึทื ืึฐืชึดืื ืึฐื ึดืึทึผืคึตึผืจ ืึธืึถื ืึทืึธึผื ืึฐืฉึธืืชึธืง. ืึถืึธึผื ืึฒืคึดืืืึผ ืึตื ืึฐืึทืชึธึผื ืชึฐืึธืขึตืจ ืึทืึธึผื ืึทื ึธึผืงึดื ืึดืงึดึผืจึฐืึถึผืึธ. |
Bavli Sotah 45bืืืื ืกืืื ืืดื:
The Elders of that city would then wash their hands in water in the place of the breaking of the neck of the heifer, and they would recite: โOur hands did not spill this blood, nor did our eyes seeโ (Deuteronomy 21:7). The mishna explains: But did it enter our minds that the Elders of the court are spillers of blood, that they must make such a declaration? Rather, they mean to declare that the victim did not come to us and then we let him take his leave without food, and we did not see him and then leave him alone to depart without accompaniment. They therefore attest that they took care of all his needs and are not responsible for his death even indirectly. | ืืงื ื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืจืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืขืจืืคื ืฉื ืขืืื ืืืืืจืื {ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ} ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื ืืื ืขื ืืขืชืื ื ืขืืชื ืฉืืงื ื ืืดื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื (ืืื ืืืื) ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื (ืืื ืืืืื) |
Bavli Sotah 46a-46bืืืื ืกืืื ืืดื.-ืืดื:
Rabbi Yoแธฅanan ben Shaul says: For what reason did the Torah say to bring a heifer whose neck is broken to a stream? The Holy One, Blessed be He, said: Let something that did not produce fruit, i.e., a heifer that has not given birth, come and have its neck be broken at a stream that flows forcefully, which is a place that does not produce fruit, and atone for the murder of one who was not given an opportunity to produce fruit. The Gemara asks: What is this fruit that he was not given an opportunity to produce? If we say it refers to being fruitful and multiplying, i.e., that the killer prevented him from having more children, but if that is so, in the case of an elderly person or a eunuch, so too will you say that we do not break the heiferโs neck because they could not have had any more children even had they lived? Rather, the fruit are mitzvot, as the killer deprived the victim of the opportunity to perform additional mitzvot. The mishna taught: And they bring it down to a stream that is eitan. Eitan in this context means as the word generally indicates, forceful. The Sages taught: From where is it derived that eitan is forceful? It is as it is stated: {46b} โFirm [eitan] is your dwelling-place, and your nest is set in the rockโ (Numbers 24:21), and it states: โHear, O you mountains, the Lordโs controversy, and the enduring rocks [eitanim], the foundations of the earthโ (Micah 6:2). The use of the word in these verses indicates that โeitanโ means something hard, like a rock or a mountain. Others say a different explanation of the word eitan: From where is it derived that eitan means old? As it is stated: โIt is an ancient [eitan] nation, a nation from of oldโ (Jeremiah 5:15). ยง The mishna taught: And they break the neck [orfin] of the heifer from behind with a cleaver. The Gemara explains: What is the reason that the Sages understood that the heifer is killed in this manner? They derive that the term arifa, which describes what is done to the heifer, refers to breaking the back of the neck, from the term arifa stated with regard to the bird brought as a sin-offering (see Leviticus 5:8). ยง The mishna taught further: And with regard to its place, it is prohibited for that ground to be sown or to be worked. The Sages taught: The verse: โWhich may be neither worked nor sownโ (Deuteronomy 21:4) is referring to the past, that is, a place which has not previously been worked or sown. This is the statement of Rabbi Yoshiya. Rabbi Yonatan says: It speaks of the future, meaning it is prohibited to sow or work the land from that point onward. Rava said: As for the future, everyone agrees that it is prohibited to sow or work the land, as it is written โneither worked nor sownโ in the future tense. When they disagree is with regard to the past. Rabbi Yoshiya, who disqualifies a place that was sown beforehand, holds: Does it state: And shall not be worked, in the form of a future command? And Rabbi Yonatan responds: Does it state: And was not worked, in the past tense? And Rabbi Yoshiya answers: The term โwhichโ indicates the past. And as for Rabbi Yonatan, in his opinion the term โwhichโ is a term of amplification, as will be explained later in the Gemara, and it is not referring to the past. ยง The mishna taught: But it is permitted to comb flax there or to cut stones there. The Sages taught: From the phrase โwhich may be neither worked nor sown,โ I have derived only sowing; from where do I derive that other types of labor are also prohibited? The verse states: โWhich may be neither worked,โ indicating that it may not be worked in any manner. The baraita continues: If so, why does the verse also need to state โnor sownโ? It is in order to say to you: Just as sowing is unique in that it is labor performed on the land itself, so too, all labor that is performed on the land itself is prohibited. This excludes combing flax and cutting stones, which are not done on the land itself. The Gemara raises an objection: And perhaps one can say a different exposition: โWhich may be neither workedโ is a generalization, and โnor sownโ a detail. When the Torah writes a generalization and a detail, there is nothing in the generalization other than what is in the detail, i.e., the detail serves to impose a limit on the generalization. Consequently, the verse is teaching that with regard to sowing, yes, it is prohibited, but with regard to anything else, no, it is not prohibited. The Gemara again answers: The term โwhichโ is an amplification, and the addition of this term results in this verse not belonging to the category of generalizations and details. ยง The mishna taught that the Elders of the city would then wash their hands. The Sages taught: With regard to the verse: โAnd all the Elders of that city, who are nearest to the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer whose neck was broken in the valleyโ (Deuteronomy 21:6), one might have thought that there is no need for the verse to state: โWhose neck was broken,โ because there is no heifer mentioned other than the one whose neck was broken. And what is the meaning when the verse states: โWhose neck was brokenโ? It serves to teach us that they wash their hands over the place where the heiferโs neck was broken. The verse further states: โAnd they shall say: Our hands did not spill this blood, nor did our eyes seeโ (Deuteronomy 21:7). The mishna explains: But did it enter our minds that the Elders of the court are spillers of blood, that they must make such a declaration? Rather, they mean to declare: The victim did not come to us and then we let him take his leave without food, and we did not see him and then leave him alone to depart without accompaniment. They therefore attest that they took care of all his needs and are not responsible for his death even indirectly. It is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Meir would say: There is coercion with regard to accompaniment, i.e., one who does not want to accompany another is nevertheless required to do so, as the reward for accompaniment is without measure. The proof of the importance of accompaniment is from a verse, as it is stated with regard to when the Jewish people laid siege to the city of Bethel: โAnd the watchers saw a man come out of the city, and they said to him: Show us, please, the entrance into the city, and we will deal kindly with youโ (Judges 1:24), and it is written: โAnd he showed them the entrance to the cityโ (Judges 1:25). And what kindness did they perform with him? It is that they killed the entire city by the sword, but that man and his family they sent free. The Gemara elaborates on the reward received in that story. The next verse states: โAnd the man went to the land of the Hittites, and he built a city, and he called its name Luz; that is its name to this dayโ (Judges 1:26). It is taught in a baraita: This is the city Luz where sky blue wool is dyed. It is the same city Luz where, although Sennacherib came and exiled many nations from place to place, he did not disarrange and exile its inhabitants; Nebuchadnezzar, who conquered many lands, did not destroy it; and even the angel of death has no permission to pass through it. Rather, its Elders, when they have decided that they have reached the end of life, go outside the city wall and die. Are these matters not inferred a fortiori: And if this Canaanite, who did not speak with his mouth and explicitly tell them where the city entrance was, and did not walk with them by foot, but merely indicated the correct path to them, nevertheless caused himself to be rescued and also had the merit to provide rescue for his descendants until the end of all generations, then with regard to one who accompanies another by foot, all the more so will his reward be great. After stating that the man did not openly guide those watching the city, the Gemara asks: How did that Canaanite show them the entrance to the city? แธคizkiyya says: He twisted his mouth for them, i.e., he showed them the path to the city by moving his lips. Rabbi Yoแธฅanan says: He showed them with his finger alone. It is taught in a baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yoแธฅanan: Because this Canaanite showed them with his finger, he caused himself to be rescued and merited rescue for his descendants as well, until the end of all generations. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: One who walks along the way without having someone to accompany him should occupy himself with words of Torah, as it is stated with regard to words of Torah: โFor they shall be a wreath of grace to your head, and chains around your neckโ (Proverbs 1:9). And Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi further says: Due to four steps that Pharaoh accompanied Abraham, as it is stated: โAnd Pharaoh gave men charge concerning him, and they brought him on the way, and his wife, and all that he hadโ (Genesis 12:20), Pharaoh enslaved Abrahamโs descendants for four hundred years, as it is stated: โAnd shall serve them, and they shall afflict them four hundred yearsโ (Genesis 15:13). Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: Anyone who accompanies his friend four cubits in a city will come to no harm by accompanying him. The Gemara relates: Ravina accompanied Rava bar Yitzแธฅak four cubits in a city. He came close to harm, but he was saved. | ืืดืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืืื ืืคื ื ืื ืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืืื ืขืืื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืงืืดื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ืขืฉื ืคืืจืืช ืืืขืจืฃ ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืขืืฉื ืคืืจืืช ืืืืคืจ ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืคืืจืืช ืืื ืคืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืคืจืื ืืจืืื ืืื ืืขืชื ืืืงื ืืืกืจืืก ืืดื ืืื ืขืจืคืื ื ืืื ืืฆืืช.: ืืืืจืืืื ืืืชื ืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืขื ืงืฉื.: ืชื ื ืจืื ื ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืฉืืื ืงืฉื ืฉื ืืืจ {46b} {ืืืืืจ ืืดื:ืืดื} ืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืกืืข ืงื ื ืืืืืจ {ืืืื ืืณ:ืืณ} ืฉืืขื ืืจืื ืืช ืจืื ืืณ ืืืืืชื ืื ืืืกืื ืืจืฅ ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืืืจ {ืืจืืืื ืืณ:ืืดื} ืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืื.: ืืขืืจืคืื ืืืชื ืืงืืคืืฅ ืืืืืจืื.: ืืดื ืืืจ ืขืจืืคื ืขืจืืคื ืืืืืช ืืขืืฃ.: ืืืงืืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืจืืข ืืืืืขืื.: ืชืดืจ {ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ} ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืจื ืจืื ืืืฉืื ืจืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืจ ืืืื. ืจืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืดืข ืื ืคืืืื ืืืชืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืื ืคืืืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืจืื ืืืฉืื ืกืืจ ืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืชื ืื ืืชืื ืืฉืจ ืื ื ืขืื ืืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืขืืจ ืืฉืืข ืืจืณ ืืื ืชื ืืฉืจ ืจืืืื ืืื.: ืืืืชืจ ืืกืจืืง ืฉื ืคืฉืชื ืืื ืงืจ ืฉื ืืื ืื.: ืชืดืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืื ืื ืืื ืืจืืขื ืฉืืจ ืขืืืืืช ืื ืื ืชืืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืงืื. ืื ืื ืื ืชืดื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืจืืขื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืงืจืงืข ืืฃ ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืงืจืงืข ืืฆื ืกืจืืงืช ืคืฉืชื ืื ืืงืืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืงืจืงืข. ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืคืจื ืืื ืืคืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืคืจื ืืจืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ื ืื ืืฉืจ ืจืืืื ืืื.: ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืจืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืณ.: ืชืดืจ {ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ} ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืงืจืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืื ืืขืจืืคื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืชืดื ืืขืจืืคื ืืื ืชืดื ืืขืจืืคื ืขื ืืงืื ืขืจืืคืชื ืฉื ืขืืื. ืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื ืืื ืขื ืืื ื ืขืืชื ืฉืืดื ืฉืืคืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื. ืชื ืื ืืื ืจืดื ืืืืจ ืืืคืื ืืืืื ืฉืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืฉื ืืืจ {ืฉืืคืืื ืืณ:ืืดื} ืืืจืื ืืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉ ืืืฆื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืจื ืื ืืจืื ื ื ื ืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืขืฉืื ื ืขืื ืืกื ืืืชืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืกื ืขืฉื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืืจืื ืืคื ืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืฉ ืืืฉืคืืชื ืฉืืื. {ืฉืืคืืื ืืณ:ืืดื} ืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืฅ ืืืชืื ืืืื ืขืืจ ืืืงืจื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืื ืืื ืชื ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืฆืืืขืื ืื ืชืืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืกื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืฆืจ ืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฃ ืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืื ืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืงื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืขืชื ืงืฆื ืขืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืฅ ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืื. ืืืื ืืืจืื ืงืดื ืืื ืื ืขื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืืจื ืืฆืื ืื ืืืืจืขื ืขื ืกืืฃ ืื ืืืืจืืช ืื ืฉืขืืฉื ืืืื ืืจืืืื ืขื ืืืช ืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืจ ืืคืื ืขืงื ืืื ืจืณ ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืฆืืขื ืืจืื ืืื ืชื ืื ืืืืชืื ืืจืณ ืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ืขื ื ืื ืืจืื ืืืฆืืขื ืืจื ืืฆืื ืื ืืืืจืขื ืขื ืกืืฃ ืื ืืืืจืืช.... ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืคื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืจืืื ืืืืืฉืข ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืืืจ {ืืืืื ื ืืณ:ืืดื} ืืืขื ืืฉื ืืืช ืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืืจื ืื ืขืจืื ืงืื ืื ืืฆืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืชืงืืกื ืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืขืื ืงืจื ืขืื ืงืจื. |
Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan) Devarim 21:1:1-9ืชืจืืื ืืจืืฉืืื (ืืื ืชื) ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (1) If a man be found slain upon the ground, unburied, in the land which the Lord your God giveth you to inherit, lying down, and not hanged on a tree in the field, nor floating on the face of the water; and it be not known who did kill him: (2) then two of the sages shall proceed from the chief court of judgment, and three of thy judges, and shall measure to the surrounding cities which lie on the four quarters from the (spot where) the dead man (is found); (3) and the city which is nearest to the dead man, being the suspected one, let the chief court of justice take means for absolution (or dissipation). Let the sages, the elders of that city, take an heifer from the herd, not commixed, an heifer of the year, which hath not been wrought with, nor hath drawn in the yoke: (4) and the sages of that city shall bring the heifer down into an uncultivated field, where the ground hath not been tilled by work, nor sowed; and let them there behead the heifer from behind her with an axe (or knife, dolch) in the midst of the field. (5) And the priests the sons of Levi shall draw near; for the Lord your God hath chosen them to minister to Him, and to bless Israel in His Name, and according to their words to resolve every judgment, and in any plague of leprosy to shut up, and pronounce concerning it; (6) and all the elders of the city lying nearest to the dead man shall wash their hands over the heifer which hath been cut off in the field, (7) and shall answer and say: It is manifest before the Lord that this hath not come by our hands, nor have we absolved him who shed this blood, nor have our eyes beheld. And the priests shall say: (8) Let there be expiation for thy people Israel, whom Thou, Lord, hast redeemed, and lay not the guilt of innocent blood upon Thy people Israel; but let him who hath done the murder be revealed. And they shall be expiated concerning the blood; but straightway there will come forth a swarm of worms from the excrement of the heifer, and spread abroad, and move to the place where the murderer is, and crawl over him: and the magistrates shall take him, and judge him. (9) So shall you, house of Israel, put away from among you whosoever sheddeth innocent blood, that you may do what is right before the Lord. | (ื) ืืจืื ืืฉืชืื ืงืืืื ืืืจืขื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืจืขื ืืืดื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืจืื ืืื ืฆืืื ืืงืืกื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืืฃ ืขื ืื ืคื ืืื ืื ืืฉืชืืืืข ืืื ืงืืืื. (ื) ืืืคืงืื ืืื ืืื ื ืจืื ืชืจื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืชืืช ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืจืืข ืืจืืืื ืื ืืช ืงืืจืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืช ืงืืืื. (ื) ืืืื ืงืจืชื ืืงืจืืื ืืงืืืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืกืื ืืืืื ื ืจืื ืืคืืจืื ืืืกืืื ืืืืื ืกืื ืงืจืชื ืืืื ืขืืืืช ืืจืช ืชืืจืื ืืื ืขืืจืืืื ืืจืช ืฉืชื ืืื ืืชืคืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืช ืื ืืจ. (ื) ืืืืชืื ืืืืื ืงืจืชื ืืืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืืืงืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืขืืื ืืื ืคืืืื ืืจืขื ืืื ืืืืจืข ืืื (ืคืง){ืงืค}ืื ืชืื ืืช ืขืืืชื ืืงืืคืืฅ ืืืชืจืื ืืืฆืข ืืงืื. (ื) ืืืงืจืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืชืจืขื ืืืืจื ืืืดื ืืืงืืื ืืฉืืฉืืชืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืคืืืื ืืื ืืืชืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืฉ ืฆืืจืขื ืืืกืืจ ืืืืืื. (ื) ืืื ืืืืื ืงืจืชื ืืืื ืืงืจืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืขื ืขืืืชื ืื ืงืืคื ืืืงืื. (ื) ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืื ืงืื ืืดื ืืื ืืชื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ื ื ืื ืืืื. (ื) ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืคืจืงืช ืืดื ืืื ืชืฉืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืื ืงืืืื ืืืชืืคืจ ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ื ืคืงืื ื ืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืคืจืชื ืืขืืืชื ื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืชืจื ืืงืืืื ืชืื ืืกืืงืื ืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืชืื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืื. (ื) ืืืชืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืชืคืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืชืขืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืงืื ืืดื. |
Medieval Texts
Rashi Devarim 21:4-9ืจืฉืดื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (4) ืื ื ืื ืืืชื UNTO A VALLEY WHICH IS ืืืชื โ which is hard; i.e. one that has never been tilled (Sifrei Devarim 207:2; Sotah 45b). ืืขืจืคื AND THEY SHALL STRIKE OFF [THE HEIFER'S] NECK โ i.e. one breaks its neck with a hatchet. The Holy One, blessed be He, says, as it were, Let a heifer which is only one year old and which therefore has brought forth no fruits (no offspring) have its neck broken at a spot (the untilled valley) which has not brought forth fruits, to expiate for the murder of him whom they did not permit further to beget children (Sotah 46a). (7) ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื [AND THEY SHALL ANSWER AND SAY,] OUR HANDS HAVE NOT SHED [THIS BLOOD] โ But would it enter anyone's mind that the elders of the court are suspect of blood-shedding?! But the meaning of the declaration is: We never saw him and knowingly let him depart without food or escort (if we had seen him we would not have let him depart without these) (Sifrei Devarim 210:2; Sotah 45b). The priests thereupon say (next verse): ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื FORGIVE UNTO THY PEOPLE ISRAEL. (8) ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื AND THE BLOOD SHALL BE PARDONED THEM โ Scripture announces to them that when they have done this (the ceremony prescribed) their sin will be forgiven (Sotah 46a). (9) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ BUT THOU SHALT PUT AWAY [THE GUILT OF INNOCENT BLOOD FROM AMONG YOU] โ This teaches that if the murderer is found after the heifer's neck was broken he must nevertheless be put to death, โ and this is what Scripture describes as ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ื' RIGHT IN THE EYES OF THE LORD (cf. Sotah 47b; Ketubot 37b and Tosafot on Ketubot 37b:16.1 ืืื"ื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื). | (ื) ืื ื ืื ืืืชื โ ืงืฉื, ืฉืื ื ืขืื. ืืขืจืคื ืฉื โ ืงืืฆืฅ ืขืจืคื ืืงืืคืืฅ. ืืืจ ืืงืืดื: ืชืื ืขืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชื ืฉืื ืขืฉืชื ืคืืจืืช ืืืคืจ ืขื ืืจืืืชื, ืืชืขืจืฃ ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ื ืขืืฉื ืคืืจืืช, ืืชืืคืจ ืขื ืืจืืืชื ืฉื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืคืืจืืช. (ื) ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื โ ืืื ืขืืช ืขื ืื ืฉืืงื ื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืื? ืืื, ืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื. (ื) ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื: ืืคืจ ืืขืื. ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื โ ืืืชืื ืืืฉืจื ืฉืืฉืืขืฉื ืื, ืืืืคืจ ืืื ืืขืื. (ื) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ โ ืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืขืจืคื ืืขืืื, ืืจื ืื ืืืจื, ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืดื. |
Ibn Ezra Devarim 21:1-9ืืื ืขืืจื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (1) IF ONE BE FOUND SLAIN. As Scripture mentions the war against enemies, it goes on to say what the law is if one fights against his fellow and a corpse is found in the land of Israel, and the one who slew him is unknown. (2) THY ELDERS. The elders and judges of the cities that are close to the body. (3) A HEIFER OF THE HERD, WHICH HATH NOT BEEN WROUGHT WITH. Never used for plowing. AND WHICH HATH NOT DRAWN IN THE YOKE. To bring stones, as is the practice with heifers. (4) ROUGH. The word etan (rough) means mighty. AND SHALL BREAKโฆTHE NECK. Ve-arefu (and they shall break) means they shall remove the back of the neck of the heifer. (5) AND THE PRIESTS THE SONS OF LEVI SHALL COME NEAR. The priests (kohanim) who are clearly of the sons of Levi. AND ACCORDING TO THEIR WORD SHALLโฆBE. The punishment for every controversy and every stroke. (6) AND ALL THE ELDERS OF THAT CITY. The elders referred to in then thy eldersโฆshall come forth (v. 2). (7) [SHED.] The heh in shafekhu (shed) indicates the plural. It is like the heh in shafekhu ashurai (my steps slipped) (Ps. 73:2). However, interpreting it midrashically, the heh refers to each one of the hands, for the word yad (hand) is in most cases feminine. NEITHER HAVE OUR EYES SEEN IT. It is possible that God commanded the city closest to the slain to perform this because if the city had not committed a similar deed, then the murder of a person near their city would not have occurred. God's thoughts are deep and infinitely beyond our comprehension. AND THEY SHALL SPEAK AND SAY. Ve-anu ve-ameru (and they shall speak and say) is similar to ve-anita ve-amarta (and thou shalt speak and say) (Deut. 26:5). I will explain it there. (8) FORGIVE, O LORD, THY PEOPLE. Who erred and did not guard the dangerous roads. SHALL BE FORGIVEN. A tav has been omitted in the word ve-nikapper (shall be forgiven). It is similar to the word venivasseru (may be taught) in that all women may be taught (Ezek. 23:48). They are a combination of two forms, the nifal and the hitpa'el. Scripture mentions whom thou hast redeemed to indicate that as You redeemed Israel from Egypt as a manifestation of Your great mercies, similarly redeem them from this blood and the punishment for its shedding. (9) SO SHALT THOU PUT AWAY THE INNOCENT BLOOD. The meaning of the innocent blood is, the punishment for the shedding of the innocent blood. On the other hand, the word ha-dam ha-naki (the innocent blood) is short for ha-dam, dam ha-naki (the blood, the innocent blood). Some say that the meaning of so shalt thou put away the innocent blood is, you must eradicate the shedding of blood. However, in my opinion, and I have mentioned this before, it means no innocent blood will be shed in your land if you do what is right in the eyes of God. The latter is in keeping with the secret that the reward of sin is sin, and the reward of a commandment is the commandment. (Intro) Parashat Ki Tetze LaMilchamah | (ื) ืื ืืืฆื ืืื โ ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื, ืืืจ: ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืื, ืื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืื. (ื) ืืงื ืื โ ืืงื ื ืืขืจืื ืืงืจืืืืช. [ืืฉืคืืื โ ืืฉืืคืืื ืฉืืืื ืื.] (ื) ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืื โ ืืืจืืฉ. ืืฉืื ืืขื โ ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืขืืืืช. (ื) ืืืชื โ ืชืงืืฃ. ืืขืจืคื ืฉื โ ืืกืืจื ืขืืจืฃ ืืขืืื. (ื) ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื โ ืฉืื ืืืจืืจ ืืื ื ืืื. ืืขื ืคืืื ืืืื โ ืขืื ืฉ ืื ืจืื ืืื ื ืืข. (ื) ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ โ ืืื: ืืืฆืื ืืงื ืื (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ). (ื) ืืดื ืฉืคืื โ ืชืืช ืืดื ืกืืื ืืจืืื, ืืื: ืฉืคืื ืืฉืืจื (ืชืืืื ืขืดื:ืืณ). ืืขื ืืจื ืืจืฉ ืฉืืฉืื ืืืืช, ืื ืืื ืืฉืื ื ืงืื ืืจืื. ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื โ ืืืชืื, ืฉืืฉื ืฆืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื, ืื ืืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืืื ืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืงืจืื ืืื. ืืืืฉืืืช ืืฉื ืขืืงื ืืืืื ืืืื ืงืฅ ืืฆืื ื. ืืขื ื ืืืืจื โ ืืื: [ืื ื ืขื ืืชื ืืื ืื ื ืืืจืชื (ืชืืืื ืงืืดื:ืืณ-ืืดื), ืืื:] ืืขื ืืช ืืืืจืช (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืฉื ืืคืจืฉื ื (ืจืืืดืข ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ). (ื) ืืคืจ ืืขืื โ ืฉืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืืกืืื ืื. ืื ืืคืจ โ ืืกืจ ืชืืดื, ืืื: ืื ืืกืจื ืื ืื ืฉืื (ืืืืงืื ืืดื:ืืดื), ืืื ืืณ ืื ืื ืื, ืื ืื ื ืคืขื ืืื ืื ืืชืคืขื. ืืืขื ืืืจ: ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช โ ืืืฉืจ ืคืืืชื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืขื ืืกืืื, ืื ืคืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืฉื. (ื) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงื โ ืคืืจืืฉื ืขืื ืฉ ืืื ืื ืงื. ืื ืืืื: ืืื ืื ืื ืงื. ืืืฉ ืืืืจืื: ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืขืจ ืฉืคืืืืช ืืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ื, ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจืชื: ืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืื ื ืงื ืืืจืฆื ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ (ืจืืืดืข ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ, ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืกืื ืืฉืืจ ืขืืืจื ืขืืืจื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืื ืืฆืื. ืืกืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืคืืื. |
R. Yosef Bekhor Shor Devarim 21:1-9ืจืณ ืืืกืฃ ืืืืจ ืฉืืจ ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (ื) ืื ืืืฆื โ ืคืจื ืืืฆืื (ืืืื ืกืืื ืืดื:), ืืืื ืขืืจ ืฉืืกืคืจ ืืขืืจ ืฉืจืืื ืืืื (ืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ). ืืืืื โ ืื ืืืื (ืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ). ื ืืคื โ ืื ืชืืื ืืืืื (ืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ), ืืืื ืืจื ืจืืฆื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืชืืืชื, ืืคื ื ืฉืืจื ืื ืคืฉื. [ืืื ืฉืื ืืช ืืืชืช ืขืฆืื ืื ืืื ืคืฉืืขืช ืืื. ืืืืดื.] ืืฉืื โ ืืื ืฆืฃ ืขื ืคื ื ืืืื (ืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ), ืืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืื ืืืื. (ื) ืืืฆืื ืืงืื ืื โ ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืงืื ื, ืกื ืืืจืื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ: ืฉืืฉื, ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ: ืืืฉื (ืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ), ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ: ืกื ืืืจื, ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืื (ืืืื ืกืืื ืืดื.). ืืืืื โ ืืคืืื ื ืจืื ืืขืืื ืืขืืจ, ืืฆืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืืืื (ืืืื ืกืืื ืืดื.). ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ (ืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ): ืฉืืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืฉืื ืฉืื ืฉื, ืืืชืื: ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืื ืืืคื (ืืฉืขืืื ืืณ:ืืดื). ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ: ืืฆืืืจื, ืืืงืื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืื. ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ: ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืฃ. (ื) ืืืื ืืขืืจ โ ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืฉืืงืื ืขืืืช ืืงืจ. ืืดืืืืืด ืื ืืขืืจ ืงืื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ: ืืืืชื. (ื) ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื โ ืืฉืจ ืื ื ืืจืข ืืื ื ืืืืจ, ืืื: ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข. ืืืื ืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื (ืืืื ืืืืช ืืดื.): ืฉืืขืืื ืืืืืจืข ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืื, ืืื ืื ืงืื ืื ืคืฉืชื ืืืกืชืชืื ืื ืืื ืื (ืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ). (ื) ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื โ ืืื ืคืืจืฉ ืืื. ืืื ืืงืื (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืคืืจืฉ. (ื) ืืจืืฆื {ืืช} ืืืืื โ ืืืืืจ: ื ืงืืื ืื ืื ื. (ื) ืืขื ื ืืืืจื โ ืืืงื ืื ืืกืืืง ืืื ืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื โ ืื ืืจืื ื ืืฉืคืื, ืืคืืืจื ืืื ืฆืืื ื{ื}ืื ืืืืืื (ืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ). (ื) ืืคืจ ืืขืื โ ืงืื ืืืื ืื, ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืคืจื ืชืืืื ืืืื ืื. ืืื ืชืืจืื ืืื ืงืืืก. ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื โ ืืคืกืืง ืืืฉืจ ืฉื ืืคืจ ืืื (ืกืคืจื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ). ืืื ืื ืฆืื ืืงืืดื ืืขืฉืืช ืฉืืื ืงืื ืื ืจืฆื, ืืฉืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืชื ืืชืื ืืขืจืื ืื ืืืืืช, ืืกื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืฉื, ืืืขืืื ืฉื ืขืจืคื ืื ืงืืจืช, ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืชืืื. ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืฉื, ืืื ื ืืืข ืื ื ืขืฉื ืื, ืืืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืื ืืงืื {ืืจืืืช} ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืชื, ืืืื ืืฉืชื ืขืืื ื, ืืืื ืื ืื ืืชืืืื โ ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืชืื ืฉืืื ื ืืืจ, ื ืืืข ืื ืืื ืขืื ืืื ื ืชืืืจ ืื, ืืคืขืืื ืฉืืชืคืจืกื ืืจืืฆื ืขื ืืื ืื. ืืื ื ืจืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืงืคืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืงืืดื ืืืจืื ืขื ื ืคืฉ ืืืช. ืื ืจืื ืื ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื (ืืฉื ื ืืืืืช ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืื ืขื ืคืจืฆืืฃ ืคื ืื ืขื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืฉื ืืืื, ืื ื ืืืื ืขืืืช ืฉืืืืจ ืืขืืื ื ืขื ืืืืื ืืคืจืฆืืฃ ืฉืืื ืื ืืื, ืืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืืจื ืืขืืื, ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืฉื, ืืื ื ืคื ืืืื, ืืคืืื ืืคื ืืืื ืฆืืชื, ืืืืืจืื ื ืืคืจืง ืืืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืฆืจืชื (ืืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืดื.). ืืื ืื ืืืจ: ืืืืจื ื ืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืืืขืืช ืขืื ื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืืืจื, ืืืืื ืจืืืชืื ืื, ืืืื ืชื ืฉื. ืืืืื ืืืืข ืืืืืช ืืืกืงืื ืืืืฉืจื ืืกืืืกืชื ื, ืืื ืกืื ืจืื ืืืฉืชื ืืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืื (ืืืื ืืืืืช ืงืืดื.), ืขืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืงื ื ืื ืื ื ืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืจ: ืืืืืงื ื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืื ืกืื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืขืืช. ืืืคืืื ืืคืืื ืืืงืื ืืืจืืง ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ื ืื. (ื) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงื ืืงืจืื ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ โ ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ, ืฉืชืขืฉื ืืืฆืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืฆืื ืืงืืดื. ืื ืื ืืื ืื โ ืืชืื ืฉืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืืืืชื, ืชืืขืจ ืืื โ ืฉืชืืืจ ืืจืืฆื ืืชืื ืืงืื, ืืืชืื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืข ืื ื ืชืืืจ ืื, ืืื ืฉืคืืจืฉืชื (ืจืดื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจ ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ). ืืจืืืชืื ื ืืจืฉื (ืืฉื ื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ): ืืืื ืงืืืจ: ืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืขืจืคื ืืขืืื ืฉืืืืชืื ืืืชื, ืืื ืืฉืจืื ื ืงืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื. |
Rambam Hilkhot Rotzeach uShemirat haNefesh 9ืจืื"ื ืืืืืช ืจืืฆื ืืฉืืืจืช ื ืคืฉ ืืณ
| (1) The following procedure should be adhered to when the corpse of a slain person is found lying on the earth, and it is not known who struck him. It is left in place. Five elders from the High Court in Jerusalem come and measure from the corpse to the nearby cities, as indicated by Deuteronomy 21:2: "And your elders and your judges shall go out and measure...." Even if the corpse is found right next to a city, or it is clearly obvious that a particular city is closer, it is a mitzvah to measure. (2) After they measure and establish which city is closest, they bury the person who was murdered in the place he was found. The elders from Jerusalem return to their city, and the court of the city that was designated brings a calf paid for by all the inhabitants. They bring the the calf to a river that flows forcefully. This is the meaning of the term eitan found in the Torah (Deuteronomy 21:4). (3) It should be decapitated there with a cleaver, from behind. The court of that city and all the elders of the city, even if they are 100 in number, must wash their hands at the place where the calf was decapitated. There, in the midst of the river, the elders declare in the holy tongue Deuteronomy 21:7: "Our hands did not shed this blood, nor did we see this with our eyes." Their intent is that the murdered person did not come into their city and they let him leave without giving him provisions for the way, nor did they see him go and they let him leave without accompaniment. The priests then say in the Holy Tongue Ibid.:8: "Atone for Your nation Israel...." They depart. The Holy One, blessed be He, then forgives the shedding of the blood, as the above verse continues: "And the blood will be atoned." (4) When the judges measure the distance from the corpse to the nearest city, they must measure exactly and not by estimation. They should measure only to a city that has a court of 23 judges. They should never measure, however, to Jerusalem, for the inhabitants of Jerusalem are never required to bring a calf to be decapitated. For Jerusalem was never divided among the tribes, and the mitzvah of decapitating a calf applies "in the land that God your Lord is giving you to inherit" Deuteronomy 19:1. (5) If the corpse is found close to Jerusalem or close to a city that does not have a court, that city should be ignored, and a measurement should be made to the other cities close by. If the corpse is found close to a border city or to a city inhabited by gentiles, no measurement is made at all. For we presume that the person was killed by gentiles. (6) The city that is closest to the corpse does not bring the calf unless its population is equal to that of the city that is further away. If, however, the population of the city that is further away exceeds that of the closer city, the number of inhabitants becomes the determining factor, and the more populous city must bring the calf. (7) Although at times the Torah considers number to be a determining factor, and at times proximity to be a determining factor, number carries more weight than proximity. (8) If a corpse is found equidistant between two cities, and both cities have the same number of inhabitants, they should bring a calf in partnership and make the following stipulation: If this city is the closer, the calf belongs to its inhabitants, and the others are giving them their portion in it as a present. And if the other city is closer, the calf belongs to its inhabitants and the others are giving them their portion in it as a present. For it is impossible to be exact in measurement, even with regard to something that comes about as a result of human activity. (9) From which portion of the corpse should we measure? From the nose. If the body of a corpse is found in one place and the head in another place, the body is brought to the head, and then the corpse is buried in that place. Similarly, whenever a corpse is found with no one to bury it, the body is brought to the head, and then the corpse is buried in that place. (10) If many corpses were found next to each other, a measurement should be made from the nose of each one individually. If one city is discovered to be closest to all of them, it brings one calf for all the corpses. If the corpses are found piled one on top of the other, we should measure from the top corpse, since it is lying on top of the others. (11) Deuteronomy 21:1 states: "When a corpse is found...." Challal, the term used for corpse indicates a person slain with a sword, and not strangled to death, nor a person in his death throes; these are not implied by the term challal. The verse continues "on the earth" - i.e., not buried in a mound; "fallen" and not hanging from a tree; "in the field" - and not floating on the water. "And it is not known who killed him" - thus, if the murderer's identity is known, a calf was not decapitated. (12) Even if only one witness - or even a servant, a woman, or a person disqualified to serve as a witness because of his transgressions - saw the murderer, the calf would not be decapitated. For this reason, in the later part of the Second Temple Period, when the number of those who murdered overtly increased, the decapitation of the calf was nullified. (13) If one witness says: "I saw the murderer," and another witness disputes his statement, saying: "You did not see him," the calf would be decapitated. When does the above apply? When the two witnesses came at the same time. If, however, the witness who claims to have seen the murderer came first and testified, his word is believed as would be that of two witnesses in this context. Therefore, if another witness comes and disputes his testimony, claiming that the first witness did not see the murderer, the words of the second witness are of no consequence, and the calf would not be decapitated. (14) If after the one witness testifies that he saw the murderer, two witnesses come and testify that he did not see him, it is considered as if there are two testimonies of equal weight, disputing each other, and the calf should be decapitated. If a woman says: "I saw the murderer," and another woman disputes her testimony and says: "You did not see," the calf should be decapitated. This applies regardless of whether the women came together or one after the other. If two say: "We saw him," and one says, "You did not see him," the calf should not be decapitated. If one says: "I saw him," and two say, "You did not see him," the calf should be decapitated. (15) When does the above apply? When the three witnesses mentioned are either all acceptable or all unacceptable. If, however, one acceptable witness says: "I saw the murderer," and two women or two unacceptable witnesses contradict him and say that he did not see him, the calf should not be decapitated. (16) When two women or two unacceptable witnesses say: "We saw the murderer," and one acceptable witness denies their statements and says that they did not see him, the calf should be decapitated. Even when 100 women or 100 unacceptable witnesses say: "We saw the murderer", and one acceptable witness denies all their statements, all the unacceptable witnesses are considered as if they were one man, with the weight of a single witness. (17) When three women or three unacceptable witnesses say: "We saw the murderer," and four women or four unacceptable witnesses say: "You did not see him," the calf should be decapitated. This is the guiding principle: With regard to unacceptable witnesses, accept the testimony supported by the most witnesses in all situations. | (ื) ืืจืื ืฉื ืืฆื ื ืืคื ืืืจืฅ, ืืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืื, ืืืืฆืืื ืืืืฉื ืืงื ืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืืฉืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืดืืืฆืื ืืงื ืื ืืฉืืคืืืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืืืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืกืืืืืช ืืืื. ืืคืืื ื ืืฆื ืืฆื ืขืืจ ืื, ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืจืืื, ืืฆืื ืืืืื: (ื) ืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืื ืืืขื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื, ืงืืืจืื ืืช ืื ืืจื ืืืงืืื, ืืืืืจืื ืืงื ื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืงืืื, ืืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืงืจ ืืฉื ืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ, ืืืืจืืืื ืืืชื ืื ื ืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืืืงื, ืืืื ืดืืืชืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืืืืจ ืืชืืจื: (ื) ืืขืืจืคืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืงืืคืืก ืืืืืจืื. ืืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ, ืขื ืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ, ืืคืืื ืื ืืื, ืืื ืจืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืฉื, ืืืงืื ืขืจืืคืชื ืฉื ืขืืื: ืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืชืื ืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืดืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจื ืืื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืดืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช ืืดื ืืื ืชืชื ืื ื ืงื ืืงืจื ืขืื ืืฉืจืืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืืืืืืื ืืื. ืืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืคืจ ืขื ืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืดืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ): (ื) ืืฉืืืืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืืงืืงืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืงืืืื ืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืืฉื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืฉืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, ืืคื ืฉืื ื ืชืืืงื ืืฉืืืื, ืื ืืืจ ืดืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืดื ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืจืฉืชืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ): (ื) ื ืืฆื ืงืจืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืืืช ืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืื ืื ืฉืืจ ืืขืืืจืืช ืืกืืืืืช ืื. ื ืืฆื ืกืืื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืขืืงืจ, ืฉืืจื ืื ืืืืงืช ืฉืืจืืืื ืืืืื: (ื) ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืืงื ืืื ื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืจืืืงื ืืจืืืื ืขื ืื ืฉื ืืงืจืืื ืืื ื, ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืื, ืืืืจืืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื. (ื) ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืื ืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืงืจืื, ืืจืื ืขืืืฃ: (ื) ื ืืฆื ืื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืชื ืขืืืจืืช, ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืฉืื, ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืืช ืืฉืืชืคืืช, ืืืชื ื ืืืืืจื, ืื ืื ืืื ืืงืจืืื, ืืจื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ื ืืื ืืืงื ืืชื ื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืืงืจืืืื, ืืจื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืชื ื ืืื ืืืงื ืืชื ื, ืืคื ืฉืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืฆืืฆื, ืืืคืืื ืืืื ืืื: (ื) ืืืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืื. ื ืืฆื ืืืคื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืงืื ืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืฆื ืืจืืฉ, ืืงืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืื. ืืื ืื ืืช ืืฆืื, ืืืืืืื ืืืคื ืืฆื ืจืืฉื, ืื ืงืืจ ืืืงืืื: (ื) ื ืืฆืื ืืชืื ืจืืื ืื ืืฆื ืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืชื ืขืืจ ืืืช ืงืจืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืื ืขืืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืื. ื ืืฆืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืื, ืืืืืื ืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืื: (ืื) ื ืืืจ ืดืื ืืืฆื ืืืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืื ืื ืืง ืืื ืืคืืจืคืจ, ืฉืืื ืื ื ืงืจื ืืื. ืดืืืืืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืดื ืืคืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืื ืชืืื ืืืืื, ืดืืฉืืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืื ืฆืฃ ืขื ืคื ื ืืืื, ืดืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ), ืื ืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืื ืขืืจืคืื. (ืื) ืืคืืื ืจืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืื, ืืคืืื ืขืื ืื ืืฉื ืื ืคืกืื ืืขืืืช ืืขืืืจื, ืื ืืื ืขืืจืคืื. ืืคืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืจืฆืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื: (ืื) ืขื ืืื ืืืืจ, ืจืืืชื ืืช ืืืืจื, ืืขื ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืจ ืื, ืื ืจืืืชื, ืืื ืขืืจืคืื. ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื, ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืช, ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืื, ืื ื ืจืืืชื ืืช ืืืืจื, ืืจื ืื ื ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืขื ืื ืื, ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืฉื ืืืืจ ืื, ืื ืจืืืชื, ืืื ืืฉืืืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืขืืจืคืื: (ืื) ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืืืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืื, ืื ืจืืืชื, ืืจื ืื ืืฉืชื ืขืืืืืช ืืืืืืฉืืช ืื ืืช ืื, ืืขืืจืคืื: ืืฉื ืืืืจืช, ืจืืืชื ืืช ืืืืจื, ืืืฉื ืืืจืช ืืืืฉืช ืืืชื ืืืืืจืช ืื, ืื ืจืืืช, ืืื ืขืืจืคืื, ืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืจ ืื: ืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื, ืจืืื ื, ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื, ืื ืจืืืชื, ืืื ืขืืจืคืื. ืืื ืืืืจ, ืจืืืชื, ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืื, ืื ืจืืืช, ืืื ืขืืจืคืื. (ืื) ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจืื, ืืฉืืื ืฉืืฉืชื ืืฉืจืื, ืื ืคืกืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืขื ืืื, ืจืืืชื ืืช ืืืืจื, ืืฉืชื ื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ื ืคืกืืืื ืืืืจืื ืื, ืื ืจืืืชื, ืืื ืขืืจืคืื: (ืื) ืฉืชื ื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ื ืคืกืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืจืืื ื ืืืืจื, ืืขื ืืื ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืจ, ืื ืจืืืชื, ืขืืจืคืื, ืฉืืคืืื ืืื ื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืคืกืืืื, ืืขื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืื, ืืจื ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืขื ืืื: (ืื) ืฉืืฉ ื ืฉืื ืื ืฉืืฉื ืคืกืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืจืืื ื ืืช ืืืืจื, ืืืจืืข ื ืฉืื ืื ืืจืืขื ืคืกืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืื ืจืืืชื, ืขืืจืคืื. ืื ืืืื, ืืคืกืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืงืื: |
Rambam Hilkhot Rotzeach uShemirat haNefesh 10ืจืื"ื ืืืืืช ืจืืฆื ืืฉืืืจืช ื ืคืฉ ืืณ
| (1) The law of the decapitated calf is practiced only in Eretz Yisrael. It is also practiced in TransJordan. (2) The calf that is decapitated may be two years old or younger. If, however, it is two years and one day old, it is not acceptable. Physical blemishes do not disqualify it. Nevertheless, if it is taref, it is unacceptable. For "atonement" is mentioned with regard to it, as it is mentioned with regard to sacrificial offerings. (3) Deuteronomy 21:3 states: "that has never been worked, and that has never carried a yoke." Accordingly, all types of work disqualify the calf, just as they disqualify a red heifer. Why is "a yoke" then singled out; seemingly it is included with the other tasks in the expression "that has never been worked"? To teach that a yoke disqualifies a calf whether or not it carries it while working. If a calf carries a yoke for a distance of a handbreadth, it is disqualified even though it did not plow with it or perform any work. With regard to other tasks, by contrast, they do not disqualify a calf unless work was actually performed. (4) Whenever the calf performs a task for its own benefit, that does not disqualify it; for example, the owner spread his garment over it to protect it from flies. Any task that is not for its own benefit - e.g., the owner spread his garment over it, so that it should carry it - disqualifies it. The same applies in all analogous situations, as we have explained in Hilchot Parah. (5) The calf should be decapitated only during the daytime, for "atonement" is mentioned with regard to it, as it is mentioned with regard to sacrificial offerings. It is acceptable to decapitate it any time during the entire day. Two calves should not be decapitated at the same time, for mitzvot should not be performed in bundles. (6) It is forbidden to benefit from a calf that is decapitated. It should be buried at the place where it was decapitated. Once it is taken down to the river, benefiting from it becomes forbidden, even though it has not yet been decapitated. Thus, if it dies there or was slaughtered after it was decapitated, one is forbidden to benefit from it, and it should be buried. (7) If, however, the witnesses are found to be lying, it is permitted to benefit from the calf. What is implied? One witness testified that he saw the murderer, and two witnesses come and negate his testimony, telling him: "You did not see him." If on this basis, the court set aside a calf and brought it down to the river to decapitate it because of their testimony, and these witnesses were disqualified afterwards as lying witnesses, it is permitted to benefit from the calf. (8) If the murderer was discovered before the calf was decapitated, it should be released and allowed to pasture with the herd. If he was discovered after the calf was decapitated, before it was buried, it should be buried in its place. For at the outset, it was brought because of a doubt. It atoned for this lack of knowledge and served its purpose. Even when the murderer is discovered after the decapitation of the calf, he should be executed, as Deuteronomy 21:9 states: "You shall thus rid yourselves of the guilt for the shedding of innocent blood." (9) It is forbidden ever to sow seeds or till the river in which the calf was decapitated, as Deuteronomy 21:4 states: "that must never be worked or sown." Whoever performs work with the land itself - e.g., he plowed, he dug, he seeded, he planted, or the like - should be punished with lashes. It is, however, permitted to comb flax there, or to drill stones, for this is similar to weaving a garment there or sewing it there, for these are tasks that are not performed with the land itself. To emphasize this concept, the verse states: "that must never be worked or sown." Implied is that just as sowing involves the land itself, similarly all work that is forbidden there involves the land itself. (10) When the inhabitants of a city that was closest to a corpse have delayed and have not brought a calf for decapitation, they should be compelled to bring it even though several years have passed. For those who are liable to bring a calf for decapitation remain liable despite the fact that Yom Kippur has passed. | (ื) ืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื. (ื) ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, ืืช ืฉืชื ืฉื ืื ืื ืคืืืช, ืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืช ืฉืชื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืคืกืืื. ืืืื ืืืืืื ืคืืกืืื ืื, ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืจืืคื, ืคืกืืื, ืืคืจื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืฉืื: (ื) ืื ืืขืืืืืช ืคืืกืืืช ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืฉืคืืกืืื ืืคืจื ืืืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืดืืฉืจ ืื ืขืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืฉืื ืืขืืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ). ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืดืขืืืด ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืจ ืดืืฉืจ ืื ืขืืื ืืืด ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืขื ืฉืืจ ืขืืืืืช, ืฉืืขืื ืคืืกื ืืื ืืฉืขืช ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืขืช ืืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืขืื ืืคื, ื ืคืกืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืื ืืจืฉ ืื ืืื ืขืฉื ืื ืืืืื, ืืฉืืจ ืขืืืืืช ืืื ื ืคืืกืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืขืช ืืืืื: (ื) ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฆืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืคืจืฉ ืืืืชื ืขืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืืืื, ืืื ื ืคืืกืื, ืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืฆืจืื, ืืืื ืฉืคืจืฉ ืืืืชื ืขืืื ืื ืฉืื, ืคืกืืื. ืืื ืื ืืืืฆื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืืจื ื ืืืืืืช ืคืจื ืืืืื: (ื) ืืื ืขืืจืคืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืคืจื ืืงืืฉืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืจืืคืช ืืขืืื. ืืืื ืขืืจืคืื ืฉืชื ืขืืืืช ืืืืช, ืฉืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืฆืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืืช: (ื) ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืกืืจื ืืื ืืื, ืื ืงืืจืช ืืืงืื ืขืจืืคืชื. ืืืฉืชืจื ืื ืื ืชืืืกืจ ืืื ืืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืขืืืื ืื ื ืขืจืคื, ืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืืชื, ืืจื ืื ืืกืืจื ืืื ืืื, ืืชืืงืืจ: (ื) ื ืืฆืื ืขืืื ืืืืืื, ืืจื ืื ืืืชืจืช ืืื ืืื. ืืืฆื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืื, ืจืืืชื ืืช ืืืืจื, ืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืื, ืื ืจืืืชื, ืืืคืจืืฉื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืจืืืื ืื ืื ืืขืจืคื ืขื ืคืืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืฉื ืื, ืืจื ืื ืืืชืจืช ืืื ืืื: (ื) ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื ืขื ืฉืื ืชืืขืจืฃ ืืขืืื, ืชืฆื ืืชืจืขื ืืขืืจ. ื ืืฆื ืืืจ ืฉื ืขืจืคื, ืชืืงืืจ ืืืงืืื, ืฉืขื ืืกืคืง ืืื ืืชืืืืชื, ืืืคืจื ืกืคืืงื ืืืืื ืื. ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉื ืืฆื ืืจืืฆื ืืืจ ืขืจืืคืชื, ืืจื ืื ืืืืจื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืดืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงื ืืงืจืืืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ): (ื) ืื ืื ืฉื ืขืจืคื ืื ืืขืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืืจืืขื ืืขืืืื ืืขืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืดืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืขืด (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ). ืืื ืืขืืื ืฉื ืขืืืื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืงืจืงืข, ืืืื ืฉืืจืฉ ืื ืืคืจ ืื ืืจืข ืื ื ืืข ืืืืืฆื ืืืื, ืืืงื. ืืืืชืจ ืืกืจืืง ืฉื ืคืฉืชื ืืื ืงืจ ืฉื ืืื ืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืชืคืจื, ืฉืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืงืจืงืข. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืดืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืขืด, ืื ืืจืืขื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืงืจืงืข, ืืฃ ืื ืขืืืื ืฉื ืืกืจื ืฉื ืืื ื ืืื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืงืจืงืข: (ื) ืื ืฉื ืขืืจ ืงืจืืื ืฉื ืชืืืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, ืืืคืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืื, ืืืคืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉื ืื, ืฉืืืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืฉืขืืจ ืขืืืื ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืคืืจืื: |
Moreh Nevukhim 3:40ืืืจื ื ืืืืื ืืณ:ืืณ
| THE precepts of the fifth class, enumerated in the Section--"On Damages" (Sepher neziแธณin), aim at the removal of wrong and the prevention of injury. As we are strongly recommended to prevent damage, we are responsible for every damage caused by our property or through our work in so far as it is in our power to take care and to guard it from becoming injurious. We are, therefore, responsible for all damage caused by our cattle; we must guard them. The same is the case with fire and pits; they are made by man, and he can be careful that they do not cause damage. I will point out the equity of the various laws in this respect. No compensation is enforced for damage caused by the mouth or the foot of an animal in a public thoroughfare; because this cannot be guarded against, and the damage caused there is not very large. Those who place their things in a public place are themselves guilty of neglect, and expose their property to injury. But compensation is given for damage caused to the property of a person in his own field by the tooth or the foot of an animal. It is different in the case of damage caused by the horn of animals or the like. The animal can be guarded everywhere land prevented from causing injury], whilst those who pass public thoroughfares cannot sufficiently take care against accidents of this kind. In this case the law is the same for all places: but there is a difference whether the owner of the animal has been warned concerning it or not (muโad or tam). If the animal has not been in the habit of causing damage, the owner need only pay half the damage; but damage caused by an animal which has been in the habit of doing so, and has been known as savage, must be paid in full. The compensation for a slave is uniformly estimated at half the value fixed for a free man. For in the law concerning the valuation of man you find the highest valuation at sixty shekels, whilst the money to be paid for a slave is fixed at thirty shekels silver. The killing of an animal that has killed a human being (Exod. 21:28, 29) is not a punishment to the animal, as the dissenters insinuate against us, but it is a fine imposed on the owner of that animal. For the same reason the use of its flesh is prohibited. The owner of an animal will, therefore, take the greatest possible care in guarding it; he will know that if any person is killed by the animal, whether that person be grown up or young, free or in bondage, he forfeits at least the animal; and in case he has already received a warning concerning it, he will have to pay a ransom in addition to the loss of the animal. This is also the reason why a beast is killed that has been used by a human being for an immoral purpose (Lev. 20:15, 16); its owner will be more careful as regards his beast, will guard it, and never lose sight of it, just as he watches his household: for people fear the loss of their property as much as that of their own life: some even more, but most people hold both in the same estimation. Comp. "and to take us for bondmen, and our asses" (Gen. 43:18). This class includes also the duty of killing him who pursues another person; that is to say, if a person is about to commit a crime we may prevent it by killing him. Only in two cases is this permitted; viz., when a person runs after another in order to murder him, or in order to commit fornication: because in these two cases the crime, once committed; cannot be remedied. In the case of other sins, punished with death by the court of law, such as idolatry and profanation of the Sabbath, by which the sinner does no harm to another person, and which concern only his own principles, no person may be killed for the mere intention, if he has not carried it out. It is known that desire is denounced because it leads to coveting, and the latter is prohibited because it leads to robbery, as has been said by our Sages. The object of the law of restoring lost property to its owner (Deut. 22:1-3) is obvious. In the first instance, it is in itself a good feature in man's character. Secondly, its benefit is mutual; for if a person does not return the lost property of his fellow-man, nobody will restore to him what he may lose, just as those who do not honour their parents cannot expect to be honoured by their children. A person who killed another person unknowingly must go into exile (Exod. 12:13: Num. 35:11-28); because the anger of "the avenger of the blood" (Num. 35:19) cools down while the cause of the mischief is out of sight. The chance of returning from the exile depends on the death of [the high-priest], the most honoured of men, and the friend of all Israel. By his death the relative of the slain person becomes reconciled (ibid. ver. 25); for it is a natural phenomenon that we find consolation in our misfortune when the same misfortune or a greater one has befallen another person. Amongst us no death causes more grief than that of the high-priest. The beneficial character of the law concerning "the breaking of the neck of a heifer" (Deut. 12:1-8) is evident. For it is the city that is nearest to the slain person that brings the heifer, and in most cases the murderer comes from that place. The elders of the place call upon God as their witness, according to the interpretation of our Sages, that they have always kept the roads in good condition, have protected them, and have directed every one that asked his way; that the person has not been killed because they were careless in these general provisions, and they do not know who has slain him. As a rule the investigation, the procession of the elders, the measuring, and the taking of the heifer, make people talk about it, and by making the event public, the murderer may be found out, and he who knows of him, or has heard of him, or has discovered him by any due, will now name the person that is the murderer, and as soon as a man, or even a woman or handmaid, rises up and names a certain person as having committed the murder, the heifer is not killed. It is well known that it is considered great wickedness and guilt on the part of a person who knows the murderer, and is silent about him whilst the elders call upon God as witness that they know nothing about the murderer. Even a woman will, therefore, communicate whatever knowledge she has of him. When the murderer is discovered, the benefit of the law is apparent. If the court of justice cannot sentence him to death, the king may find him guilty, who has the power to sentence to death on circumstantial evidence; and if the ling does not put him to death, the avenger of blood may scheme and plan his death, and at last kill him. We have thus shown the use of the law concerning the breaking of the neck of the heifer in discovering the murderer. Force is added to the law by the rule that the place in which the neck of the heifer is broken should never be cultivated or sown. The owner of the land will therefore use all means in his power to search and to find the murderer, in order that the heifer be not killed and his land be not made useless to him. | ืืืื ื ืณืขืืื ืขืจืืคืืณ ืชืืขืืชื ืืืืืจืช - ืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืณืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืื ืืืืืณ ืืขื ืืจืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืชืจืฉืื ืืชืืงืื ืืืจืืื ืืืฉืืืจืชื ืืืชืืืจ ืื ืฉืืื ืืจื (ืืื ืฉืื ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืืจื ืจืืดื) - ืืื ื ืืจื ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืฉืืื ื ืืชืืงืื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืข ืื ืืจืื. ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืขื ืืจืื ืขื ืืืงืืจื ืืืฆืืืช ืืืงื ืื ืืืขืืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืื ืืจืื ืืืจื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืคืจืกืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืข ืืืืจื ืืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืืขื ืื ืฉืืข ืขื ืื ื ืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืื ืืืชืืืืช ืคืืื ื ืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืืคืืื ืณืืฉืืณ ืื ืณืฉืคืืืณ ืคืืื ื ืืจืื - ืื ืณืชืขืจืฃ ืืขืืืืณ. ืืืืจ ื ืืืข ืฉืื ืฉืืืข ืืืืจื ืืืฉืชืืง ืืื ื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืฉืื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขืืืช ืืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืื; ืื ืื ืืคืืื ืืฉื ืื ืชืืขืื - ืชืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืข - ืืืืขื ืืชืืขืืช ืฉืื ืื ืืืจืืืื ืณืืื ืืืืณ ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืื ืืืืชืืืืช ืืืืืื; ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืณืืืื ืืืืณ ืืืจืืื ืืืขืจืื ืขื ืฉืืชื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืื. ืื ื ืืืจ ืืชืืืจ ืฉืชืืขืืช ืณืขืืื ืขืจืืคืืณ ืืื - ืืคืจืกื ืืืืจื. ืืืืืง ืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืืชื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืณืชืขืจืฃ ืื ืืขืืืืณ ืณืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืขืืืืณ ืฉืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืื ืชืืืืื ืืืืงืืจ ืขื ืฉืืืืข ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืณืชืขืจืฃ ืืขืืืืณ ืืื ืชืืกืจ ืืจืฆื ืขืืื ืณืืขืืืืณ: |
Chizkuni Devarim 21:2-9ืืืงืื ื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (2) ืืืืื, "they (the authorities) will measure;" even if it clear how far he is removed from the nearest habitation, the act of performing the measuring will draw the attention of the public to what has happened in their vicinity; the people of the neighbouring towns or villages will institute searches for any resident not accounted for so that the identity of the slain person may be established. If someone in the neighbouring towns has not been accounted for, the family members will come to inspect the carcass to determine if he was related to them. Through these searches it may be determined who might have kept company with the slain man, and if there was a woman in the vicinity whose husband had disappeared and who was therefore an agunah, an abandoned woman unable to remarry until proof would forthcoming that her husband had died, and who could be able to remarry once the identity of the slain main was determined as having been her husband. (3) ืืืื ืืขืืจ, "and it shall be that the city, etc.;" it will be up to the elders of inhabitants of the site closest to where the slain person was found will take a female heifer of the herd, etc.;" the inverted use of the male pronoun for a female i.e. ืขืื "he was worked," instead of: "she was worked," is also found in Genesis 24,13, with the word: ืื ืขืจื (4) ืื ื ืื ืืืชื, "to a virgin piece of land of ancient origin;" we find this same expression also in Psalms 74,15: ืืชื ืืืืฉืช ื ืืจืืช ืืืชื, where the psalmist credits God with both drying up rivers, and with providing the driest parts of nature suddenly producing torrents of water. According to Ibn Ezra, ืืืชื means: hard as rock. If we needed proof, perhaps it can be found in verse 6 where the elders suddenly wash their hands in that driest of regions. Where did they take the water from to do so ?. ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืื, "which has never been made to work;" there had never been water holes in that vicinity from which it could have been irrigated." ืืื ืืืจืข, "it had never been sown;" nor had the adjoining soil ever been sown. We have read about similar pieces of land in Leviticus 16,22, ืืจืฅ ืืืจื, "a land completely cut off," the final resting place of the scapegoat that carries the sins of the Jewish people on the Day of Atonement. ืืขืจืคื, "they shall break the neck;" this symbolises what had been the method by which the slain person had died. ืืช ืืขืืื, "the heifer;" the entire procedure symbolises that just as the slain person had been deprived of what a human being can accomplish in life, so the animal that takes its place is one that had never been allowed to fulfill its function in life. It had died in a state of virginity and had been consigned to virgin earth that also never fulfilled its function, the reason for its existence, to be the source of nourishment for man. The simile of "virginity," also applies to the people who perform these rites and who profess to be totally innocent, (virginal) of any guilt in the death of the slain person (5) ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื, "and the priests will approach;" they as well as all the elders of the town nearest the slain person; the Torah resumes the narrative interrupted in verse 2. The priests are often identified with the judges of Israel, and have been referred to as such in that verse as colleagues of the elders. ืื ื ืืื, the Levites, who are not subject to having to have unblemished bodies in order to fulfill their normal functions related to the Temple. (Sifri) 'ืืืืจื ืืฉื ื, "and to pronounce the blessings using the name of The Lord;" we learn from here that the priests may pronounce the priestly blessings even if they have blemished bodies. [Although they may, of course, not perform service on consecrated ground. Ed.] (6) ืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื, "they shall wash their hands;" a symbolic gesture, as if to say: "just as our hands are clean from dirt, so our bodies are free from sin." (7) ืืขื ื ืืืืจื, "and they shall speak and say:" this verse addresses the elders who are taking leave from the ritual;. ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื, "our hands have not spilled this blood;" it is unusual for the last letter in the word ืฉืคืื to be the letter ื instead of the appropriate letter ื, for the plural ending plural. According to our sages, a host is duty bound to provide his guest with five amenities: food, drink, accompany him a short distance when he leaves, provide with a bed for the night if he wishes to stay for the night, and to give him an ever so minimal gift on his departure. The letter ื would therefore be a veiled reference to that law. You may well ask if the Torah really thought that the priests and elders who lived many kilometers distant from where this murder occurred, had really been suspected of having had a hand in this foul deed; why should they need to have to declare that they were innocent of this crime? Rashi explains that the declaration by the elders and priests refers to the murdered person not having been seen by any of them and having been denied anything he had asked for. The Rabbis felt also that possibly the murdered person, after having been denied his needs in the last city he visited, turned to the first person whom he encountered who had some food on him and snatched it, as a result of which a fight developed during which he was killed. He may even have acted in selfdefense, and have become a victim. ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื, "and our eyes have not seen;" i.e. have not seen this individual while he was alive so that we could have become guilty of not performing our duty toward him. The duty hinted at, according to Rashi, is to give him safe conduct. An alternate interpretation; there is a saying in the Talmud, according to which when someone extends a loan to a person he has to remain where they parted until the borrower is no longer within his field of vision. (8) ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื, "forgive Your people Israel!" They ask forgiveness for not having provided adequate security on the streets leading to their town so that this kind of murder could not have occurred and the perpetrator escaping with impunity. (Ibn Ezra)... ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช, "just as You have liberated the people of Israel from Egypt in spite of their shortcomings, exonerate us from any responsibility in the killing of this unknown individual." Do not burden Your people with the guilt of shedding innocent blood. (9) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ, "So You shall remove, etc;" Rashi explains here that the reference here is that in the event that the murderer is found after the eglah arufah, the heifer that was supposed to atone for the deed, had already been put to death, the people who had killed that beast should not be held responsible for wasting its life, and the murderer will be dealt with judicially. Although Rashi says that he will be executed, seeing that there were neither witnesses nor warning how can that be? [Rashi, of course quoted the Talmud, Sotah folio 47 to that effect. Ed.] If you were to ask that we have learned in the Talmud in tractate Ketuvot, folio 37, that the meaning of the verse in Numbers 35,33: ืืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืคืจ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืคื ืื, "but no expiation can be made for the land for the blood that is shed therein (of innocent people)", so why was this verse necessary at all? The answer is in order to give us guidance for the scenario described by Rashi, as quoted in the Talmud Sotah 47. Why do we need the request that God should remove the innocent blood? It is to teach that all murderers are basically compared to the paragraph dealing with the heifer discussed in our chapter. Just as that heifer's death is caused by breaking its neck, the neck of all murderers is broken as part of the execution, [Cutting off his neck with a sword. Ed.] On the other hand, that leaves the problem with the sage who holds that the death penalty for murder is strangulation. That death penalty is rated as harsher than the death penalty by cutting off one's head with the sword. [The reader must remember that whereas the two death penalties by stoning or burning have been spelled out in the Torah, the other two types of death penalties have not been spelled out. Ed.] If not for the verse in the Talmud in tractate Ketuvot folio 37, we would have thought that the sin of murder warrants a more severe penalty that cutting off the head. Our author pursues these details; I have decided that they are not of great interest to either a potential victim or an innocent bystander. Ed. ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ, "when you will do what is right in the eyes of the Lord." The word ืื in this verse is to be understood as if the Torah had written: ืื, "if." or "when." In practice the essential part in carrying out this commandment is the measuring of which is the nearest inhabited location to the site where the body of the slain person was discovered. Without determining this, the whole procedure leading to atonement cannot even commence. As mentioned previously, the "measuring" is far more than a mere technicality. The publicity connected to the taking of these measurements sets in motion a search for the killer. | (ื) ืืืืื โ ืืคืืื ื ืืฆื, ืืขืืื ืืฆืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืืืื ืฉืืชืื ืฉืืื ืขืกืืงืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืขืจืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืฉืคืืชื ืืืืืจืื ืื ืจืฆื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืขืืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืฉืชื ืขืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืจืืฉืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืดื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืื ืขืื ืืื ื ืชืืื ืขืื ืืคืขืืื ื ืชืคืจืกื ืขื ืืื ืื. (ื) ืืืื ืืขืืจ โ ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืงืื ืขืืืช ืืงืจ โ ืืืืืช: ืืืื ืื ืขืจื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื). (ื) ืื ื ืื ืืืชื โ ืื ื ืืจ ืืืชื ืืื ืืืืฉืช ื ืืจืืช ืืืชื (ืชืืืื ืขืดื:ืืดื) ืืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืจืืฆื ืืืืื. ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื โ ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉืงืืช ืงืจืงืข ืืกืืื ืื. ืืื ืืืจืข โ ืืื ืืืจืขืื ืงืจืงืข ืืกืืืื ืื. ืืื ืืืจืข โ ืืืืื: ืื ืืจืฅ ืืืจื (ืืืงืจื ืืดื:ืืดื) ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืคืจืืฉ ืืื. ืืขืจืคื โ ืืฉื ืฉืื ืืจื ื ืขืจืฃ. ืืช ืืขืืื โ ืกืืื ืืืืช ืืฉื ืฉืืขืืื ืชืื ืื ืงืื ืฉืื ืขืฉืชื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืงืจืงืข ืงืจืงืข ืืชืืื ืื ืื ื ื ืงืืื ืื ืืจืฆืืื. (ื) ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื โ ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืฆืื ืืงื ืื ืืฉืืคืืื (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืคืื ืืฉืจืื ืืื. ืื ื ืืื โ ืืคืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืืืื. ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืดื โ ืืืื ืฉืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืฉืืจื ืืฃ ืืืขืื ืืืืื. (ื) ืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื โ ืกืืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื ื ืงืืืช ืื ืื ื ื ืงืืื ืืืื ืื. (ื) ืืขื ื ืืืืจื โ ืืืงื ืื ืงืื ืืกืืืง ืืื ืื. ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื โ ืืชืื ืืืดื, ืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืณ ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืฉืชืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืชื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืงืื. ืืื ืขืืชื ืขื ืืื ื ืฉืืงื ื ืืฉืจืื ืืดื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืคืจืดืฉ ืืืืื ื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื โ ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืฆืจื ืืื ืืื ืื, ืืจืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืคื ืืื ื ืืืื ืก ืจืขืืื ื ืืขืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืจืื. ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื โ ืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืคืจืดืฉ ืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืื ืคืจืดืฉ ืืกืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืจ: ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื โ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจื ืฉืฆืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืงืืื ืขื ืฉืืชืขืื ืืขืื ืื. (ื) ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืฉืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืจืืื ืืกืืื ืืช. ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช โ ืืืฉืจ ืคืืืชื ืืืจ ืื ืคืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืื ืืื ืชืชื โ ืขืื ืฉ ืื ื ืงื ืืงืจื ืขืื ืืฉืจืื. (ื) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ โ ืคืจืดืฉ: ืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจ ืฉื ืชืขืจืคื ืืืืณ ืืื ืชืืืจ: ืื ืืืจืื ื ืืคืจืง ืืื ื ืขืจืืช ืืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืคืจ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืคื ืื (ืืืืืจ ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจ ืฉื ืชืขืจืคื ืืขืืื ืฉืืื ืคืืืจืื ืืืชื, ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืงืฉื ืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืืืจ ืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืืฃ ืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืื ืืฆืืืจ, ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืจ ืกืืืื ืืืชืืืืช ืืชืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืง ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืงืฉื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืื ืืฆืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืจืืฆื ืืื ืง ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืื ื ืื ืืื ืงืื ืืื ืืคืจืดืฉ ืืจืื ื ืืกืืืฃ ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืชืช ืจืืฆื ืืกืืืฃ ืืงืดื ืืขืื, ืืฉืชื ืงืื ืขืืื ืืื ื ืืกืืืฃ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืชืื ื ืงืื ืื ืงื (ืฉืืืช ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืืื ื ืงืื ืืื ืืจื ืืืืชืื ืืจื ื ืืงืืช ื ืงื ืืจืืช (ืืืงืจื ืืดื:ืืดื), ืงืื ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืฉืื, ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืชื ืืื ืฉืคืจืดืฉ ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืจ ืฉื ืชืขืจืคื ืืืืณ. ืืื ืชืืืจ: ืืคืืจืืฉ ืจืดืฉ ืืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืชื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืชืขืจืคื ืืื ืืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืคืจ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืคื ืื (ืืืืืจ ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืืจ ืืืืงืื ืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืจืืชืืช ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืคืืจืื ืฉืืืืชืื ืืืชื. ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ โ ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืฆืื ืืืืืชื ืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืขืื ืฉ ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืื. ืฉืืืื ืกืืจื ืืคืจืฉืช ืฉืืคืืื ืืฉืืืจืื |
Ramban Devarim 21:4-8ืจืืืดื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (4-8) AND THE ELDERS OF THAT CITY SHALL BRING DOWN THE HEIFER UNTO A VALLEY 'EITHAN' โ "which is 'hard,' one that has never been tilled." This is Rashi's language. And our Rabbis have said that the field becomes forbidden from ever being tilled or sown. If so, [the words which is neither tilled nor sown] are admonitions that he who sows or cultivates [a rough valley in which a heifer's neck has been broken] transgresses this negative commandment. The meaning of the verse is thus that the elders should take forth the heifer to [what will forever become] "a rough valley" because it will never again be tilled or sown. The meaning of the expression And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near is in order to recite Forgive, O Eternal, Thy people Israel, whom Thou hast redeemed etc. And the purport of the verses is as follows: And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; and all the elders of that city, who are nearest unto the slain man, shall wash their hands; and they shall speak and say: 'Our hands have not shed this blood.' The washing of hands is to be done only by some of the [elders] mentioned; so also their speaking ['Our hands have not shed etc.'] is done by some of them, similar to what is stated, And thou shalt eat before the Eternal thy G-d etc. the tithe of thy corn, of thy wine, and of thine oil, and the firstlings of thy herd etc. [meaning "he who is fit to eat," for it cannot mean that all are to eat, for the Second Tithe may be eaten by all ritually clean Israelites, while the firstlings are eaten only by the priests; here, too, the washing of hands and speaking are done only by some, but not all, of the elders]. Now on the matter of breaking the heifer's neck Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra explained that G-d commanded it to be done for the city which is nearest unto the slain man because had they not committed a similar sin, it would not have happened that a man be killed near them, and G-d's thoughts are infinitely profound to us. But the Rabbi [Moshe ben Maimon] said in the Moreh Nebuchim that the reason for the breaking of the heifer's neck is to discover the murderer and to cleanse [the guilt for the innocent] blood. In most cases the murderer comes from the place which is round about him that is slain, and when the elders go out and engage in the measuring of the cities, and the elders of the nearest city then bear witness before the Creator that they were not negligent in maintaining and guarding the roads, and that they do not know who killed this man, and as the matter is investigated, the elders gather and bring the heifer, people increasingly speak about it. Then perhaps the matter [of the murderer's identity] will be solved. The Rabbis have already said that even if a maidservant comes and declares that a certain person committed the murder, the heifer is not killed [despite the fact that such testimony is not sufficient to convict]. And if the murderer is known and they are silent about him, yet call upon the Creator as their witness that they do not know him, this would be a great wickedness, and whoever knows the slightest thing about it will come and tell. Thus it [the murderer's identity] will become public knowledge, and he will be killed either through the court, or the king, or the avenger of the blood. This law receives added force because the place in which the heifer's neck is broken may never be tilled or sown. Those who see [the field] recognize it and discuss it. [Thus far are the words of Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon.] Hence according to this reason there is a benefit in this rite. But the act [i.e., the breaking of the heifer's neck] is not a pleasing one in itself and it would have been more fitting that it be done in a good field fit for sowing that could be recognized by those who see it, for in "a hard valley," the reason for not being tilled, will not be obvious [because people will assume that it is left barren due to its stony ground]! In my opinion the reason for it is similar to that of the offerings which are done outside [of the Sanctuary Court], such as the goat sent [to Azazel] and the Red Heifer. Therefore the Rabbis have counted the commandment of breaking the heifer's neck among the chukim ["the statutes" โ the class of commandments for which we do not know the reasons]. (Intro) Seder Ki Teitzei LaMilchamah | (ื-ื) ืื ื ืื ืืืชื โ ืงืฉื, ืฉืื ื ืขืื. ืืฉืื ืจืืื ื ืฉืืื. ืืจืืืชืื ื ืืืจื (ืืืื ืกืืื ืืดื:) ืฉืืื ื ืืกืจ ืืืจืืฉ ืืืืจืืข ืื ืืขืืื. ืื ืื, ืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืืืจืข ืื ืืขืืื ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืื ืืื. ืืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืืื ืืืชื ืื ื ืื ืืืชื, ืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืขืืื. ืืืขื: ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื โ ืืืืจ: ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช. ืืฉืืขืืจ ืืืชืืืื: ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืงืจืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืืจื, ืืืจืืืฆื ืืืงืฆืช ืื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืืขื ืืื ืืืงืฆืชื, ืืืจื: ืืืืืช ืืคื ื ืืดื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืจ ืืื ื ืืชืืจืืฉื ืืืฆืืจื ืืืืณ (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืดื). ืืขื ืื ืืขืจืืคื, ืืืจ ืจืณ ืืืจืื: ืฉืืฉื ืฆืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืขื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื, ืื ืืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืื ืงืจืื ืืื, ืืืืฉืืืช ืืฉื ืขืืงื ืืืื ืงืฅ ืืฆืื ื. ืืื ืืจื ืืืจ ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืื (ืจืืืดื ืืืดื ืืณ:ืืณ) ืื ืืืขื ืืืืืช ืขื ืืจืืฆื ืืืืขืจ ืืื, ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืจืื ืืคืขืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจ ืกืืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืฉืืฆืื ืืืงื ืื ืืืชืขืกืงื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืขืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืืชืจืฉืื ืืชืงืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืืจืชื, ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืขืื ืื ืืจื ืืช ืื, ืืืฉืืืงืจ ืืขื ืื ืืืืกืคื ืืืงื ืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืจืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจ. ืืืืจ ืืืจื (ืืจืืฉืืื ืกืืื ืืณ:ืืณ): ืฉืืคืืื ืชืื ืฉืคืื ืืชืืืจ ืคืืื ื ืืื ืืจืืฆื, ืื ืชืขืจืฃ. ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืฆื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืื ื, ืืืขืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ื ืคืฉืืชื ืื ืื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืืข ืฉืืฅ ืืืจ ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืคืจืกื ืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืื ืขื ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืชืืืง ืืขื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืชืขืจืฃ ืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืขืืื, ืืืืืจื ืื ืจืืืื ืืืืืจื ืื. ืืื ื ืืคื ืืืขื ืืื ืืฉ ืืชืืืืื ืืืืช ืชืืขืืช, ืืื ืืืขืฉื ืืื ื ื ื ืจืฆื ืืขืฆืื, ืืืื ืจืืื ืขืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืฉืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืจืืขื ืฉืืืืจื ืื ืจืืืื, ืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืข ืืืืข ืื ืืขืื. ืืืคื ืืขืชื: ืืฉ ืื ืืขื ืืขื ืื ืืงืจืื ืืช ืื ืขืฉืื ืืืืฅ ืฉืขืืจ ืืืฉืชืื ืืคืจื ืืืืื, ืืืคืืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืืื ืืืืงืื. |
Sefer HaChinukh 530ืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืชืงืดื
| To behead the calf in the riverbed: That we were commanded to behead the calf in a mighty (the understanding of mighty is that its waters rage - Mishneh Torah, Laws of Murderer and the Preservation of Life 9:2) riverbed. And the matter of the commandment [applies] if we find a dead person in the field or on a path and we do not know who slew him, as it comes explicitly in Scripture. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 21:1), "If a slain person, etc." until the end of the section. And this is the matter of the beheaded calf that is mentioned in the Gemara (Sotah, Chapter 9). It is from the roots of the commandment [that it is] in order that the heart of the people be aroused in their seeing this great procedure - the gathering of the elders of the city and its great men: And they take a cow, which is a large animal, and they go to outside of the city in assembly, and with the masses - since everyone wants to see these things. And all of the listeners will tremble at the sound of its beheading, and their thoughts about the thing will be stimulated. And immediately the heart of anyone who knows about the [murder] will be astounded and his thinking will be aroused to say that which he knows in front of the elders. And through this, the evil ones and the murderers will be destroyed from among them. And besides [this] knowledge, there is much benefit in this great procedure - to show and to publicize among the masses with great publicity that the desire of the elders and intelligent people is is to find the murderer, to exact vengeance from him for the vengeance of the murdered. And so did I find in Rambam (Guide for the Perplexed 3:40). From the laws of the commandment is that which they, may their memory be blessed, said (Sotah 45b) that Jerusalem does not bring a beheaded calf; as it is stated about this, "on the land that the Lord, you God, gives to you" - and Jerusalem was not divided [by] the tribes. And likewise we do not bring a calf if it is found near the border or [near] a town the majority of which are gentiles, as the assumption is that the gentiles killed him. [If] there were two towns there, one of which was closer and one of which was not closer but there is a greater multitude of people there than in the closer one, we go after the further one that has many [people] - as so did they, may their memory be blessed, say in the Gemara (Bava Batra 23b), "[In a case where one can decide based on] majority or proximity, one goes after majority." And even though majority and proximity are both from Torah writ - meaning that the Torah commanded us to consider proximity and majority - majority is preferred. And from where we measure, from the nostrils of the killed; the law of its beheading, which is with a kofits (a large knife) from behind it; the law of the washing of the hands; the law of [when] the body is found in one place and the head is found in another place; the law of that which they said (Sotah 44b-45a), "'Slain person' and not strangled person, 'on the land' and not covered by a pile of stones, 'fallen' and not hanging on a tree, 'in the field' and not floating on top of the water"; and the rest of its details are [all] elucidated in the last chapter of Tractate Sotah (see Mishneh Torah, Laws of Murderer and the Preservation of Life 6). And this commandment is practiced in the Land of Israel at the time when it is in its inhabitation, and also in Transjordan. And its obligation is upon the males and especially upon the great men of the city; and like the matter that is written (Deuteronomy 21:3), "and the elders of that city." And that which Scripture states first (Deuteronomy 21:2), "And your elders and your judges will go out," is speaking about the elders of Jerusalem. As so did they, may their memory be blessed, say (Sotah 44b) that five elders of the Great Court in Jerusalem would go out and measure. And upon them is the commandment of measurement; but upon the elders of the city is the commandment of the calf, of the washing of the hands and of the reciting of those verses, as it is stated (Deuteronomy 21:2), "Our hands did not spill this blood, and our eyes did not see" - meaning to say, the one killed did not come to 'our hands' and we dispatched him without provisions; and 'our eyes did not see him' leave our city and we dispatched him without escort (Sotah 45b). | ืืขืจืฃ ืืช ืืขืืื ืื ืื โ ืฉื ืฆืืืื ื ืืขืจืืคืช ืขืืื ืื ืื ืืืชื (ืคืจืืฉ ืืืชื (ืจืืืดื ืจืืฆื ื, ื) ืฉืืืืื ืฉืืืคืื ืืืืงื), ืืขื ืื ืืืฆืื ืืื, ืืฉื ืืฆื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืจื ืืจืื ืืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืชืื, ืืขื ืื ื ืืืจ (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืณ ืขื ืืืจ ืืคืจืฉื, ืืืื ืขื ืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืจื (ืกืืื ืคืดื). ืืฉืจืฉื ืืืฆืื. ืืื ืฉืืชืขืืจืจ ืื ืื ืืขื ืืจืืืชื ืืช ืืืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืกืืคืช ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืืื, ืืืงืื ืคืจื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืกืืคื ืืืืืื, ืฉืืื ืืคืฆืื ืืจืืืช ืขื ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฅ ืืขืืจ, ืืืงืื ืขืจืืคืชื ืืืจืื ืื ืืฉืืืขืื ืืืชืขืืจืจ ืจืขืืื ื ืขื ืืืืจ, ืืื ืืืืืข ืืืืจ, ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืขืืจ ืืืฉืืชื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืข ืืคื ื ืืืงื ืื, ืืืชืื ืื ืืืขืจื ืืจืขืื ืืืจืืฆืืื ืืงืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืขื ืืฉ ืชืืขืืช ืจื [ื] ืืืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืืจืืืช ืืืคืจืกื ืืืืื ืคืจืกืื ืืืื, ืื ืืคืฅ ืืืงื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืขืช ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืจืืฆื ืื ืงื ืืื ื ื ืงืืช ืื ืจืฆื, ืืื ืืฆืืชื ืืืจืืืดื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื (ืืืจื ื ืืืืื ืืืง ืฉืืืฉื ืคืจืง ืืณ). ืืืื ื ืืืฆืื. ืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื (ืกืืื ืื ื) ืฉืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, ืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืดืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืืืด. ืืืจืืฉืืื ืื ื ืชืืืงื ืืฉืืืื. ืืื ืื ื ืืฆื ืกืืื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืขืืื, ืฉืืืงื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืืืื. ืืื ืฉื ืฉืชื ืขืืจืืช, ืืืช ืงืจืืื ืืืืช ืืื ื ืงืจืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืื ืจืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืืงื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืจื, ืฉืื ืืืจื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื ืืืืจื (ืืดื ืืดื:) ืจื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืจื. ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืจื ืืงืจืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืจืืชื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืชืืจื ืชืฆืื ื ืืืืฉ ืขื ืืงืจืื ืืขื ืืจื ืืจื ืขืืืฃ. ืืืืืื ืืืืืื? ืืืืื ืฉื ืืจืื. ืืืื ืขืจืืคืชื ืฉืืื ืืงืืคืืฅ ืืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืจืืืฆืช ืืืืื, ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืฃ ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืจืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืืจ, ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืจื (ืกืืื ืื, ื ืืดื.) ืืื ืืื ืื ืืง, ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื, ื ืืคื ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืื, ืืฉืื ืืื ืฆืฃ ืขื ืคื ื ืืืื. ืืืชืจ ืคืจืืื ืืืืจืื ืืคืจืง ืืืจืื ืืืกืืช ืกืืื [ืืืืืช ืจืืฆื ืคืจืง ื]. ืื ืืืืช ืืฆืื ืื, ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืืื ืขื ืืืืจืื, ืืืืชืจ ืขื ืืืืื ืืขืืจ, ืืืขื ืื ืฉืืชืื ืืืงืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื. ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืชืื ืชืืื ืืืฆืื ืืงื ืื ืืฉืคืืื ืขื ืืงื ื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืจ, ืฉืื ืืืจื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื (ืฉื ืืดื:) ืฉืืืฉื ืืงื ืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืขืืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืืื, ืืขื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืฆืืช ืืขืืื, ืืจืืืฆืช ืืืืื, ืืงืจืืืช ืืืชื ืืืชืืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื. ืืืืืจ (ืฉื ืื ื), ืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืจื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช, ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื ืืืชื ืืืฆื ืืขืืจื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื. |
R. Bachya Devarim 21:1-9ืจืณ ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (1) ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืื, "If a slain person is found lying on the earth, etc." According to the plain meaning of the text the legislation about breaking the neck of the ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, the calf the Torah commands to be killed publicly and to be thrown into a virgin valley, is supposed to be a great trick designed to reveal the identity of the murderer. Maimonides in Moreh Nevuchim 3,40 writes as follows: "the people killing this calf are from the town nearest where the murdered person has been found. In most instances the murderer is a local resident. The elders of that town testify that they had not been negligent in maintaining all the services which are part of a civilised town. It is hoped that the publicity which this procedure attracts will lead to information disclosing the identity of the culprit." The sages are already on record that even an unsubstantiated statement by a lowly slave-woman claiming that a certain person is the murderer is sufficient to halt these proceedings (Jerusalem Talmud Sotah 9,1). If the identity of the murderer was known but the townspeople were part of a conspiracy of silence, and they have the audacity to testify in front of their Creator that they did not know the identity of the murderer, this is a great sin and anyone (from outside) who acquires knowledge is called upon to make public what he knows, so that the guilty party will be dealt with either by a court of law, the king, or the relative who is the blood-avenger. The whole incident assumes additional significance in that the site where the calf was killed will forever have to remain virgin earth so that people who observe that this earth is not being used for anything will make inquiries about this. Thus far Maimonides. The expression ืืขืจืคื means that they are to remove the neck of this calf (Ibn Ezra). The reason why all of this has to take place in the town nearest the slain person is that in our estimation the murderer comes from that city, or that people of that town had been guilty of a similar crime; otherwise such a disaster would not have happened near their town. Some explain the words ื ืื ืืืชื, as a place of ืืฉื ืืฉืื, a very fertile valley. Now that this tragedy has occurred, the Torah forbids us to again make use of that land. Our sages in Sotah 15 also understand the words ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข as referring to the future; after the calf has been killed there, this site is to be treated as if out of bounds completely. The Mishnah in Sotah 45 says that although this site is forbidden to be sown, one is allowed to comb flax on that site or to chisel stones there seeing that these activities are not performed with the actual soil. According to this latter explanation every one of us must be careful to maintain roads in such a condition including security patrols, so that murder cannot occur and the murderer escape. Once a property owner knows that if such a murder has occurred nearby they may all forfeit use of their property as a result he will cooperate in supervising his town and what is around it (Based on the father of R' David Kimchi in the Sefer Hashoroshim). A Midrashic approach to the subject of ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, based on Sotah 46: God said: "let the yearling calf whose neck is broken serve as a symbol and have her neck broken in a place which will not produce fruit (any produce) in order to atone for the slain person whose life has been cut short so that he will no longer be able to produce "fruit." Other commentators dealing with the legislation surrounding the ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื claim that the reason the calf in question must be one that has never born a yoke or performed labor for man, and that it has to be brought to a valley which has no traces of ever having been worked by man is so the calf will not recognize the site. There is to be no paved path through that valley so that the calf is not tempted to leave that area. The priests would hit it on its neck in order to encourage it to escape that valley and show us the way to the murderer. This is the meaning of the words (verse 4) ืืขืจืคื ืฉื ืืช ืืขืืื ืื ืื. Prior to that the elders of the town washed their hands over the calf, saying: "our hands have not spilled this blood." The priests would then respond: "grant atonement for Your people Israel." The expression ืืคืจ in this instance includes a request for the facts to come to light, for the murderer to be found. If the Israelites of that generation were generally Torah-observant, the calf would walk to the house of the murderer, stop, and the priests would proceed to kill the calf at that spot. This is the meaning of the words: "and the blood shall be atoned for them." If the people of that generation were generally not Torah-observant, and therefore entitled to identify and deal with the murderer, and as a result the calf would not seek out a specific house before coming to a halt, the priests would hit the neck of the calf with an axe, severing the neck. This is the meaning of ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื, "the blood (guilt) will be atoned for them." God would have to do the atoning then. A rational approach to this legislation: the calf which is being killed, ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, is a similar phenomenon to the ืฉืขืืจ ืืขืืืื, the scape-goat, which is killed after it (symbolically) carries the sins of the entire Jewish people (Leviticus 16,10). Both wind up in a totally barren environment. Something similar happens to one of the birds offered by the person who has been declared cured of the dreaded skin disease tzoraat. It is released into the air after its partner has been slaughtered and the surviving bird's blood has been dipped in the blood of the bird which has been slaughtered (Leviticus 14,51-53). The surviving bird is perceived as carrying the guilt of the person for whom it atones into certain nether regions inhabited by demons and the like. All of the three phenomena we listed have as their purpose to blunt possible accusations by spiritually negative forces which abound in the world and which look for any excuse to assume the role of prosecuting attorney against the Jewish people. From a technical point of view it would have been enough for the Torah to write that the valley in question should be one which has neither been worked nor sown, i.e. ืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืจืข. Why did the Torah add the extra word ืื (verse 4)? The Torah wanted to make clear that not only the valley but also the calf itself must not have performed any kind of work. By being so totally undomesticated, the animal is perceived as (still) belonging to the domain of the forces appointed by God to rule in the desert and similar inhospitable places (as we explained on other occasions). When the calf's neck is broken then it occurs in the domain of these demonic forces. The very word ืืืชื implies that the valley is very harsh, hard, tough. The reason that the Torah spelled the word ืฉืคืื with the letter ื at the end, instead of the letter ื which we would have expected, may be an allusion to the fact that if one kills a person one deprives him of his five senses. By doing so, the murderer has destroyed an entire world. The world had been created with the last letter ื of the tetragrammaton (Bereshit Rabbah 12,9). The reason for this somewhat exaggerated sounding description of the murder of a single individual is the fact that God created only a single human being at the beginning. If he had been killed prematurely, the human race would have been exterminated as the result of such a single act of killing. The reason for the words ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช ื', "provide atonement for Your people Israel, whom You have redeemed o Lord" (verse 8), is simple. The procedure of killing this calf resulted in our providing these demonic forces with a delight. This enhances the power of these forces to act as advocates for the prosecution against Israel. As a result, we have to ask forgiveness, ืืคืจื, from Hashem for having been forced to make use of this legislation. Similar considerations are valid in connection with the ืฉืขืืจ ืืขืืืื. In Leviticus 16,33, at the conclusion of the whole procedure, the Torah writes: "He shall bring atonement upon the Holy of Holies, and upon the Tent of meeting and the Altar; he will bring atonement for the priests and all the people." In other words, after the whole Yom Kippur service has been dealt with the Torah had to write these words to show that having somehow caused satisfaction to the Azzazel, the people and all concerned are in need of atonement for this. There is yet another aspect embodied in the procedures of the ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, and that is that the procedures teach us something about the nature of a murdered person. The procedures leading to atonement of this crime comprise three elements. 1) the breaking of the calf's neck; 2) the location where this has to take place, i.e. a totally barren area, one which has never been useful. 3) the recital of a confession by the priests: "our hands did not spill this blood. Please atone for Your people of Israel." Every intelligent person realizes that the murderer achieved his objective only by means of separating, detaching his victim from three "souls," life-forces. He separated him from the animalistic soul, from the soul which enables vegetable matter to grow, and, finally, he separated him from the ื ืคืฉ ืืฉืืืืช, the abstract life-force we call "soul." We know that the first soul which departs from the slain person is the animalistic soul. This is why the Torah selected a calf for this procedure, seeing that it (the mother) symbolizes animalism. Killing it removes that "soul." The location, i.e. one that does not produce any growth, symbolizes the "vegetable" soul, i.e. its absence. Finally, the confession and request for atonement symbolise the loss of the abstract soul of the slain person. I have heard that the carcass of the calf generates worms which will attack the murderer wherever he is. This is a mystery of nature related to the barren valley, the domain of the demons we mentioned. A Kabbalistic approach: the whole procedure of "sacrificing" the ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื to the attribute of Justice in its most severe manifestation aims at preventing this attribute which is poised to strike the community in whose proximity the murder occurred from causing harm. The reason the neck of the animal was chosen as the point of death is that it represents the "hardest," most unbending part of the personality. Seeing that at this time God, as it were, turns His back (neck) on us, this calf does not have its throat slit as do the animals which are ritually slaughtered. The reason why this whole legislation is described in such detail is that the murder has occurred in Eretz Yisrael, on holy soil. The reason the Torah added the word ืืงืจ to the word ืขืืืช ืืงืจ (a calf is always a junior ืืงืจ) is that this animal symbolises the ืืื with the face of an ox in the prophet's vision in Ezekiel 1,10. Sometimes the ืืื described there as on the "left," does appear on the right, i.e. represents the attribute of Mercy. Although the calf must not have been worked, borne a yoke, it may impose such a yoke, burden on others (symbolically speaking). As to the words ืืืืจืื, "they shall bring it (the calf) down" (verse 4), this means that the elders shall drag the calf down to that valley. The words ืืขืจืคื ืฉื, reminds us of Genesis 49,24 ืืฉื ืจืืขื ืืื ืืฉืจืื, [if I understand correctly a reference to Joseph dragging down his family to Egypt, Joseph representing the "ox," ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื. Ed.]. The words ืืช ืืขืืื ืื ืื, mean that the calf is to be submerged in the waters of the brook of that valley. These waters are called ื ืืื ืื, a reference to the emanations. The reason the Torah refers to the murdered person as ืืื, usually understood as an empty space, is that he has been deprived of his souls, thus effectively making him "empty," ืืืื. The word is also related to ืืืืื, something profane, devoid of sanctity. The procedure is designed to eliminate the spirit of impurity outside the town in the field. This is why the Torah emphasizes ื ืืคื ืืฉืื, "fallen in the field" (verse 1). The word ืืื is an allusion to orbit, i.e. the revolving planets in their orbits; the slain person is perceived as having been on earth before in a different body. This may be the reason the Torah speaks of ืืื ืืืืื instead of ืืื ืืืจืฅ. This whole procedure was performed by the priests, the Levites, seeing it is their function to settle strife and plague (verse 5). The words ืจืื and ื ืืข refer to strife both in the terrestrial regions and in the celestial regions. The waters with which the elders wash their hands (verse 6) represent the waters of the attribute ืืกื which have their origin in a domain above that of the ืขืืื. The washing of the hands is to ensure that the elders will not be harmed by the attribute of Justice. (7) ืืขื ื, "they shall respond;" the priests, speaking in Hebrew. ืืืืจื, they shall say ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื, "our hands did not spill this blood." The prayer of the priests was addressed to the attribute Hashem, the attribute which had orchestrated the Exodus from Egypt. This is why the words ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช ื', "which You, the attribute of Hashem have redeemed," are appended to the priests' prayer for atonement. When they continue: ืืื ืชืชื ืื ื ืงื ืืงืจื ืขืื ืืฉืจืื, "do not place innocent blood in the midst of Your people of Israel," is an appeal to the attribute of Mercy not to allow the attribute of Justice to go into action on account of this murder. (8) ืืคืจ ืืขืื, "grant atonement for Your people." According to Pessikta (and Sifri) on our verse the word ืืคืจ refers to the living who can attain atonement by means of their money. The words ืคืืืช, "whom You redeemed," refer to the already dead who will achieve their atonement by charity given by the living (in their name). The verse teaches that the donations made to the Temple treasury by the living on behalf of their dead accomplish something. This is so in an increased measure if the son donates in his father's name; it is considered a merit for the departed father. The same applies to the recital of Kaddish by the son for his father. The concept is based on the fact that the son "eats" the "fruits" of his father. The same applies to the son acting as reader in the synagogue during his year of mourning. There is a Baraitha in Massechet Kallah Rabbati chapter 2 involving Rabbi Akiva rescuing the soul of a departed from purgatory through the son becoming pious, etc., although the father of that child had been the worst kind of sinner. (9) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงื, "and you shall remove innocent blood from your midst." You are to remove the threat of punishment for innocent blood having been spilled. Alternatively, "you are to destroy the one who has spilled innocent blood if possible." 'ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ื', "when you do what is right in the eyes of the Lord." In the eyes of the Lord Who took you out of Egypt on condition that you do not allow innocent blood to be spilled, and generally do what is right in His eyes. We encounter here again the absence of the expression ื' ืืื-ืืื as the redemption from Egypt took place under the aegis of the attribute of Mercy, i.e. Hashem (only). It is also possible to interpret this verse as a promise for the future. God is saying: "if you do what is right in the eyes of the Lord there will not be any murders of innocent people." This in turn will serve to hasten the arrival of a period when murder, warfare, etc., will be banished from this earth. At that time the prophecy of Isaiah 2,4: "and they beat their swords into plowshares," will be fulfilled. People will no longer teach the art of warfare; no nation will raise a hand against its neighbor. There will be an abundance of peace and serenity, as alluded to in Song of Songs 7,1. People will offer their sacrifices to the attribute Hashem which is also known as ืฉืืื as we know from Genesis 32,18 ืืืื ืืขืงื ืฉืื. The author cites a few more verses implying that God's name is ืฉืืื. | (ื) ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืื โ ืขื ืืจื ืืคืฉื ืขืจืืคืช ืืขืืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืชืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืกืื ืฉืืืฆื ืืจืืฆื, ืืืื ืืขืช ืืจืืืดื ืืดื, ืืื ืืฉืื ื, ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืจืื ืืคืขืืื ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืจ ืกืืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืฉืืฆืื ืืืงื ืื ืืืขืกืงื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืขืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืจื ืืชืืจื ืฉืื ืืชืจืฉืื ืืชืงืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืืืจืชื ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืขืื ืื ืืจื ืืช ืื, ืืืฉืืืงืจ ืืขื ืื ืืืืกืคื ืืืงื ืื ืืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืืจ ืืืจื ืฉืืคืืื ืชืื ืฉืคืื ืืชืืืจ ืคืืื ื ืืื ืืจืืฆื ืื ืชืขืจืฃ. ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืฆื ืืืืจืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืขืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืจื ืขื ื ืคืฉืืชื ืื ืื ืืืขืืื, ืืืื ืืื ืกืื ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืืข ืฉืืฅ ืืืจ ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืคืจืกื ืืืืจ, ืืืืจื ืื ืขืดื ืืดื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืชืืืง ืืขื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืชืขืจืฃ ืืขืืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืขืืื, ืืืืืจื ืื ืจืืืื ืืืืืจื ืื, ืขืืดื ืืจื ืืดื. ืืืฉืื ืืขืจืคื ืืกืืจื ืขืืจืฃ ืืขืืื. ืืืขื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืืื ืืืขืช ืืฉื ืืื ืืจืืฆื, ืื ืขืฉื ืขืืจื ืืืืฆื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืื ืงืจืื ืื. ืืืฉ ืฉืคืืจืฉ ื ืื ืืืชื, ืืงืื ืืฉื ืืฉืื, ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืจืฉื ืจืืดื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืืื, ืืืืจื ืืืฉื ื ืืืงืืื ืืกืืจ ืืืจืืข ืืืืชืจ ืืกืจืืง ืฉื ืคืฉืชื ืื ืื ืงืจ ืืื ืืื ืื, ืฉืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืงืจืงืข. ืืืคื ืคืืจืืฉ ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืฉืืืจืช ืืืจืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืจืฆืืื ืืฉืื ืืืืื, ืฉืืจื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืคืกืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืชืืื ืืกืืจื ืืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืืคื ืฉื ืงืจืงืข. ืืขื ืืจื ืืืืจืฉ ืืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, ืืืจ ืืงืืดื ืชืื ืขืืื ืืช ืฉื ืชื ืืชืขืจืฃ ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ื ืขืืฉื ืคืืจืืช ืืืคืจ ืขื ืืจืืืชื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืคืืจืืช. ืืืจืฉื ืืืืจืืช ืืืจื, ืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืชืืจื ืขืืื ืฉืื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืขืื ืืื ื ืืจืข, ืืื ืฉืื ืชืืืจ ืืขืืื ืืืชื, ืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืจื ืกืืืื ืืื ืชืจืฆื ืืฆืืช ืื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืขื ืขืจืคื ืืื ืฉืชืฆื ืื ืื ืื, ืืื ืฉืืชืื ืืขืจืคื ืฉื ืืช ืืขืืื ืื ืื, ืืืชืืื ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืจืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืคืจ ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืื, ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฆื. ืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืขืืื ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืช ืืจืืฆื ืืืืจืืื ืืืชื ืฉื, ืืื ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื, ืืืืืจ ืืชืืื ืืื ืืจืืฆื, ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืงืืคืืฅ ืืืื ืขืจืคื ืืขืืจืคืื ืืืชื ืฉื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืคืจ, ืืฉืื ืืคืจื, ืืื ืืงืืดื ืืืคืจ, ืืื ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื. ืืขื ืืจื ืืฉืื ืขื ืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืฉืืื ืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืขื ืื ืฆืคืืจื ืืฆืืจืข ืขื ืคื ื ืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืืืจ, ืื ืฆืคืืจื ืืฆืืจืข ืืฆืคืืจ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฆืคืืจ ืืฉืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืชืืืช ืขื ืคื ื ืืฉืื ืืคืืจืืืช ืืฉืื ืืฆืคืืจ ืืืื ืชืฉื ืืช ืขืื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืืืจื ื ืืฉื ืขืื ืืชืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืขืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืงืจื ืืดื:ืืดื) ืื ืฉื ืืฉืขืืจ ืขืืื ืืช ืื ืขืื ืืชื, ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืงืฉื ืฉืืขืืื ืื ื ืขืื ืืื ื ืืจืข ืืื ืืขื ืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืขืืื ืขืื ืืจืฆืืื. ืืืื ืืกืคืืง ืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืจืข, ืืืืจ ืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืฆืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืขืื ืืืืคื, ืื ืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืชื ื ืขืื ืืืืคื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืืืงื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืื, ืืขืจืคื ืฉื ืืช ืืขืืื ืื ืื. ืืืืชื ื ืื ืฉืืื ืฉืื, ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชื ืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืื ืชืงืืฃ, ืืืืื ืืดื ื ืื ืฉื ืืืชื, ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืื ื ืขืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืชืงืืฃ ืืืืง. ืืืืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื, ืืืดื, ืืืื ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืฉืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืจื ืืืดื ืฉืืจื ืืื ื ืืจื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืฆืื ืื ืืชืืืืืช. ืืืืจ ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช ืืณ, ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืื ื ืืื ืืืงืืจื ืืขืจืืคืช ืขืืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืคืจื ืืืช ืืฉืดื, ืืขื ืื ืืชืืคืจ ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืขืืจ ืืืฉืชืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืฉืชืื ืืขืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืงืื ืืืงืืจื ืืืงื ืื ืืื ืืงืืดื ืืืคืจ, ืืื ืฉืืชืื (ืฉื) ืืืคืจ ืืช ืืงืืฉ ืืงืืฉ ืืืืณ. ืืขืื ืืฉ ืืขื ืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืชืขืืจืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืข ืืืืช ืืืื, ืืจืืืชื ื ืื ืฆืื ืืืชืื ืืืคืจืช ืืจืฆืืื ืฉืืฉื ืขื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืขืจืืคืช ืืขืืื, ืืืฉื ื ืฉืืืื ืืืงืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข, ืืืฉืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืจื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืืืืข ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืจืืฆื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืขื ืคื ืคืจืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืคืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ื ืคืฉืืช, ื ืคืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืื ืคืฉ ืืฆืืืืช ืืื ืคืฉ ืืฉืืืืช, ืืืืจ ืืืืข ืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืกืชืืงืช ืืื ื ืชืืื ืืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืืืืช, ืืืื ืฆืื ืขืืืช ืืงืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืืืืช, ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืคืจืื ืืื ื ืชืืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืืืืช. ืืื ืฉืฆืื ืฉืืืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข, ืื ื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืคืจืื ืืื ื ืื ืคืฉ ืืฆืืืืช. ืืื ืฉืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื, ืื ืื ืื ืฉืืคืจืื ืืื ื ืื ืคืฉ ืืฉืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืจืช, ืืขื ืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื, ืืขื ืืืขืฉื ืืื ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื. ืืฉืืขืชื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืืฃ ืืขืืื ื ืขืฉื ืชืืืขืช ืืืจื ืืืืข ืฉืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืฆื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืฉื, ืืื ื ืื ืืืฆืืืืช ืฉืจ ืื ืื, ืืืื ืื ืคืืืืช ืกืชืจื ืืืืข. ืืขืดื ืืงืืื ืขื ืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืื ืืงืจืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืงืฉื ืฉืื ืชืื ืืชืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืชืฉืืื ืื ื, ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืขืืจืฃ ืืจืืื ืืขื ืื ืงืืฉื, ืืขื ืื (ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืืช ืขืจืคื ืืงืฉื, ืืขื ืฉื ืฉืืคื ืืฉื ืืชืขืื ืืืื ื ืขืืจืฃ ืืื ืคื ืื ืืฉืืืจืข ืขื ืื ืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืงืืืฉื. ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืขืืืช ืืงืจ, ืืืืกืืฃ ืืงืจ ืขื ืฉื ืฉืคื ืื ืคื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืฉืืื, ืืฉื ื ืขืฉื ืืคืขืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืื. ืื ืขืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืขืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืช ืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื. ืืืืช ืืืืจืืื ืฉืืืฉืืืื ืื ื ืื ืืืชื, ืืขืจืคื ืฉื ืฉืืขืฉืื ืจืคื, ืืืฉืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืฉื ืจืืขื ืืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืช ืืขืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืื ืงืจืืื ื ืืื ืื, ืืื ืืืืืช. ืืงืจื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืคืฉ ืฉืืืชื ืื, ืืขืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฅ ืืขืืจ ืืฉืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ื ืืคื ืืฉืื, ืืขื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืชืืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืขื ืคื ื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืจืฅ. ืืขืืืื ืื ืขืดื ืื ื ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืื ืจืืื, ืืคื ืฉืขื ืคืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืื ื ืืข ืืืื ืืืืขืื, ืืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืกื ืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืชืฉืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืื. (ื) ืืขื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืงืืฉ. ืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื. ืืื ืืืืชื ืชืคืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืฉืคืืื ื ืืืฆืจืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช ืืณ ืืื ืชืชื ืจืฉืืช ืืืืช ืืืื ืืงืฉื ืฉืชืฉืคืื ืื ื ืงื, ืืื ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื, ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืช ืืจืืืื. (ื) ืืคืจ ืืขืื โ ืืจืฉื ืืคืกืืงืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืชืืคืจืื ืืืืื ื, ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช ืืื ืืืชืื ืฉืืชืืคืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืงืืฉืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืงืืืฉื ืืขื ืืืชืื, ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืชืืขืืช ืืืชืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืขื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืคืืจืืชืื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืืืื ืงืืืฉ ืื ืฉืื ืืจืื ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืืฆืืืจ, ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืฉื ืฉื ืจืื ืขืงืืื, ืืืืืืชื ืืืกืืช ืืื. (ื) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงื โ ืืชืจืืืื ืฉืืคื ืืื ืื ืงื ืื ืขืื ืฉื, ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืชืชื ืื ื ืงื ืืืืืจ ืขืื ืฉ ืื ื ืงื. ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืณ โ ืืืืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืณ ืฉืคืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืขื ืื ืช ืื, ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืณ, ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช ืืณ, ืื ืืืืฆืื ืืืคืืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืื, ืืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืณ ืืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืชืืจื ืืจืื, ืืืขื ืืืชืื ืื ืืืืื ืจืืฆืืื ืื ืืขืืื ืขืืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืณ. ืืืคืฉืจ ืืคืจืฉ ืื ืื ืื ืืืชืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืชืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืณ ืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืฉืืคื ืื ืื ืื ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืคื ืื ื ืงื, ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืชืงืจื ืืืื ืืขืชืื ืฉืชืคืกืง ืื ืจืฆืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืื ืขืดื ืฉืืคืกืงื ืืืืืืืช, ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืืฉืขืืื ืืณ:ืืณ) ืืืชืชื ืืจืืืชื ืืืชืื ืืื ืืชืืชืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืชืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืขืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืงืจืืื ืฉืืืืืช, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉืืจ ืืฉืืจืื ืืณ:ืืณ) ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืฉื ืืืืืื ืืชืขืื ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉืืคืืื ืืณ:ืืดื) ืืืงืจื ืื ืืณ ืฉืืื, ืืืงืจืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืืจ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืฉืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืืื ืืขืงื ืฉืื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืืฃ ืืื ืคืฉ ืืงืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉืืื ืฉืืื, ืฉืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืดื (ืืฉืื ืืณ:ืืดื) ืืจืืื ืืจืื ื ืืขื ืืื ื ืชืืืืชืื ืฉืืื. |
Minchat Yehuda Devarim 21:8ืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ
| ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืชืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืื ืืคืจื ืฉืืืื. ืืืดื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืขืจืืื ืื ืืื. ืืืคื ืคืฉืืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืืณ ืืื ืืขืื ืื ืืจืืฆื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืช ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ื ืืืืช. ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืืืฉืขืื ืืืคืจ ืืจืืชืื ืืช ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืชืดื ืืดืข. ืืคืจืดื ืืงืืฆื. ืืื ืฆืื ืืืงืื ืืงืืช ืขืืืช ืืงืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืขืจืคื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืื ืกืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืฉื ืฉืืขืืื ืชืื ืืืงืจืงืข ืชืื ืื ืื ื ืชืืืืื ืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืจืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืฉืืฉื ืฉืืืื ื ื ืงืืืช ืืื ืกืื ืืืืืก ืื ืื ื ื ืงืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืืืื ืจืื ืืจืืืฅ ืืืื ืืฉืืช ืืช ืืื ืืขืืจ ืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืื ืจืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื. ืืคืจืดืช ืืืืจืืืืณ. |
Ralbag Devarim 21:7-9ืจืืืดื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (ื) ืืขื ื ืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื โ ืจืืื ืฉืชืืข ืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืืจื ืืืชื ืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืฆืืจื ืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืขืืจื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืื ืืืข ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ื ืขืจืคืช ืฉืืจื ืืื ื ื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืจื ืื ืืืชื ืฆืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืขื ืืฉืืืจืช ืืจืื ืืชืืจื ืืืจื ืฉืื ืชืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืฆืืืช ื ืคืฉ ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจื ืืคื ืื ืฉืจืืื ืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืจืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืงืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืชื ืืชืืจื. (ื) ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืชื ืืืืคืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืืจื ืฉืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืงืืฉ ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืคื ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช ืืดื ืืื ืชืชื ืื ื ืงื ืืงืจื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืื ืืื ื ืขื ืฉืื ืขืืื ืืื ืฉืงืื ืืืจืฆืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืชืชื ืื ื ืงื ืืื ืชืชื ืืืืช ืื ื ืงื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืชืขืื ืืืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืฉืืื ืฉืงืจื ืื ืืืงืจื ืืจืข ืืืืืื ืืื ืืชืืคืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืจืืฆื ืื ืืืืคืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืงืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืคืจ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืคื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืฉืคืื. (ื) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงื ืืงืจืื โ ืืืื ืฉืื ืชืจืฆื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืดื ืชืฉืชืื ืืืขืจ ืื ืื ืงื ืืืจืืืชื ืืืงืืจืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืจืจ ืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืจืฆื ืืื ืฉืืืฉืจ ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืดื ืื ืืงืจื ืืงืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืงื ืื ืืืืืื ืืขื ืืืงืืื ืืื ืืืกืจื ืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืชืืจื ืื ื ืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืฆืืจื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืช ืืคืจืฉื. |
Ralbag Devarim Toalot 21:6ืจืืืดื ืืืจืื ืชืืขืืืช ืืดื:ืืณ
| (ื-ื) ืืชืืขืืช ืืฉืฉื ืืื ืืืฆืืช ืืืื ืื ืฉืฆืื ื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืื ื ืฉืชืืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืชืืขืืช ืืืื ืื ืืขืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืชืขืจืฃ ืฉื ืืชืืขืืช ืืขืื ื ืฉืฆืื ืืืื ืื ืืขื ืื ืืคืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจื ื ืฉื. (ื-ื) ืืชืืขืืช ืืฉืืืขื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืืขืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืืงืื ืื ืื ื ืืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืจืืื ืฉืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืืช ืื ื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืื ืืืงื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืดื ืืืงืืง ืืื ืืืช ืืขื ืืืื ืื ืกืื ืฉืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืคืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงื ืืงืจืื ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืดื. |
Abarbanel Devarim 21:1-9ืืืจืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (ื-ื) ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืณ ืขื ืกืืฃ ืืกืืจ, ืืืจื ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืชืืืกืืณ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืืคืืื ืืขื ืื ื ืืืืืืืช, ืฆืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืฉืืื ืืชืืืก ืืืื ืืณ ืืืืื ืืืฉืืคืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื, ืืืฉืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืขืจืื. ืืืื ืืืืคื ืืื ืื ืืืฆืืช ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืคื ืื ืฉืืืจืชื, ืืจืื ืืืจืื ืืชื ืฉืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืจืืื ืขืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ื ืืืฆืื ืืืืช ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืจืฆื, ืืคืจืฉืช ืืกืขื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืขืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืชืงืื ืืืคืจ ืื ืคืฉ ืจืืฆื, ืืื ืืื ืชืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฃ ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืคืจ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืคื ืื ืื ืื. ืืื ืฉืืคืื. ืืืื ื ืืฉืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชื, ืื ื ืืืฆืจื ืืฉื ืจืืื ื ืขืืื ืืฉืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื, ืืืคื ืื ืฉืืจืืดื ืืืกืืช ืกืืื ืคืณ ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, ืืืืืื ืืจืืืดื ืืคืจืง ืืณ ืืืืืืช ืจืืฆื. ืขื ืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืช ืฉืืืจืื ืืืฉืจ ื ืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืื, ืืืืฆืืื ืืืืฉื ืืงื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืืขืจืื ืืฉืจ ืกืืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืงืจืืื ืื ืืืื, ืืื ืงืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืงืืื, ืืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืงืจ ืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ, ืืืืจืืืื ืืืชื ืื ื ืื ืืืชื, ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืืืืง, ืืืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืจ ืืชืืจื ืืขืืจืคืื ืืืชื ืืงืืคืืฅ ืืืืจืื, ืืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืขื ืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืคืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืจืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืื ืขืจืืคืชื ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืชืื ืื ืื, ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื, ืืืืื ืื ืขืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืงืืฉ ืื ืื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืงืืดื ืืืคืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื, ืืื ืขื ืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืืืช. ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืณ ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืฆืื ืืืืช ืื ืชื ืื ืจืง ืืืจืฅ ืื ืขื ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืื. ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืคื ืืฉืื, ืืืื (ืกืืื ืืดื) ืฉืืืฆื ื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืื ืชืืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืฆืฃ ืขื ืคื ื ืืืื, ืืื ืืชืื ืืขืืจ. ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืื, ืืืื (ืฉื ืืดื) ืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืืข ืืจืืฆื ืืืืฉ ืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื. ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืฆืื ืืงื ื ืืฉืืคืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืกื ืืืจื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืงื ื ืืืช ืืืขืจืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืงืจืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืืื. ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืงื ืื ืืฉืืคืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืงื ืื ืฉื ืื ืืืฉืืคืืื ืืณ ืฉืืื ืืดื ืฉืงืื, ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืงื ืื ืืืฉืืคืืื ืืื ืืืฉื. ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืืื ืืขืจืื ืืฉืจ ืกืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืืืืื ืชืืื ืืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืืืืช ืืืชืจ ื ืจืืฉ ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื. ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืงืืจืื ืชืืื ืืขืจืื ื ืืืจืช ืจืืฉืื ื ืืจืืื ืืขื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืงืื, ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืืจืืืงื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืงืจืืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืงืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืงืจืืื ืืืงืื. ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืงืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืืืณ ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืืณ, ืืืื ื ืฉืขืจืืคืช ืืขืืื ืืืดื ืืืงื ืื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืชืืื ืืคื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื. ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืขืืืช ืืงืจ ืืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืขืืื ืืช ืฉืชื ืฉื ืื ืื ืขืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขืืื. ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืขืืืื ืืขืื ืคืกืื ืืขืืื. ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืืฉืื ืขืชืื ืืืื ืฉืืกืืจ ืืขืืื ืืืืจืขื ืขืื, ืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืื ืืกืืจืื ืืื ืื ืขืื. ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืขืจืคื ืฉื ืืช ืืขืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืชืื ืื ืื ืืขืจืคื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืงืืคืืฅ ืืืื ืขืืจืฃ. ืืืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืงืจืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืืื ื ืฉืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืืฆืช ืืืืื ืืืคืืื ืื ืืื, ืืื ืืชืืืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืคืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื. ืืืื ืฉืืชื ืืชืืืช ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืณ ืืืืื ื ืืชื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืงื ืื ืืขืืื ืืคื ืฉืื ื ืชืืืงืณ ืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืจื ืจืืดื ืืื ืื ืืืจืืณ ืืืฆืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืจืืืดื ืืืงืื ืื ืืืจ. ืื ืกืชืคืงืชื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืคื ืฉืื ื ืกืืืื ืืืคืืจืฉืืณ ืืืชืืืื. ืืืจื ืืืืจื ืืืืง ืืณ ืคืจืง ืืดื ื ืชื ืืขื ืืืฆืื ืืืืช ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืื ืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืืขืจ ืืช ืืื, ืื ืืจืื ืืคืขืืืณ ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืื ืืขืจืื ืืฉืจ ืกืืืืืช ืืืื, ืืืฉืืฆืื ืืืงื ืืณ ืืืชืขืกืงื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืขืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืจืณ ืฉืื ืื ืืชืจืฉืื ืืชืงืื ืืืจืืืณ ืืฉืืืจืชืณ ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืขืื ืื ืืืื ืืืชืืกืคื ืืืงื ืื ืืืืงืจ ืืขื ืื ืืืืืื ืขืืื ืืจืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืื. ืืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืืืข ืื ืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืคืืื ืชืื ืืฉื ืื ืขืื ืืชืืืจ ืคืืื ื ืืื ืืจืืฆื ืื ืชืขืจืฃ ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืื ืืืขื ืืืชื ืืฉืืจ ืืขื ืื ืื ืืืขืืื ืขื ื ืคืฉืืชื ืืืืจื ืืชืณ ืฉืื ืืืขืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืืข ืฉืืฅ ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืคืจืกืณ ืืืืืข ืืจืืฆื, ืืืืจื ืขืดื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืขืดื ืืดื, ืืืชืชืืง ืืขื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืงืืณ ืฉืชืขืจืฃ ืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืื, ืืคื ืฉืืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืขืฉื ืื ืชืืืืื ืืืงืืจ ืขื ืฉืืืข ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืชืขืจืฃ ืืขืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืกืจ ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืจื ืืคืจืง ืืณ ืืืง ืืณ, ืืืชื ืขืืื ืืจืืืดื ืืื ื ืืคื ืืืขื ืืื ืืฉ ืืชืืืืืณ ืืืืช ืชืืขืืช ืืื ืืืขืฉืณ ืืื ื ื ืจืฆื ืืขืฆืื, ืืืื ืจืืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืฉืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืจืืขื ืฉืืืืจื ืื ืื ืจืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืข ืืืืข ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข, ืืืคื ืืขืชื ืืฉ ืื ืืขื ืืขื ืื ืืงืจืื ืืช ืื ืขืฉืื ืืืืฅ ืืื ืฉืขืืจ ืืืฉืชืื ืื ืคืจื ืืืืื, ืืืคืืื ืื ื ืืืืืณ ืขืืื ืืขืจืืคื ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืขืดื: ืืื ื ืืคื ืืขืชื ืืขื ืืจืืืดื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืฆื, ืืื ืืคื ืฉืืจื ืืืืจื ืื ื ืชื ืืขื ืืคืจืื ืืืฆืื, ืืฉืชืื ืืื ืื ื ืื ืชืื ืชืณ ืืื ืืืืช ืืขืชื ืืืืกืืจ ืืขืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืจืืืดื ืืกืคืงืืชืื, ืืื ืกืคืงืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืืจ ืขืืืื ืืจืืืดื ืื ืื ืืจื, ืืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืกืืคืงื ื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฆืื ืืขืืืช ืืงืจ, ืืืื ืฆืื ืฉืชืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืณ ืืขืื, ืืืื ืฆืื ืฉืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืกืจ ืื ืืชื ืฉื ื ืื ืืืชื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืืื ืฆืื ืฉืชืขืจืฃ ืืขืืื ืืืืืจ, ืืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืจื ืืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืกื ืืืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืื ืงืจืื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืืฉื ืื ืขื ืืืชืืื ืขืืื, ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืื ืืคื ืืขืชื ืืืณ ืืชื ืืื ืืืื, ืื ืืื ืื ืจืฆื ืื ืืคืจืกื ืืขื ืื ืืืืืืชื, ืืื ื ืขืฉื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืขืชื ืืืื ืืฉื ื ืฆืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื, ืืฆื ืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืื ืืืขืฉื ืืื ืขื ืืขืฉื ืืจืืฆื ืืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืคื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืืืฉืข ืืณ) ืืคืจืื ืขืืื ืืืืืื, ืืฆืื ืฉืืืืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื, ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืืื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืืฉื ืืจื. ืืฆืื ืฉืชืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืฉืื ืืขืื, ืืืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ื ืืจื ืขื ืื ืืืก ืืืคืื ืื ืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืคืขืื ืฉืชืืืื ืืจืืืชื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืขืืื ืืช ืฉืชื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืขืื ืืืืืชื ืืฉื ื ืื ืขืจืืช ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืื ื ืงื ืืื ืืื ืืื. ืืฆืื ืขืื ืฉืืืืืื ืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืืฉืชืขืจืฃ ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืจืื ืืืืจืื ืขื ืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืืงืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืฉืคื ืื ืืืื ืจืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืืฉืขืืื ื ืดื) ืืื ืื ืฆืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืืดื ืืขืดื ืคืดืง ืืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืจื. ืืืืชื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืชืื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืืงืื ืืฆืืง ืืืืฉืคื ื ืืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืชืืจ ืื ืจืื ืืขืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจ (ืงืืืช ืืณ) ืืงืื ืืืฉืคื ืฉืื ืืจืฉืข, ืืืื ืฆืื ืฉืชืืื ืืขืืื ื ืขืจืคืช, ืื ืื ื ืขืจืืคืชื ืืฆื ืืขืืจืฃ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืื ื ืืจื ืืงืฉืจ ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืจื ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืื ืื ืืคืจืกืื ืืืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืฉืืืืชืื ืืืืืืื ืคื ืื ืืคื ืื ืื ืื ืืกืชืจ ืืื ืฉืืขืืื ืื ื ืืจืื ืืฆื ืคื ืื ืื ืื ืืฆื ืขืจืคื, ืืฆืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืขืื ืืืืจื ืืจื ืืืืจื ืขืฆืื, ืืคื ืฉืืขื ืืฉืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืฉืชืืืืช ืืืื ืืืขืช ืื ืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืื ืฉืื ืชืขืจืฃ ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืกืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืื ืขืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืคืกืืง ืืืืจืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืฆืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ, ืืืคื ืฉืื ื ืืืข ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืชื ื ืืืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืืืืข ืืืื ืืืืช, ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฆื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืงืฆืช ืืืืขื ืืืืืข ืื ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืื ืื ื ืืจื ืืื ืกืื ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืชื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืจื ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืขื ืจืื, ืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืจืืฆื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืื ืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืื ืืืชื. ืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืกืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืขืชื, ืื ื ืื ืื ืืื ืคืจืื ืืืฆืื ืืืขืืจ ืขื ืืขื ืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืคืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืื, ืืืื ืขื ืืืชื ืืคืืขื ืืชื ืฆืื ืืืงื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื ืืคื ืืืฉื ืื ืจืื ืืื ืืคืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืขืช ืืจื ืืืขืื. ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืฉื ื ืืืืขืจื ืืืจืื ืืคืืขื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืื ืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืื, ืืืคื ืฉืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื, ืื ืจืืขื ืฆืื ืืืงืจ, ืืืฆืืืช ืฉื ื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืชืืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืขืชื, ืืื ืฆืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืืื ืืืจืืืชื ืืืืื ืขืืืช ืืงืจ ืื ื ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืฉืืืงื ื ืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืืื ืื, ืืืืื ืื ืืืงื ื ืืืืช ืงืืื ืฉืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืื ืฉืชืขืจืฃ ืื ืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืกืืช ืืืื ืืืขืืจื ืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืืืช ืืืงื ื ืืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืืงื ืืณ ืืขืจืคืื ืืจืืื ืฉืืกืืชื ืืืืืชื ืืจืฆืืื ืืืืช ืืืืช ืื ืืืงื ื, ืืฆืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืจืข ืขืื, ืืจืืื ืฉืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืชืืจื, ืืืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื ืืคืืขื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืื ื ืืคืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืขืช ืื ืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืื ืฉืืืกืจ ืื ืื ืงื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืคืจืกืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืขืชื, ืฉืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืจื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืขืจืช ืืขืื ืฉ ืืื ืืื ืืชื ืฆืืืช ืืืงื ืื ืืืงืฉืช ืืืคืจื ืืื ืฆื ืืืขืื ืฉ ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื, ืืื ืื ืฉืจืืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืขื ืืืฆืื ืืืืงืื, ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืกืคืง ืืืดื: (ื) ืืืื ื ืืืชืจ ืืกืคืง ืืืดื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืงื ื ืืดื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืฉืขืช ืืขืฉื, ืืืฆืื ืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืขืืจ ืืืงื ืื ืืฉืชืืื ืืืชืจ ืืงืืืื, ืืืงืืจืช ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืชื ืืืืฉืชื ืืืฉืืคืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉื, ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืณ ืืฉืจืชื ืืืืจื ืืฉืื ืืชืืจื ืืขื ืคืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืื ื ืืข ืืืชืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืื ืื ืขื ืืกื ืืืจืื, ืืืืจื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืื ืขื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืงืจืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืณ ืืคื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืืคืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืฉืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื. (ื-ื) ืืืื ื ืืืชืจ ืืกืคืง ืืืดื ืืชื ืืจืืืดืข ืืืชืื ืฉืืฉืดื ืฆืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืขื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืขืืืจื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืื ืงืจืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืืช ืืฉืดื ืขืืงื ืืืื ืงืฅ ืืฆืื ื, ืืืคื ืืขืชื ื ืดื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืชืื ืื ืฉืืืจื ืฉืื ืืขืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืฉืื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื, ืืฉืื ืื ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื, ืืืืจื ืืืื ืื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืขื ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืื ืขื ืืชืจ ืืขืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืคืขื ืืืจืช ืื ืชืืื ืงืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช, ืืืคื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืืขืืณ ืืืื ืืชืคืืื ืืขืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืคืจ ืืื ืืฉืดื ืืืื ืฉืคืืื ืืื ืฆืจ ืืืขืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืชืคืืื ืขืื ืฉืื ืืชื ืื ื ืงื ืืงืจืื ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืขื ืื ื ืงื ืฉื ืฉืคื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืชืืจื ืฉืืกืืช ืืืจืื ืืืชืคืื ืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืขืฆืืื ืืืืจ ืืืคืจ ืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืจ ืขืฉื ืืืืืณ ืืื. ืืื ืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขื ืืคืฉืขื ืจืืื ืฉืืืืืก ืืื ืืืืืื ืืขื ืืืืขื ืื ืืืืฉืืจื ืืขื ืืฉืืืจืช ืืจืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืคืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืคื ืฉืื ืืืืขื ืืืขืช ืื ืืืืจื ืืืืขืจื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืฉืืคืื ืืขืืจ ืืืงื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืคื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืคืืืืช ืืืื, ืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืคื ืืขืืจ ืงืฉื ืืืืืงืืง ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืจืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืื ืืคืื ืืืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืืคืืื ืฉืืจืืคื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืืืืื ืืืจืืกื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื, ืื ื ืืืืืช ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืคืื ืขืืืื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืฉืืชืคืืื ืขื ืืืจืืื ืืืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืืงืฉื ืืคืจื ืขืืื ืื ืื ืขื ืืืืืืณ ืืืืฉืื ืฉืืืืืกื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืืืณ ืืฉืจ ืืืจืชื, ืืืืจ ืขืื ืืื ืชืชื ืื ื ืงื ืืงืจื ืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืื ืจืฆืื ืืคื ืื ืืชืืจื ืฉืื ืืงืจื ืขืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืจื ืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืืชื ื ืงื ืืื ืฉื ืืจื ืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืชืชื ืื ื ืงื ืืงืจื ืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืงืจื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืชื ืื ื ืงื ืฉืืงืจื ืฉืืฉืคื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืขืื ืืืฉืคื ืืืจืฅ ืืขืฆืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืฆืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืชื. (ื) ืืืื ื ืืืจื ืขืื ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงื ืืงืจืื ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืณ ืคืืณ ืื ืื ืืืขืจื ืืื ืื ืงื ืืงืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืฆืืืืณ ืืืคืขืืืืณ ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืณ ืืืงืืง ืืื ืืืณ ืืขื ืืืฉืคืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืืจื ืขืจืืคืช ืืขืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ื ืื ืืืขืช ืืืื ืืืจืืฆื ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืขืชื, ืฉืื ืืืืฉื ืขืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืงืืจืืช ืืืขืช ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืชื ืืืื, ืืื ืฆืื ืืฉืจ ืืืงืจื ืขืื ืชืืื ืืืขืจ ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืจืืฆื ืืืืืจืื, ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืณ: ื ืฉืื ืกืืจ ืฉืืคืืื |
Modern Texts
Sforno Devarim 21:4-9ืกืคืืจื ื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (4) ืื ื ืื ืืืชื, where people do not normally walk. ืืขืจืคื, a discreet death, not one drawing attention to itself. The animal does not experience pangs of death, not knowing of its impending fate. Naturally, people knew even less about this impending procedure. This procedure parallels what the murderer had done when he ambushed an unsuspecting victim in a location which was isolated so that the court never found out who the murderer was. Had the court known of the identity of the murderer they would have dealt with him instead of this heifer having to be killed. (5) ืืฉืจืชื ืืืืจื, the (Temple) service of the priests is instrumental in attaining expiation for the innocent blood spilled, and in securing blessing for the land. ืืขื ืคืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืื ื ืืข, so that they are familiar with the psyches of the people and their norms, as they observed already by watching their fathers deal with such matters. Perhaps, due to such cumulative empirical knowledge they have some knowledge of whose character has been tainted by sin so that such intuitive knowledge will help them bring the truth to light. (in the investigation of the murder) (7) ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื, we have not left a stone unturned in (making public) locating the murderer in the land. ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื, we are certain that the murderer did not commit this act where he could be seen. Had he been seen, he would have been challenged and prevented from committing the deed. At the very least, such witnesses would have come forward. (8) ืืคืจ ืืขืื, Please Lord, grant atonement to Your people, on behalf of the one who has spilled the blood. This is a veiled request to bring the murderer to justice as it is not given to man to do this. Compare Ketuvot 30 โif someone is guilty of judicial execution (and human justice did not reach him) he will either be killed by the secular authorities (for something else he is accused of) or terrorists will attack him.โ ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื, it will be atoned through heavenly judgment, the heavenly agent spilling the murdererโs blood accomplishing this. It will appear in the eyes of man as if the matter had taken care of itself independently. (9) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ, when you are aware of someoneโs guilt it is up to you to sentence the party and to carry out the sentence and not to rely on heaven to intervene. When you are unaware of the identity of the guilty party, and you have made exhaustive attempts to find him without success, you may rest assured that God Himself will take care of the problem. | (ื) ืื ื ืื ืืืชื โ ืฉืืื ืฉื ืจืื ืืฆืืื. ืืขืจืคื โ ืฉืืื ืืืชื ื ืขืืืช ืืขืื ื ืื ืืจื, ืืืจื ืขื ืฉืืืจืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืกืคืง ืืืงืื ื ืขืื ืืขืื ื ืืขื, ืืฉื ืขืฉืชื ืขื ืืื ืจืืฆื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืข ืืจืืฆื ืืฆื ืืืช ืืื, ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืืข ืืฆืื ืืจืืฆื ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืืชื. (ื) ืืฉืจืชื ืืืืจื โ ืืขื ืืื ืชืืื ืืคืจื ืื ืืื ืื ืงื ืืืจืื ืืืจืฅ. ืืขื ืคืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืื ื ืืข โ ืืืืคื ืฉืื ืืงืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืื ืฉืจืื ืื ืืืืืชืืื, ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืื ื ืชืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืขืช ืืจืืื ืืืขืืืื, ืืืชืืื ืืืืจ. (ื) ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื โ ืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืฉืื ื ืืืข ืืจืืฆื ืืืจืฅ. ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื โ ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืจืืืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืจืืืื ืืื ืืชืงืืืืื ืืืืืืื. (ื) ืืคืจ ืืขืื โ ืืคืจ ืืชื ืืื ืฉืืคืื, ืืืืจื ืืดื ืณืื ืฉื ืชืืืื ืืจืืื, ืื ื ืืกืจ ืืืืืืช ืื ืืกืืื ืืืื ืขืืืืณ (ืืชืืืืช ื). ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื โ ืืืืคืจ ืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื, ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ื ืจืื ืืืชืืคืจ ืืืืื. (ื) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ โ ืื ื ืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืคืจ ืืฉืื ืชืืขืื, ืดืืืชืืด ืื ืชืืขืื ืดืชืืขืจืด ืงืืื ืฉืืคืขืื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืืื. |
Shadal Devarim 21:1-7ืฉืืดื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (ื) ืื ืืืฆื ืืื โ ืืฆืืช ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืื ื ื ืืืขื ืืชืืื ืืจืืฆื (ืืืขืช ืืจืืืดื ืืืจื ืืดื ืคืจืง ืืณ. ืืืืจืื ืืขื ืกืณ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฆืืง ืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืขืืจ), ืืื ืืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช: ืืืื, ืืืืง ืืืืื ื ืืืคืืจืกืืช ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืขืจืืื ืื ืืื, ืืฉืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืคืจ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืคื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื; ืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืืืข ืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืืื, ืืขืจืคื ืชืืชืื ืืขืืื, ืืืจืืฆื ืืืงื ืื ืืช ืืืืื, ืืกืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืืืืื ื ืงืืื, ืืืคืืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจืื. ืืืฉื ืืช ืืื ืฉืืชืืงืฃ ืืืื ืชื ืืขืื ืฉ ืืืืืข ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืคื ืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ื ืงื ืฉืืืื ื ืืฉื ืขื ืืจืฆืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืช ืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืขืืืช ืืจืืจื. ืื ืืื ื ืืขืคืดื ืฉืืืืขืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืขื ืขืจืืื ืขื ืืื ืจืขืื ืืกืชืจ ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืื ื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืข, ืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืฉืืืื ื ืืฆื, ืืชืื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืงืื ื ืขื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืฉืชืืื ืขื ืฉืืืฆื ืืจืืฆื. {ืื ืืืฆื ืืื โ ืขืงืจ ืืืฆืื ืืืืช ืื ืจืฆื ืืณ ืฉืืืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืขืจืืื ืื ืืื, ืืื ืืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืื ืืื ืืช ืฉืื, ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืืฆืืชืื, ืขืดื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืขืืืจ ืื ืืืืื. ืขืดื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืจืช ืืจืข ืืงืจืื, ืฉืขื ืื ื ืขึนื ืฉ ืืืชื ืขืื ืชืกืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืขื ืืฉื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ {ื}ืื ืื ืงื ืืงืจืื {ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ}; ืืื ื ืืฉื ืฉืึดืืื ืืคืจื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืชืจืฉื, ืื ืึดืืื ืืคืจื ืื ืขื ืื ื ืงื ืฉืื ื ืืืข ืฉืืคืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืชืจืฉืื ืืฆืืืจ ืืืืขื ืืขืืื ืืคืจืฅ ืืื ืืข ืฉืคืืืช ืื ื ืงื ืืืฉืจืื, ืืจืืืชื ืฉืื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืคืจื. ืื ืืขื ื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืจื ืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืจืืฆื.} (ื) ืื ื ืื ืืืชื โ ืจืฉืดื ืืื ืืงืืืื ืื (ืืื ืงืืืก ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืกืืจื ืืืื ื ืืจืืื) ืคืืจืฉื ื ืื ืขื ืื ืขืืง, ืืืืชื ืงืฉื, ืื ืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืกืืข ืงื ื {ืืืืืจ ืืดื:ืืดื}, {ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืชื {ืืฉืื ืืดื ืืดื},} ืืื ื ืืื; ืืืจืืืดื (ืืืืืช ืจืืฆื ืคืจืง ืืณ {ืืืื ืืณ}) ืคืืจืฉ ื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืืฃ ืืืืืง, ืืื ืฉืืืืขื ืก ืืจืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืคืืจืฉื ืืืชื ื ืฆืื, ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืขืชื ื ืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืคืืกืง, ืื ืกืชืืืขื ืืขืืืก (ืืณ:ืืดื) ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืงื ืื ืื ืืืชื, ืืืชืืืื (ืขืดื:ืืดื) ืืชื ืืืืฉืช ื ืืจืืช ืืืชื, ืืคืืจืฉื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข, ืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืฉ ืืชืื ืืขืืื ืืืืจืืข ืืงืจืงืขืืชื, ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ื ืคืืกืง ืื ืืชืื ืืขืืื ืืืืจืืข ืื. ืืืชื ืจืืื ืืืืจ, ืื ืืื ืืื ืขืืจืคืื ืืขืืื ืื ื ืื ืืืชื, ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืืคืื ืืฉืืคื ืืช ืืื; ืืื ืฉืืืฉ, ืื ืืคืื ืืื, ืื ืืื ืฆืืชื ืชืืจื ืฉืืขืจืคื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืงืจืงืข ืงืฉื, ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืจืืฉืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืชื ื ืืืข, ืขื ืืจื ื ืชืชื ืืช ืืื ืขื ืฆืืื ืกืืข ืืืืชื ืืืกืืช {ืืืืงืื ืืดื:ืืณ}, ืืื ืฉืืฆืขืง ืืืก, ืืืขื ืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืฆืืขืงืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื {ืืจืืฉืืช ืืณ:ืืณ}, ืืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืืช ืืจืืฆื (ืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืข), ืืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืคืจ ืืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืคื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืคืื, ืฆืืชื ืชืืจื ืืฉืคืื ืชืืชืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืคืจ ืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืขื ืืขื, ืืืื ืืื ืืืืคืจ ืจืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืข ืืงืจืงืข, ืืื ืืฉืคื ืขื ืฆืืื ืกืืข, ืืืคืจ ืขื ืืื ืื ืงื, ืืืืฉืงืื ืฆืขืงืชื ืฉืืื ืฆืืขืง ืื ืืืืื. ืื ืืืืื ืงืฆืช ืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืจืืื ืื ืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืืขืืื ืืขืจืืคื ืื ืื, ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืงืื ืืื, ืืื ืื ืืื, ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืชืื ืฉืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื ืื ืื, ืืื ืขื (ืืฆื) ืืขืืื ืืขืจืืคื ืื ืื, ืืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืขื ืืฉืจืชืืื, ืืืื ืืืืืื ืขืืื ืกืคื ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืืืฆืืจืืื ืืืืชื ืืฆืื. (ื) ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืื โ ืฉืื ืจืืื ื ืื ืฉืฉืคื ืืืชื, ืืจืื ืืื, ืืจืืืฆืช ืืืืื ืืขืฉืืชื ื ืงืืืช, ืืืื ืืจื ืกืืื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื {ืืฉืขืื ืืณ:ืืดื}, ืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืื ืฉืชืขืื ืขื ืืขืชื ืฉืื ืืจืืืื, ืืื ืืขืื ืืืื ื ื ืงืืืช ืืืจืืืชื ืืื ืืื, ืฉืื ืืจืื ื ืืืชืชื ืืฉืื ืคื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืืจ ืฉืืืจื ืืืจืืื ืื ืืืขืืื ืขืื ืึตืจืืฆืืื ืืืจืื. |
R. S.R. Hirsch Devarim 21:1-9ืจืฉืดืจ ืืืจืฉ ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (ื) ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืืคืืื ืืืื, ืืขืืกืงืช ืืจืฉืืืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืืืคืืช ืืช ืงืืื ืืฉืคื ืืชืืจื, ืืกืชืืืืช ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืจืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืืงืจื ืืืื ืืืืืื. ืืืงืจื ืื, ื ืงืจืืืช ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืชืืืฆื ืืคื ื ืืณ, ืืขืื ื ืื ืืฆืืืืจ, ืืื ืื ืงืืช ืขืฆืื ืืคืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืฉืื ืืชืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ืชืคืงืืื. ืืืจ ืจืืื ื ืืื ืคืขืืื, ืฉืืื ืืขืจืืื ืฉืืืคืงืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืื ืฆืืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืชืืคืกืื ืืช ืืืงืื ืืจืืฉืื. ืคืจืืืช ืื ืืืจืฅ ืชืืืื ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืงืืืฉืช ืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืขืืกืงืื ืื ื ืืืงืจื ืฉืื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืคืชืื, ืืืฆื ืืืืืื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืช ืฉืืืจืช ืืฉืคื ืืชืืจื, ืฉืืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืืจืฉืื ืืืฆืืืง ืืช ืืชื ืืืืชื ืืืฉืืจืชื. ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืื: ืื ืืืฆื โ ืดืืื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืฆืืืืด (ืกืคืจื). ืืฆืืื ืื ื ืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืื ืืจืฉืืืืช ืืืืคืืช ืขื ืฉืืืจืช ืืฉืคื ืืชืืจื ืชืงืืคื, ืืจืฆื, ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืจื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืืื ื, ืืืขื ืฉืืื ื ืืชืจืืฉ, ืืืคืืื ืืืืื ืืืคืช ืืื ืฉื ืจืฆื ืืื ืดืืฆืืืืด ืืขืืจืจืช ืืขืืืข. ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืคื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืืงืจื ืจืฆื ืืคืื ืืืขืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืชืงืืคื ืฉืืคื ื ืืืจืื ืืืช ืฉื ื, ืืจื ืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืื ื ื ืืืืช: ืดืืฉืจืื ืืจืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคืืด (ืกืืื ืื.). ืืื ืื, ืืฆืืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืช ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ื ืชืืช ืฉืืืืช ืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืฉื ืจืฆื ืืื ืืงืจื ืฉืืื: ืดโ โโ ืณืื ืืืฆืืณ ืคืจื ืืืฆืื ืกืืื ืืกืคืจ ืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืจืืื ืขืืืดืืด (ืฉื ืื:). ืืื ืืืืื... ื ืคื ืืฉืื โ ืฆืจืื ืืคืจืฉ ืื ืชืืื ืืื ืคืฉืืื ืืืฉืืขื (ืฉื): ืดโ โโ ืณืืืืณ, ืืื ืื ืืง; ืณืืืืณ, ืืื ืืคืจืคืจืด. ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืฉืืื ื ืืจื ืขื ืืื ืคืืืขื ืืฉืืจื ืืืืคื ืื ืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืง ืื ืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืจ, ืืืืฉืจ ืืฆืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืกืก. ืดโ โโ ืณืืืืืืณ, ืืื ืืืื ืืืืด โ ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืจืฅ, ืืื ืืืื ืืคืืื ืืจืขืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื. ืดโ โโ ืณื ืืคืืณ, ืืื ืชืืื ืืืืืืด โ ืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืคื ืฉื ืคื ืืฉืขื ืฉื ืืจื, ืืื ืฉื ืืงื ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืื ืชืื ืขื ืขืฅ ืื ืฉืืืกืจ ืืืงืืื ืืืจื ืืืจืช. ืดโ โโ ืณืืฉืืืณ, ืืื ืฆืฃ ืขื ืคื ื ืืืืืด โ ืืืฉืืจ ืฉืืื ืืฉืื, ืืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืื ืืฆื ืฆืฃ ืฉื. ืืื ืืืงืจืื ืฉื ืชืืขืื ืืดืืืืื... ื ืคื ืืฉืืืด, ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืจืฆืื ืืืกืชืืจ ืืช ืืืขืฉื ืืขืื ื ืืืจืื; ืืื ืืืฉืฉ ืฉืืคืฉืข ืืืืืืข ืืจืืื, ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืขื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืืช ื ืฆืืืื. ืืืชื ืงื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืช ืืืืื: ืดโ โโ ืณืืืืณ, ืืื ืื ืืง ืืื ืืคืจืคืจืด. ืืคืฆืข ืืคืขืืจ [ืดืืืืด] ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืงืจื ืฉื ืจืฆืืื, ืกืืืช ืืืืืช ืื ืืจืืจื, [ืืืืฆื ืืืืื ืืขื ืืืืช ืืื; ืื ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืดืื ืืงืด, ืฉืื ืืื ืคืฆืข, ืืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืจืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืข ืืืกืงื ื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืืขืืืช]. ืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืช ืืืืจื ืืฉืขื ืฉืืฆืืืื, ืืื ืจืง ืืืกืก [ืดืืคืจืคืจืด], ืขื ืืจืื ื ืฉืืจืืฆื ืืจื ืืืืืจืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฆืื ืืืชื, ืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืืืืช ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืืช ืขืืื. ืืฉืจ ืืณ ืืืงืื ื ืชื ืื ืืจืฉืชื โ ืืณ ื ืืชื ืื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช ืืื ืฉืชืืื ืืืงืื ืชืืฉืืื ืืงืืืืื, ืืืื ืขืืฉื ืื ืขื ืื ืช ืฉืชืืคื ืืช ืงืืื ืชืืจืชื ืืื ืืงืื ืฉืืชื ืืืฉื. ืืชื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืคืื โ ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืคื ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืขืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื โ ืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืืื. ืดืืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืขืจืืคืืด (ืกื ืืืจืื ืื:): ืื ืืงืจื ืืื ืงืจื ืกืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืขืืจ ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืืื. ืฉืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืดืื ื ืชืืืงื ืืฉืืืืืด, ืืื ืืื ื ื ืฉืืืืช ืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืกืืื, ืืื ื ืฉืืจื ืืจืฉืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืฉื ืื ืฆืืืืช ืืขืืืื ื ืฉื ืืชืืจื. ืืจืฉืืช ืืขืืืื ื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืืืืช ืื ืงืืช ืขืฆืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืชืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืชืื. ืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืื โ ืดืื ื ืืืข ืื ืืืื ืืคืืื ืืื ืืกืืฃ ืืขืืื ืื ืืื ืขืืจืคืืืด (ืฉื ืื:). ืืืงืจื ืฉืืืืข ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืคืืื ืืขึตื ืืื ืืจืืืง ืืืื, ืืืจ ืืกืชืืง ืืืฉื ืืืื ื ืืชืืื ืืืืชืึพื ืืืข. (ื) ืืืฆืื ืืงื ืื ืืฉืคืืื โ ืืงื ื ืืฉืืคืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืจื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื; ืดืืืืืืื ืฉืืฉืืคืืืืด, ืฉืืืฉื โ ืื ืืืขื ืืืจืช, ืืืืฉื โ ืืืืจื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื (ืฉื ืื:). ืื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืช ืืขืฆืื, ืดืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืืืด (ืฉื ืื.). ืืฃ ืฉืืืจื ืืื ืดืฉืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืชืืด (ืขืืื ืคืืจืืฉ, ืฉืืืช ืื, ืโื ืืื, ืื), ืืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืขืฉืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืื. ืืขืฉืืื ืืืืฉืืช ืจืืืื ืืชืืืช ืดืืืฆืืืด. ืืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืืจื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืืืชื ืืงืืืขื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืืืืช. ืืืื ืขืชื ืื ืืืืืืื ืืฆืืช ืื ืืงืื ืืขืืืจื, ืืชืืืช ืดืืืฆืืืด ืืืขืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉืืื ืื ืื ืฆืื. ืืืขื ืืื ืฉืืขืฉื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืขืฉืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืื, ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืกืื ืขื ืืื ืืคืขืื ืืฉืื, ืืฉืชืืข ืืืืคืื ืฉื ืืขื ืืื. ืฉืื ืืชื ืืืื ืฉื ืืขืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื, ืืคืืคืื ืืืจืืชื ืืคืืขืืื ืจืง ืืฉืืืืื (ืคืืจืืฉ, ืืขืื ืื, ืื). ืืขืืืจื ืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืชืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืชืืื, ืืื ืืืืืื ืขืชื ืื ืงืืช ืขืฆืื ืืคืืืื ืืืฉืื ืื. ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืช ืืืืืืช ืืขืงืืคืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืื, ืืืฉืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืคืชืื ืืืืคื ืืืฉื ืืช ืืขืฉื ืืืืืืจ ืืคืืืื. ืืืืื ืืืืณ โ ืดืืคืืื ื ืืฆื ืืขืืื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืฆืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืืืืืด (ืกืืื ืื.). ืื ืื ืคืฉืื ืืืจืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืืืื, ืขืืจ ืืกืืืืช ืืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื, ืขืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืง. ืืืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืฆืืื, ืฉืื ืืืืืื ื ืขืฉืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืื, ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืกืืืืช ืืขืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืชื ืืืช ืืื ืขืืืื, ืืื ืืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืคืืคืื ืืื; ืืืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืืื, ืืื ืฉืจืง ืืื ืืื ื ืงืจื ืืคืขืื ืืืงืจื ืื ืืืื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืชืจ (ืขืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืฉื). ืืืืื ืื ืืขืจืื โ ืืจืืจ ืืื ืืืืฉื ืฉืืชืืจื ืื ืืื ืฉืงืืืืื ืดืืงื ืืืด, ืืืจื ืืืช ืืื, ืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืืื. ืืชืืจื ืืื, ืืคืกืืง ื ืื ื ืืืจ ืดืืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืื ืืงืจืืื ืื ืืืืืด, ืืื ืดืืงืจืืืื ืื ืืืืืด; ืืื ืืืงืฉืื ืืื ืืช ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ, ืฉืืืชืื ืืืฆื, ืขืืืื ื ืืคื ืชืืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืฉืื ืืช. ืืคืืื ืดื ืืฆื ืกืืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืืืช ืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืช ืืืืด (ืกืืื ืื:). ืืื ืืชืืืฉืืช ืงืืฉืืช ืืชืืกืคืืช ืืืกืืช ืืื ืืชืจื (ืื: ืืดื ืืืืืื). ืืฆืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืขืจืื ืืกืืืื. ืืฉืื ืื, ืืคื ืฉืืืจื ื, ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืง ืื ืื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืืช ืืื โ ืืคืืื ืื ืคืฉืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืืงืจืืื ืืืชืจ. ืืืจื ืื ืืงืื ืืืขืืื ื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืฉืงืคื ืจืืฉืื ื ืืกืชืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจ ืืขื ืืื, ืื ืกืืืจืืช ืื ืืื ื ืืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉื (ืืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืคื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืื ืืชืจื ืฉื). ืืฉืจ ืกืืืืช ืืืื โ ืืืขืชื ื ืคืืจืื ืื ืืืขื ืขืจืื ืจืืืงืืช ืืืชืจ, ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืชื ืขืจืื ืฉืื ืดืกืืืืช ืืืืืด: ืืขืจืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืคืืืฉ ืืื ืืคื ืืชื ืื ืื ืฆื ืืืืื, ืื ืื ืืขืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืืจืืื (ืขืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืืคืกืืง ืืื). (ื) ืืืื ืืขืืจ ืืงืจืื ืืืืณ โ ืืืกืืช ืืื ืืชืจื (ืื:) ืืืืจืื ืืืดื ืืื: ืดืจืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืืด. ืืืฉืจ ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืฉื ืงืืขื ืขื ืืื ืืจืื ืกืืชืจืช ืืช ืืืกืชืืจืืช ืฉื ืงืืขื ืขื ืืื ืืงึดืจืื, ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืื: ืดืืืฃ ืขื ืื ืืจืืื ืืืืจืืืชื ืืงืืจืื ืืืืจืืืชื, ืืคืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืขืืืฃืด. ืขื ืคื ืืื ืื ืื ื ืงืืืขืื, ืืืฉื, ืืช ืืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืดื ืืคืื ืื ืืฆื ืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืืืืืชืด, ืืื ื ืงืื ื ืฉืขืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืขืืฃ ืฉื ืืฆืื ืืื ืฉื ื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืื. ืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืื, ืื ื ืืืจืืขืื ืขื ืคื ืืงึดืจืื; ืืื ืืืกืคืจ ืืื ื ืฉืืื, ืื ื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืื. ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืดืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืจืืืด, ืืจื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืจืง ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืืขื ืืืขืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืื ืืฆื ืืจืฉืืชื ืฉื ืืืจื; ืืืงืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืดืืืืฆืื ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืจืืืืด (ืขืืื, ืคืืจืืฉ ืฉืืืช ืื, ืื). ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืฉื ื ืฉืืืืื, ืืฃ ืืื ืืืฆืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืืง ืืคืืขื ืืืื ื, ืืืืืช ืืืขืืืช ืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืคืง. ืืคืืื ืื ื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืจืืื ืื ืืืจ ืงืืจืื. ืื ืืืงืจื ืฉื ืคืกืืงื ื, ืืงึดืจืื ืงืืืขืช ืจืง ืื ืืื ืขืจื ืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืฉ ืืกืคืจ ืฉืืื ืฉื ืชืืฉืืื; ืื ืืื, ืืืืืช ืืฆืืืช ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืขื ืืขืืจ ืขื ืืืืืืืกืืื ืืืืืื ืืืชืจ, ืืฃ ืื ืขืืจ ืืืจืช ืงืื ื ืืื ื, ืงืจืืื ืืืชืจ ืื ืืงืื ืืืื. ืืคื ืื, ืฆืจืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืช ืชืืืืช ืดืืงืจึนืืืด (ืคืกืืง ื) ืืดืืงืจึนืืืืด (ืคืกืืง ื) ืฉืืคืจืฉื ืื, ืฉืืื ืืืื ืชื ืจืง ืืงึดืจืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืงึดืจืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืชืืจืืช ืืืชืจ ืืืืื. ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืฉืืกืชืืจ ืืืืชืจ ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืืื (ืจืืืดื). ืืืื ื ืจืื ืื ื ืฉืืฉืื ืืคืกืืง ืืงืืื โ ืดืื ืืขืจืื ืืฉืจ ืกืืืืช ืืืืืด โ ืืืขืืช ืืืจ ืืช ืืขืจืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืืฅ ืืกืืืืชื ืืงืจืืื ืฉื ืืงืื ืืืื. ืืฆืืืช ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืืืืช ืืคืื ืจืง ืขื ืืืช ืืืืชื ืืขืจืื ืฉืืกืืืืชื ืืงืจืืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืขืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืืื ืืฆืืืืจืืืช ืฉืืืืื. ืืืจืืข ืื ืืืื ืกืคืง ืืืืจ ืืกืืจืืชื ืืืืืชื, ืืขืฉืืืช ืกืืจ ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืช. ื ืจืื ืื ื ืฉืขืฆื ืืฉืื ืคืกืืง ืื (ืคืกืืง ื) ืืืขืืช ืืืืื ืดืจืืื ืืขืืืืด, ืืืื ืดืจืื ืืงืจืืืด ืืืืณ ื ืืื ืจืง ืืืืชื ืกืืืื ืกืืืื (ืืื ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืื [ืจืฉืืดื ืืชืืจืช ืืืืช, ืกืืฃ ืืื ื ืืื ื ืกื; ืขืืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืืืช ืฉื]). ืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืืขืช ืืฉืืืช ืืจืืืดื (ืืืืืช ืจืืฆื ื, ื), ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืกืืช ืืื ืืชืจื (ืื:), ืดืืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืจืืืด [ืคืืจืฉืดื: ืฉืืื ืืจื ืจืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืืจืื ืืืื]. (ืขื ืืืฉืื ืืืจื ืืจืืืดื ืขื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืชืจื, ืขืืื ืืกืฃ ืืฉื ื [ืืืืืช ืจืืฆื ื, ื], ืืืจืื ืืคื ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื [ืืื ืืชืจื ืฉื], ืืืื ืืขืื. ืืขื ืืื ืืืงืฃ ืืืื ืดืจืื ืืงืจืืืด ืืืืณ, ืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืจืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืจื ืฉื.) ืืืงืื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืึดืื ืืืืณ โ ืขื ืืืืืื, ืกืืืื ืืืจื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืชืคืงืืื, ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืช ืขื ืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืืืฉื, ืืืืฉื ืืจืื ืืขืจืื; ืฉืื ืืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืขืืจืื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืขืืงืจ ื ืืืข ืืืจืืข ืื. ืืืงื ืื ืืืงืืื ืดืขืืืช ืืงืจืด (ืขืืื ืคืืจืืฉ, ืืืงืจื ื, ื). ืืืืื ืืดืขืื ืื ืืงืจืด, ืื ืดืขืืืช ืืงืจืด ืงืจืืื ืื ืขื ืกืืฃ ืฉื ืชื ืืฉื ืืื, ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช (ืขืืื ืจืดืฉ, ืคืจื ื, ื). ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืฉืื ืืขื โ ืืคืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืดืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืขืืื ืขืืด; ืฉื, ืขืฆื ืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืืืฉื ืขื ืืืืื ืคืืกื ืืืชื ืืืฉืืฉ ืืคืจื ืืืืื. ืืขืืืช ืืืช, ืขึถืืื ื ืคืกืืช ืจืง ืื ืืฉืื ืืขืื ืื ืขืฉืชื ืืืืื (ืขืืื ืกืืื ืื.). ืขึถืืื ืืืืงื ืืืคืจื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืคืืกื ืื (ืฉื; ืขืืื ืื ืคืกืืื ืื:). (ื) ืื ื ืื ืืืชื โ ืดืืืชื ืืืฉืืขื, ืงืฉืืด (ืกืืื ืื.). ืืืดื (ืฉื ืื.โ:) ืืืืืืื ืืืช ืืืคืกืืงืื: ืดืืืชื ืืืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืกืืข ืงื ืืด (ืืืืืจ ืื, ืื), ืดืฉึดืืึฐืขืึผ ืึธืจึดืื ืึถืชึพืจึดืื ืืณ ืึฐืึธืึตืชึธื ึดืื ืึนืกึฐืึตื ืึธืจึถืฅืด (ืืืื ื, ื). ืคืืจืืฉ ืืดืืืจ ืฉืืขืด ืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืื, ืฉืดื ืื ืืืชืืด ืืื ืืืื ืกืืขืืช, ืงืฉื, ืืื ื ืื ืฉืฉืืืฃ ืืืืืงื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืจืืืดื (ืืืืืช ืจืืฆื ื, ื), ืฉืื ืืคื ืืจืืืดื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืฉืืขืืช ืดืืืชืืด ืืืคืกืืง ืดืึทืชึธึผื ืืึนืึทืฉึฐืืชึธึผ ื ึทืึฒืจืึนืช ืึตืืชึธืืด (ืชืืืืื ืขื, ืื). ืืขื ืืืจืช (ืกืืื ืื:) ืืคืจืฉืช ืฉืดืืืชืืด ืืื ืืฉื, ืขืชืืง, ืืืืืืช ืดืึผืึนื ืึตืืชึธื ืืึผื ืึผืึนื ืึตืขืึนืึธื ืืึผืืด (ืืจืืืื ื, ืื). ืื ืืืข ืืืงืืจ ืืืฆื ืืืืื, ืขืืื ืคืืจืืฉ, ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืืโืื. ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืข โ ืืืื ืืืืื ืืกืืจ ืืขืึตึผื ืืช ืืืืช ืืืงืื ืืื (ืขืืื ืกืืื ืื:). ืืขืจืคื ืฉื โ ืดืขืืจืคืื ืืืชื ืืงืืคืืฅ ืืืืืจืืืด (ืฉื ืื:). ืืืจืืื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืืชืื ืืกืืื ืืืื ืืืืง ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืฆืืืืจ. ืดืืขืจืคื ืฉื: ืฉื ืชืื ืงืืืจืชืืด (ืืจืืชืืช ื. ืืจืฉืดื ืฉื): ืืื ืชืืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืชืืงืืจ ืฉื. ืืื ืืกืืจื ืืื ืื, ืืืืกืืจ ืื ืขืืื ืืชืืงืคื ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืืจ ื ืขืฉื ืืขืฉื ืืขืจืืคื. ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืกืืจื ืื ืื, ืฉืืืกืืจื ืืกืชืืื ืืฉื ืขืฉื ืืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืื: ืดืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืฆืืชื ืืืืขืืื ืืืด (ืืจืืชืืช ื.; ืขืืื ืคืืจืืฉ, ืืืงืจื ื, ื). ื ืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืจื ืฉื ืืกืื ื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืืชืจืืืช ืืืฉื: ืืฉืืขืืชื ืฉื ืืขืืื ืืขืจืืคื ืงืืืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื ืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืืจ ืื, ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืจ ืื ืื ืชืืืื (ืขืืื ืคืืจืืฉ, ืืืื ืคืกืืง ื). (ื) ืื ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืืณ โ ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืื (ืคืกืืง ื) ืืืืืจื ืืช ืืืจื ืื ืงืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืคืกืืง ื, ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืขื ืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื ืืืคืจื ืืืืืจื ืืคืกืืง ื. ืืืื ืื ืืืกืืืขืื ืืืคืืขืืื ืืชืืืื ืื, ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืชืืื ืจืืืชึพืืคื ืื: ืื ืดืืืื ืืืด, ืฉืขืืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืดืืืืืืด ืืืขืืื ืืจืืื ืึพืืืกืจื (ืืฉืืื ืคืืจืืฉ, ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืืโืื ืืกืืฃ). ืื ืดืื ื ืืืืด, ืืืืง ืืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืณ ืืงืจื ืืืืื. ืื ื ืืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืณ ืดืืฉืจืชืืด: ืื ืืขืฉื ืืืงืืฉื ืืช ืืืขืฉืื ืืกืืืืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืึธืื ืช ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืฆืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืขื ืคื ืจืฆืื ืืณ. ืดืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืณโ โโ ืด: ืขืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉึธื ืืฉืื ืืืืืืจืช ืฉื ืงืืฉื ืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืชืืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืชืคืงืืืื ืืืชืืืืื ืืืืคื ืกืืื. ืืืืกืืฃ, ืดืืขื ืคืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืื ืืื ื ืืขืด: ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืืฅ ืืืงืืฉ, ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืงืืื ืืชืืจื, ืฆืจืืืื ืืืชืขืจื โ ืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื โ ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืฆืืง ืืื ืืืฉ ืืืืื; ืืื ืืื ืฉืฆืจืืืื ืืืชืขืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืช ืดืืฆืืข ืืืืงืืืด ืืืงืื ืฉื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืจืชื ืืืืืืขื ืื ืืช ืืืช ื ืืืคืชื [ืืืื ื ื ืืข ืืฆืจืขืช]. ืื ืืืกืืืืช ืืืื, ืื ืืืืกืื ืฉืืื ืืณ ืืืืื, ืื ืืืืจื ืืจืขืืื ืืช ืืืงืืื ืืืขืฉื ืฉื ืืชืืจื โ ืขื ืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืื โ ืื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืืกืื ื ืขื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืจืฆื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืจืฉืืืืชืื ืืชืืืืกื ืืืื ืืืืกืจ ืืืคืชืืืช. ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืงืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืคืืฃ ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืื, ืืื ืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืขืืืื ืืช ืฉื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืณ ืขื ืืฉืจืื. ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืจืฆื ืขื ืืืืช ืชืืจืช ืืณ ืืืืื ืืขื ืืชืืจื ืื, ืชืืืื ืืจื ืื ืฆืืืื, ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืกืื ื ืืช ืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืฆื. ืืื ืืืขื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืื, ืชืื ืืฆืืช ืื ืชืืื ืืชืืื, ืืกืืจ ืืขืฉื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืืชืขืื ืืื ืฉืกืืืข ืืืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืจืง ืืืืจ ืืขืจืืคื. ืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืขืจืืคื ืืคืืื ืงืฉืจ ืืืฉืื ืืืฉืืขืืช ืฉื ืงืจืื. ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืืืคื ืืืืชื ืืคืจื ืืืืื, ืฉืื ืกืืจ ืืขืฉืื ื ืืกืจ ืืืืงื ืืืื. (ื) ืืื ืืงื ื ืืืืณ ืืงืจืืื ืืืืณ โ ืขืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืคืกืืงืื ืโื. ืืจืืฆื ืืช ืืืืื โ ืจืืืฆืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืคื ืืจืืจ ืืขืฉื ืกืืื ืืืฆืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืงืืืช, ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืขืฉืืื ื ืงืืื ืืื ืืฉืื โ ืืฉืืจื ืื ืขืงืืคื โ ืืืืืจืข ืื; ืืฉืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืจืืฆื ืืจื ืืืขืื ืืืื. (ื) ืืขื ื ืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืืืณ โ ืชืืืืช ืืื ืืชืืืจืืช ืืืฉื ื (ืกืืื ืื:) ืื: ืดโ โโ ืณืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืืืณ, ืืื ืขื ืืขืชืื ื ืขืืชื ืฉืืงื ื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืื? ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืด, ืืืคืจืฉ ืจืฉืดื: ืดืื ื ืืจื ืขื ืืืื ื, ืฉืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืฆืจื ืืืกืื ืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืขื ืืื ืื ื ืืจืืด. ืืืฉืื ืืืืช ืขืืืื ืื ืงืืช ืืช ืขืฆืื. ื ืจืื ืืจืฉืดื ืฉืืืฉื ื ื ืืืจ ืจืง: ืดืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืด, ืืืืื ืชืืืืช ืดืืื ืืืืืด ืืดืืื ืืืืืืด ืืชืืืกืคื ืืืฉื ื ืืืจืืืชื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืจ. ืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืฉื ื ืจืง: ืดืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืด, ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืืจืช: ืดืจืื ื ืืืื (ืืืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื) ืคืชืจืื ืงืจืืื ืืืืจื, ืืจืื ื ืืชืื (ืืืื ืืื) ืคืชืจืื ืงืจืืื ืื ืืจื; ืจืื ื ืืืื ืคืชืจืื ืงืจืืื ืืืืจื: ืฉืื ืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื, ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืืขืื ื ืขื ืืืื ื; ืืจืื ื ืืชืื ืคืชืจืื ืงืจืืื ืื ืืจื: ืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืคืจื ืกืืด. ืืืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืคืจืฉืื ืืช ืืคืกืืง ืขื ืืจืืฆื: ืื ืงืจื ืฉืืื ืืืืข ืืืืื ื ืืืคืฉืจื ื ืื ืืืืช ืืืคืฉื; ืื ืจืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืขืืื ื ืขืื ืืืฉืืชื. ืืืื ืืื ืืคืจืฉืื ืืช ืืคืกืืง ืขื ืื ืจืฆื: ืื ืงืจื ืฉืืื ืืืืข ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืืื ื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืืื; ืื ืจืืื ื ืืืชื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืื. ืืืฉืงืคื ืจืืฉืื ื, ืคืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ื ืจืื ืืกืชืืจ ืืืชืจ. ืฉืื ืืจืืฆื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ื ืืืืข, ืืืืื ืื ืจืฆื โ ืืืชืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืขืืจ ืืืืืชื ืืืืขื, ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืจืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืจืฉืืืืช ืืขืืจ ืฉืืจืืฆื ืื ืจืื ืืืืข ืืื ื. ืืืื ืืืืจ ืขืืื ื ืืกืฃ ื ืจืื ืฉืืื ืืกืืืข ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืื ืืื. ืขืฆื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื, ืดืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืืืด ืืืืณ, ืืืืืื ืฉืืืงื ืื ืื ืงืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืฉื ืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืขืืืจื, ืืืื ื ืืืงืฉืื ืื ืงืืช ืขืฆืื ืขื ืฉืืขืืืื ืขืื ืืืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืขืฉื ืืจืฆืืื. ืืชืืจื ืืื, ืืคื ืฉืฆืืื ื ืืคืกืืง ื ืืงืฉืจ ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืื ื ืฉื, ืืฆืืืช ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืขืืกืงืช ืืืงืจื ืฉืื ืจืฆื ืืืฉืืจ ืืืื ืืืืืง ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืฉืขืช ืืจืืืชื, ืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืขื ืืจืฉืืืืช. ืืื ื, ืืฉ ืจืง ืืงืจื ืืื ืฉืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฆืืง ืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืฉืื ืฉืจื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืื, ืฉืขืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืงื ืงืฉื, ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ื ืืืฅ ืืืกืื ืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืืชืื ืืื ืืขืฉืื ืงื ืืืื ืืืืชืงืฃ ืืืจื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ื ืคืฉื. ืืืงืจื ืืื, ืืจืืฆื ืืฃ ืืื ืคืฉืข, ืืืฉ ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืขื ืื ืจืฆื. ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืชืืื ืื ืฉืจื ืืขืืจ, ืฉืืขืืืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืฆืืงืชื ืืงืฉื ืฉื ืื ืจืฆื ืืืชืจืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืขื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืืื. ืืืชื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืื ืขื ืืจืืฆื: ื ืืืฉ ืขื ืืื ืฉืจื ืืขืืจ, ื ืืชืจ ืืจืืฆื ืืืฆืืงื ืืืืื ืืื, ืขื ืฉื ืืงืง ืืืกืื ืืช ืืืจืืืช ืืืืจืื ืชืื ืืื ืื. ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื ืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืงืจื ืฉืื ืืจื ืืื ืืืฆืืงื ืืืืื, ืืฉืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืงืจื, ืืจืืฆื ืืฃ ืืคืฉืข ืืืืืืื [ืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืืคืืช ืขื ืฉืจื ืืขืืจ]. ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืง ืืชืืืื ืืืืื. ืฉืื ื ืชืื ืช ืืืคืฉืจืืช ืืืื ืืฆืืช ืื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื, ืืืืืจื ืฉื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืฉื ืดืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืืืด, ืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืฆื ืฉืฉืจื ืืขืืจ ืืฉืชืชืคื ืืืืคื ืืืฉื ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืืจื, ืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืืืจ ืื [ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืื ืืฆืืช ืื ืืขืืจ ืืื ืืืื] ื ืืืจ ืืคืืจืืฉ ืฉื ืดืืขืื ืื ื ืื ืจืืืด. ื ืืฆื ืฉืืคื ืืชืืืื ืืืื, ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื: ืดืืืืจื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ื ืขืื ืืืฆืืงื ืงืฉื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืืืืฅ ืขื ืืื ืืขืื ื ืืขืืืจ ืขืืืจื!ืด ืืืืืืจ ืขื ืืชืื ืดืฉืคืึปืืด, ืขืืื ืคืืจืืฉ, ืืืงืจื ืื, ื. ืืชืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื, ืืืืื ื ืืืจ: ืดืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืึธืืด. ืืืื ืืจืขืืื ืฉืืคื ืื ื ืืฃ ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืืชืื ืื: ืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืจืง ืืฉื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืฆืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืฆืืื. (ื) ืืคืจ ืืขืื โ ืืืจ ืืืจื ื ืฉืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืขืื ืืงืฉื ืื ืืืคืจื. ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืืืืื ืื ืชืคืงืื ืืขืจืืคื; ืื ืืกืืืขืื ืจืง ืืืืจืืช ืื ืงืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉื ืืืงื ืื, ืืจืง ืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืืขืื ืืช ืืืงืฉื ืืืคืจื. ืืืกืงื ื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืื, ืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืขืจืืคื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืืชื ืืงืืืช ืืืืชืคืื ืืืคืจื. ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช โ ืืืงื ืื ืืืืงืฉืื ืืคืจื ื ืืฉืืื ืขืื ืืื ืื ืืงืืจ ืคืืืช ืืืืื. ืดืืืงืืชื ืืชืื ืื ืืขืืด โ ืืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืืฉืื ืื ื ืืืื (ืฉืืืช ื, ื). ืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืขื ืืณ, ืืคืชื ืืืื ืืืจืชืืื ืืืืฉืชืชืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืจืฆืื ืืณ ืืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืณ, ืืืื ืืืจืชืืื ืื ืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืฉืืืืช ืงืืื ืืฆืืืช ืขืฉื ืืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืชืืช ืฉืืืื ืืณ ืืืืื ืืืฆืืง. ืดืื ืืขืืด, ืขื ืฉืืื ืืืณ โ ืืื ืืดืขืืืด ืฉืืงืฉืช ืืืคืจื ืืชืืืืกืช ืืืื. ืืดืขื ืืณโ โโ ืด ืืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืดืขื ืืณโ โโ ืด, ืื ื ืฆืืืื, ืืขืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืคืช ืืจืื ืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉื ืืขื: ืดืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืด. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉื ืขืฉืชื ืขืืืจื ืืงืจืื ื, ืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ื ืงื ืืขืืืจืืช ืืืื! ืืชืืืืกืืช ืื ืืขื ืฉื ืคืื ืืืฆืจืื ื ืชืคืกืช ืืขืืืง ืืืื ืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืืกืืช ืืืจืืืช (ื.): ืดโ โโ ืณืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช ืืณโ โโ ืณ, ืจืืืื ืืคืจื ืื ืฉืชืืคืจ ืขื ืืืฆืื ืืฆืจืืืด. ืื ืืืืช ืฉืืงืื ืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื, ืฉืืืืฉ ืขืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืื ืืคืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืฅ ืืืืช ืขืื ืื ืืขืืืจ ืขืืืจื, ืื ืฉื ืฆืืื ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืืฆื ืืืคืช ืื ืจืฆื ืืืืืจืื ืืคืืืื ืืืฆืคืื ื ืงื ืืคื ื ืืณ: ืดืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืด โ ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืืืจื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืฅ ืืืืช ืขืื ืื ืืขืืืจ ืขืืืจืืด โ ืืืื ืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืจื ืืฉืืืืช ืืชืืจืช ืืฆืืง ืืืืกื ืฉื ืืณ. ืืืชื ื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื, ืขื ืฉืืคืืื ืื ืืืจืืช ืืขืืจ (ืืืฆืืืช ืืฆืจืื ืืขื ืื ื) ืืจืื ืืืืื, ืืชืืคืจ ืืื ืืชืืจ ืืืืชืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืื. ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืืืืกืืช ืื ืขื ืฆืืง ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืืื, ืขื ืฉืืื ืืจืืืืช ืืืคืจืข ืืช ืื ืืืจืืช ืืขืืจ ืฉืืฉืืจืฉืืื ืืฆืื ืืืชื ืืืื ื. ืงืฉืืจ ืืื ืืจืขืืื ืื ืืกืฃ ืฉื ื ืฆืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืื: ืดืืื ืืืชื ืืฆืืืืจืด (ืฉื). ืื ืืืจืืช ืืขืืจ, ืฉืืืจ ืขืืจื ืืืืคื ืื ืืขืืื, ืขืืื ืืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืื. ืืคืจื ืฉืืจืืฉ ืืงื ืืืื ืืขืื ืขื ืขืืืื ื ืฉื ื ืืืช ืืฉืืจืฉ ืืืงืืจืืช, ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืช ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืืืชื ืคืจื ืฉืืจืืฉ. ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืจืฉ ืืืืืช ืืืืช, ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืช ื ืืฆืืื ื ืืืืืชื ืฉื ืื ืื ืืืืจืื. ืืคืืื, ืืคื ืฉืืืืจื ืืืืจืช ืฉื, ืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืชื ืืขืืื (ืขืืื ืคืืจืืฉ, ืืืงืจื ื, ืื) ืืื ื ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืช ืฆืืืืจ. ืืื ืชืชื ืื ื ืงื ืืงืจื ืขืื ืืฉืจืื โ ืืฉืืื ืดืึฐืึทืึพืชึดึผืชึตึผื ืขึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึธึผื ื ึธืงึดืืืด (ืืื ื ื, ืื). ืขืชื, ืืฉืืฆืืืืจ ื ืืงื ืืช ืขืฆืื ืืคืืื ืืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืืืชื ืืฉืืจื ืืขืืืจื, ืื ืชืืชื ืืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืื, ืขื ืชืืฆืืืชืื, ืืืคืื ืขื ืืืื. ืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืชืืจื ืฉืงืืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืืคืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืืจืข ืื. ืดืื ึดืึทึผืคึตึผืจืด ืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืฆืจืคืช ืืชืคืขื ืื ืคืขื: ืชืืขืฉื ืืื ืืคืจื ืขื ืืื, ืืืื ืืชืืคืจ ืขื ืืื. ืืืื ืืืืจ, ืฉืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืืจืข ืขืฆืื, ืืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืืืืจ ืืชืืืืก ืืจืืื ืืืืืจืข ืืงืืื ืืช ืืืฆืืื ืืงืฉืืจื ืืืื, ืชืืื ืืื ืืคืจื. ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืื ื ื ื ืื ืืช ืืื ืืงืืืฉืื; ืื ืืืืจ ืฉืขืฉืืืช ืกืืจ ืืฆืืืชื ืคืืขืืช ืืคืจื, ื ืืืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืงืืืฉืื: ืดืืคืจื ืืชืื ืื ืืงืืฉืืืด. ืืื ืืกืืจ ืฉืชืืื ืืจืืคื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืคื ืฉืืืจ ื ืืืจ ืืขืื ืืื ื ื ืคืกืืช ืืืื (ืืืืื ืื.); (ืกืืืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืขืืื ืื ืจืื ืืขืื ื ืืืกืฃ ืืฉื ื ืืืืืืช ืจืืฆื [ื, ื].) ืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืกืืจื ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืื, ืืืจืืข ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืงืจืงืข ืืงืฉื ืืกืืขืืช: ืดืืจืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืกืจืชืืด (ืงืืืืฉืื ื ื.) (ืืืคื ืฉืืืจ ืฆืืื ืืขืื [ืขื ืคืกืืง ื] ืืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืกืืจื ืื ืืืืจ ืขืจืืคืชื). ืืคืืื ืื ืืขืฉืื ืฆืจืืืื ืืืืขืฉืืช ืืืื: ืดืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืจืืคืช ืืขืืืืด (ืืืืื ื:โืื.). ืืืื ืขืจืืคืช ืืขืืื โ ืืืืื ืืืืืงืช ืืืืช ืืขืืฃ ืืขืืืช ืืขืืฃ โ ืืืขืืื ืดืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืืืด (ืืืืื ืข:). ื ืืชืจ ืื ื ืขืชื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืจืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืจืืคืช ืืขืืื ืื ืื ืืืืชื. ืขื ืคื ืืฉืื ืืืงืจื ืืคืืจืืฉื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื, ืืืจืืชื ืฉื ืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืื ืงื ืืืชื ืจืง ืืืืฉื ืืจืืืง ืืืชืจ ืฉื ืืฉืชืชืคืืช ืขืงืืคื ืืกืืืช ืืขืืืจื, ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉื ืฉื ืืืฉื ืืคืฉืื ืืืชืจ ืฉืืชืื ืืืกืจ ืืืคืชืืืช ืื ืืชืจืฉืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืจืืื ืืืื. ืืคืืื ืกืืืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืขืจืืคืช ืืขืืื ื ืืชื ืช ืืืืื ืกืืื ืืืืืจื ืืจืื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืจืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืช ืืจืฆื. ืืคื ืื ืืขึถืืื ืืกืืืช ืืช ืืจืืฆื; ืืืืขืฉืื ืื ืขืฉืื ืื, ืืชืืฆืืืชืืื, ืืืืฆืืื ืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืจืฆื. ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืื, ืืืฉืื ืืืืื (ืกืืื ืื.) ื ืจืื ืฉืืขืืื ืืกืืืช ืื ืืช ืืจืืฆื ืืื ืืช ืื ืจืฆื. ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืฉื: ืดืืคื ื ืื ืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืืื ืขืืื ืื ืื? ืืืจ ืืงืืดื: ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ืขืฉื ืคืืจืืช, ืืืขืจืฃ ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืขืืฉื ืคืืจืืช, ืืืืคืจ ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืคืืจืืช. ืืื ืคืืจืืช? ืืืืืื ืคืจืื ืืจืืื, ืืื ืืขืชื ืืืงื ืืืกืจืืก ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืขืจืคืื ื? ืืื ืืฆืืืชืด. ืืืื ืืื ืกืคืง ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืกืืช ืกื ืืืจืื (ื ื:) ืจืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืช ืืืช ืืื ืื ืขืฉืืช ืืจืืฆื: ืดืืืงืฉื ืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, ืื ืืืื ืืกืืืฃ ืืื ืืฆืืืจ, ืืฃ ืืื ืืกืืืฃ ืืื ืืฆืืืจ, ืื ืื ืืืืืด ืืืืณ, ืขืืื ืฉื. ืืืืืจ ืขืืื ื ืืกืฃ ื ืจืื, ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืกืืช ืกืืื ื ืืงืืช ืืืืชื ืฉืืื. ืฉืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืขืืื ืืืคืจืช ืขื ืฉืืืืช ืขืชืืื ืฉื ืื ืจืฆื; ืื ืืคืจื ืืื ืืื ื ื ืชืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืืคื ืื ืจืฆื, ืืื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืจืฆื ืืช ืขืชืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืชื ืฉืื ืืืืื. ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืช ืขืชืืื ืืืจืฆื, ืืื ืขืฆืื ืืื ืื ืขืชืื ืืขืืื ืืื; ืืื ืงืฆืจื ืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืื, ืชืขืฉื ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืงืืช ืืช ืืืื ืฉืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื. ืืื ืชืงืืื ืืขืชืื, ืืื ืืืื ืื ืงืฆื ืขื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืขืชืื. ืืคื ืื, ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขึถืืื ืืกืืืช ืื ืืช ืื ืจืฆื ืืื ืืช ืืจืืฆื ืฉืขืืืื ืืืืื; ืืืื ืืืืฆืืช ืืช ืชืืฆืืืช ืืจืฆื, ืฉืืฉืืื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืืจืืฆื: ืื ืจืืฆื ื ืขืฉื ืืฉืขืช ืืจืฆื ืืฉืืื ืชืงืืื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืฉืืื; ืืื ืืืคื ืืืืืช ืืื ืดืขืืืช ืืงืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืฉืื ืืขืืด, ืืืืื ืืชืืชืื ืชืืขืฉื ืดื ืื ืืืชื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืขืด, ืืื ืืืื ืื ืงืืฆื. ืืชืืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืจืืฆื ืืจืืฉืื: ืดืื ืชืขืื ืืช ืืืืื ืื ืชืกืฃ ืชืช ืืืื ืื ื ืข ืื ื ืชืืื ืืืจืฅืด (ืืจืืฉืืช ื, ืื). (ื) ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ โ ืื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืืืคื ืกืืื ืืขืืื ืืขืจืืคื, ืืืขืฉื ืืจืืฆื ืขื ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืื, ืืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืขืฉืื ืืืขืืื ืืืื. ืื ืงืืื ืืฆืืืช ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืื ื ืคืืืจ ืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ืื, ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืจืืฆื ืืืืช ืืื (ืขืืื ืกืืื ืื.โ:; ืชืืกืคืืช, ืืชืืืืช ืื: ืืดื ืืืืดื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื). |
Hoil Moshe Devarim 21:4-5ืืืืื ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (ื) ื ืื ืืืชื โ ืืขืชื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขื ืืืฆืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืืืข ืืงืจืงืข ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืงืื ื ืงืืช ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืืคื ืืื ืฉืืชืืคืจ ืืื ืืื, ืฉืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืคืกืืง ืืณ, ืืื ืื ืืื ืข ืฉืื ืืืดื ืืืฆืื ืืจืืฆื ืืืืชืืื; ืืฉืจืฉ ืืคืจ ืืืจืืชื ืืกื, ืืื ืืืคืจืช ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืืืฅ ืืืคืจ (ืคืจืฉืช ื ื), ืืืดื ื ืดื ืฉื ืื ืืืชื ืขื ืื ื ื ืื ืฉืืืฃ ืืืืจื ืจึธืืืขื ืืืืืขืจ (ืืืืื ืฉืืดื), ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืืคืื ืืฉืืคื ืืช ืื ืืขืืื, ืืื ืืชื ืืืืฉืช ื ืืจืืช ืืืชื (ืชืืืื ืขืดื:ืืดื); ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืจืื ืืฉ, ืฉืืฉืืคื ืืืืืข ืืืืชื, ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืชื (ืืฉืื ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืืงื ืืงืฉื; ืืืืืจืช ืืฉ ื ืืืจ ืื ืฉื ืืืฉ ืฉืขื ืื ื ืืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื (ืจืืฉ ืคืจืณ ืฉืื), ืืฉื ืื ืืื ืฉืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืืดื:ืืดื), ืืดื ืฉื ืืืข ืืืืชื ืืืืืชื ืื ืืืื ืืจืฅ; ืื ืื ืขื ืื ื ืื ืืขืืง ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืจืช ืื, ืืืจื ืื ืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืืดื:ืืณ) ืืขืืง, ืืืขืืืจื ืืช ืื ืื (ืคืจืฉืช ืืืฉืื) ืืืื ืืืื. ืดืืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืขืด ืืืกื ืืื ืืขืืง ืฉืืืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืืืฃ ืื ืืคืขืืื, ืื ืืืจืขื ืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืจืืง, ืืคื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืืฃ ืคืจื ืืืืขื; ืืืขืืง ืืื ืขืืจืคืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืกืื ืืืชื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืฉืืฃ ืื ืื ืื ืงืื, ืืืืณ ืื ืืื ื ืืืกืื ืขื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืขืืื, ืืื ืื ื ืขืื ืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืืคืฉื ืืืจืื, ืืขืืดืฉ ืืคืจืณ ืืืืฉ ืขื ืืืจื ืืช ืืขืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืฉืื ืคืจืขื ืืฉืืช ืืืชื, ืืื ืืดืฉ ืจืืฉ ืคืจืณ ืืงืช ืขื ืขื ืื ืคืจื ืืืืื; ืืืืืข ืฉืืืืื ืืงืืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืืืืช ืืคืืช ืืจืื ืืฉืื ืืจืื ืืฃ ืืืืืืื ืืืงืจืื ืืื ืืืขืืื ืฉืืงืจืื ืืช; ืืืชืืจื ืืืฃ ื ืืืืก ืืืืจ ืื, ืืืคืจืช ืขืื ืืจืฆืืื ืืืืืจ, ืฆืืชื ืืขืจืืฃ ืขืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืช ืจืืืช ืืฉืจื; ืืืฆืื ื ืืดื ืฉื ืขืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืฉื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืจืฉืชื ืืขืืืชื (ืฉืืคืืื ืืดื:ืืดื) ืืขืืื ืืฉืช ืืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืืณ:ืืณ). (ื) ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืืื โ ืื ืืืงื ืื ืืืฉืืคืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืกืืณ ืืณ. |
R. David Zvi Hoffmann Devarim 21 Introductionืจืณ ืืื ืฆืื ืืืคืื ืืืจืื ืืดื ืืงืืื
| ืคืจืฉืช ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืืฉืืืื ืืช, ืืชืืจ ื ืฆืืืืช ืืฆืืืืจ, ืืืืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืขื ืืฉ ืืช ืืจืืฆื ืืืื ืืข ืื ืืื ื ืชืงืืืช, ืืืชืื ืื ืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืกืืืืืช ืขืืืจ ืื ืืืื ื ืคืฉ. ืขื ืื, ืื ืืืจืข ืืงืจื ืจืฆื ืืื ืขืืชื ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืจืืฆื, ื ืชืืืืื ืืืืื ืืคืจื, ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืจืืืช ืืืืืืช ืขืืืื. ืืืืจืช ืจืืฉ ืืืืจืืืช ืืขื, ืชืฉืื ืืืืก ืืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืจื ืืื ืืขื ืฉืช ืืจืืฆื. ืื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืงืจื ืื: ืดืื ืืืฆืืด, ืดืืืืด, ืดืืืืืืด, ืดืืฉืจ ... ืืจืฉืชืืด, ืดื ืืคืืด, ืดืืฉืืืด, ื ืืจืฉ ืขื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื (ืกืืื ืืดื:; ืืดื:) ืฉืืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืื ืืืืช ืขืืื ืขืจืืคื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืจืฉื ืืืจืื ืคืจืฉืืืช. |
R. David Zvi Hoffmann Devarim 21:7-9ืจืณ ืืื ืฆืื ืืืคืื ืืืจืื ืืดื:ืืณ-ืืณ
| (ื) ืืขื ื ืืืืจื โ ืืจืฉืืดื ืืคืจืฉ ืฉืืื ืืชืืืืก ืื ืื ืืืื ืื. ืืืงื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืขื ื ืืงืื ืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืงืืืฉ (ืืฉื ื ืืกืคืจื); ืืืงื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื ืืืืณ, ืืืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืคืจ ืืขืื ืืืืณ. ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืื โ ืฉื ืื ื ืืืฉื ืชื ื (ืกืืื ืืดื:): ืดืืื ืขื ืืขืชื ื ืขืืชื ืฉืืงื ื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืด. ืืคืืจืืฉ ืจืฉืดื ืฉื ืืฉืืข, ืฉืื ืืื ืืืจืก ืืื ืดืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืด, ืืืคื ืื ืจืื ืืืื ื ืืกื ืกืคืจื ืืืคืืก ืฉืืืืื ื ืขื ืคื ืืืจืืืชื (ืืดื.). ืืื ืชืืกืคืช ืืืช ืืื ื ืืื ืืืขืช ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืื. ืืืืื ืืขืช ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืจืช ืืืจืืฉืืื ืฉื: ืดืจืื ืื ืืืื ืคืชืจืื ืงืจืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืื ืื ืืชืื ืคืชืจืื ืงืจืืื ืื ืืจื (ืจืืืชืื ื ืืื โ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื โ ืคืืชืจืื ืืช ืืืงืจื โ ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉื ื โ ืืืืจื, ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉื โ ืืืื โ ืคืืชืจืื ืืช ืืืงืจื ืื ืืจื). ืจืื ืื ืืืื ืคืชืจืื ืงืจืืื ืืืืจื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื (ืืืืืจ ืื ืืขืื ืฉ). ืืื ืจืืื ืืื (ืืืืืจ ืจืืื ื ืืช ืืืืชื) ืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืืขืื ื ืขื ืืื ื, ืจืื ืื ืืืชื ืคืชืจืื ืงืจืืื (ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉื ื) ืื ืืจื, ืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืคืจื ืกืืด. ืชืจืืื ืืื ืชื ืืชืจืื ืืฃ ืืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื: ืดืืื ืงืื ืืณ ืืื ืืชื ืืืืื ื ืืคืืจื ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืื. ืฉื ื ืืคืืจืืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืื ืืคืจืฉ ืดืืืื ืืด ืดืืขืื ืื ืืด ืฉืืืชืื. ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืืจืืฉืืื ืดืืืื ืืด ืคืืจืืฉื ืจืฉืื ืืช ืืืขืฉื ืืืืื, ืืืืื ื ืฉืืจืืฆื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืคืืจืืื ืืืืช ืจืฉืื ืืช; ืดืขืื ืื ืืด ืคืืจืืฉื ืขืืืช ืืืื, ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืจืื ืืช ืืืืช ืืจืืฆื ืืืฉืืฉื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืชื ืฉืื ืืืืื. ืืืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืืงื ืื, ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืื, ืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืืืจืื ืืช ืืจืืฆื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืชืคืื ืืจืฆื. ืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืื, ืืืืืง ืขื ืคืืจืืฉ ืื ืกืืืจ, ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืคืืืจ ืืช ืืจืืฆื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืงืจืืชื ืดืฉืืคื ืืืด ืืืฉ, ืขื ืื ืคืืจืฉ ืืช ืืืื ืช ืืืฉื ื ืฉืืืงื ืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืืจืื ืืืืชืชื ืฉื ืื ืืจื ืขื ืืื ืฉืื ืขืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืื. ืืื ื ืขืืืื ืืฉ ืืืืืงืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืขืช ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืื ืืืคื. ืืชืืืื ืืืื ืคืืจืฉื ืฉืดืืืื ืืด ืืืื ื ืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืดืืขืื ืื ืืด ืืืื ื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืงืื ืกืื ื ืืขืืืืื ืืื ืืืื. ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืื ืืขื ืื ืืืจ: ืดืืืื ืืด ืืืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ื, ืืืืืจ ืืจืฉืืชื ื, ืืื ื ืชืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืืชื (ืืื ืคืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืฉืืกืคืจื), ืดืขืื ืื ืืด ืืืื ื ืคืจื ืกื, ืฉืื ืจืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืคืจื ืกื. ืื ืืขืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืจื ืืฉืคืืืืช ืืืื. ืืคืืจืฉ ืจืฉืดื ืฉืืขื ื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืกืื ืืช ืืืจืืืช, ืืขื ืืื ืื ื ืืจื. ืืืืืจื ืคืืจืืฉ ืื ืืืืง. ืื ืจืื ืืคืจืฉ, ืฉืืขื ื ืืืืงืฉ ืืืืชื (ืดืคืจื ืกืืด ืืืจืืฉืืื) ื ืืื ืืืงืืืืช ืืจืืืงืื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืืคืื ืืืื ืจืืฆื. ืืขืืืื ืฆืจืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืชืืืื ืืืืื, ืืคื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืงื ืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืช. ืืืฉ ืืืืจ, ืฉืืืงื ืื ืื ืจืืฉื ืืขืืจ ืฉืื ืฆืจืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืืื ืขืืืื. ืื ืืฉืื ืดืืืช ืืืืด ืฉืืืฉื ืชื ื ืืืจื ืขื ืชืคืงืืื ืืืืื ืื. ืืืืฉืื ืดืคืืจื ืืืืด ืื ืื ืืฉืืข ืงืฆืช ืืคืืจืืฉ ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, ืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืื ืขืืงืจ ืืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืดืคืืจื ืืืืด ืืื ืืดืืื ืืืืืด, ืืื ืื ืขืืงืจ ืืกืจ ืื ืืกืคืจ (ืืืื ืืฉ ืืืืฉื ืงืฆืช ืขื ืคื ืคืืจืืฉ ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื: ืดืืคืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืด, ืืื ืฉืืืืจืืื ืืฉืื ืดืืื ืื ืืืืด ืืื ืกืชืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื). ื ืคืจืฉ ืขื ืื ืืช ืืืฉื ื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืจืืืชืื ื ืฉืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื (ืืฉืื ืขืื ืืืื ืืคืกืืง ืืณ). ืืฉืื ืื ืืช ืืขืจืชื ืืฉื ืชืื ืืคืจื ืงืคืืจืืื 10ึพ1909, ืขืืื 303 ืืืืื. ืฉืคืื โ ืดืฉืคืืืด ืืชืื. ืดืฉืคืืืด ืงืจื, ืื ืืฆืื ื ืืคืขืืื ืืดื ืืืงืื ืืืดื ืืืฉืื ืจืืื, ืืืื ืดืืงืจืืืด ืืืืงืจื ืืดื:ืืณ. ืืฉืื ืืช ืคืืจืืฉื ืืืืงืจื ืืดื:ืืณ. ืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืคื ืฉืืคื ืืืชืื ืืชืคืจืฉ ืดืืื ืืด ืืืฉืื ืืืื. (ื) ืืคืจ ืืืืณ โ ืืชืจืืืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืืคืจืฉืื, ืฉืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืื. ืืืจื ืฉืืงื ื ืืขืืจ ืืืจื ืขืฆืื ืื ืืืฉื ืฉืืจืื ืืจืฆื, ืืชืคืืืื ืืืื ืื ืขืืืจ ืื ืืฉืจืื, ืฉืืจื ืืขืืฉื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืื. ืืฉืจ ืคืืืช โ ืืฉื ืฉืคืืืช ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืื ื, ืื ืชืฆืืื ื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืขืืื. ืืื ืชืชื ืืืืณ โ ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืชื ืืขืื ืืื ืืืชืงืืื ืืืฉืจืื (ืืฉืื ืืื ื ืืณ:ืืดื). ืืืกืฃ ืื ืืชืชืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืช ืืชืคืื, ืฉืืฉืืดืช ืืฉืืจื ื ืฉืื ืืงืจื ืขืื ืืคืขื ืขืื ืืื. ืืืืจืื ืงืฉืื ืื (ืฉืื ืืฆืืชื ืืช ืฉื ื ืืคืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืืชื, ืืืจืฉ ืชื ืืื 126). ืื ืืคืจ ืืืืณ โ ืืชืืจื ืืืืจืช ืื, ืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืกืคืจื: ืดืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืืืจืช ืืืด. ืื ืืคืจ โ ืืื ืืื ืื ื ืชืคืขื, ืืฉืื ืืืืืืื 132, ืืื ืืืก-ืงืืืืฉ 55. ืืชืจืืื ืืื ืชื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ื ืคืื ืืื: ืดืืื ืื ื ืคืงืื ื ืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืคืจืชื ืืขืืืชื ื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืชืจื ืืงืืืื ืชืื ืืกืืงืื ืขืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ื ืืชืื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืืืด (ืืืื ืืืฆื ื ืืื ืฉื ืชืืืขืื ืืชืื ืืืืจ ืืขืืื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืืืงืื ืฉืืจืืฆื ืฉื ืืขืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืช ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืชื). ืื ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืงืืจ ืืืืจืฉ ืื. ืืจืืื ื ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืจ ืืืื (ืดืื ืืืช ืืขืืื ื ืขืฉื ืชืืืขืช ืืืจื ืืืืข ืฉืืืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืฆืืด). ืืฉื ืืืจืฉื ืืืืืืช (ืืืืจืืช?) ืืื ืืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืขืื ืืืชืจ ื ืคืื. ืืืืจืืื ืคืืจืืฉ ืดืื ืืคืจ ืืื ืืืืด ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฆื; ืดืื ืืคืจืด ืืฉืื ืืืื. (ื) ืืืืืืชื (ืืืจืฉ ืชื ืืื ืขืืื 126): ืดืจืื ืืฉืืขืื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืืชื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ืื ื ืขืจืคื ืืขืืื ืชืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืื ืื ืงื. ืจืื ืืื ืชื ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืฆืจืื ืืืื ืืืจ ื ืืืจ ืดืืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืคืจ ืืืืณโ โโ ืด (ืืืืืจ ืืดื:ืืดื), ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืืจ ืดืืืชื ืชืืขืจ ืืืืณโ โโ ืด ืืืงืฉื ืื ืฉืืคืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืขืจืืคื ืื ืืืื ืืกืืืฃ ืืื ืืฆืืืจ ืืฃ ืืื ืืกืืืฃ ืืื ืืฆืืืจืด. ืืืืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืฉืืจืืฆื ื ืืืื ืืกืืืฃ. ืืชืืืื ืืกื ืืืจืื ืืดื: ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืจืื ืืื ืชื (ืื ืฉื ื ืืืืจืื ืืงืืฆืืจ ืืกืคืจื ืืืืืจ ืคืืกืงื ืงืกื). ืืชืื ืื ืืฉืืข, ืฉืขืจืืคืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืจืื ืืืจืืืช ืืจืืฆื. ืืงืจืื ืืช ืฆืืืชื ืืชืืจื ืขื ืืฉืืืื, ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืขืืช ืืืจืื, ืืื ืฆืืืชื ืืชืืจื ืขื ืขืจืืคื, ืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืจืื. ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืขืื, ืฉืื ืฉืฆืืชื ืืชืืจื ืืขืจืืฃ ืืืงืื ืงืจืงืข ืืชืืื, ืืื ืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืจื ืฉืืืจ ืืขืคืจื, ืฉืืจื ืืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืชื ืืงืจืงืข ืืชืืื, ืืฉืื ืืช ืืขืจืชื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืณ:ืืณ-ืืณ ืืดืืืืจืขืืืืืฉืข ืืื ืืืกึพืฉืจืืคืืด (ืชืืกืคืช ืืดืืืืืฉืข ืคืจืขืกืขืด) 1886, ืขืืื 46 ืืืืื. ืฉืคืืืช ืื ืืขืืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืงื ืื ืืงืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืคืจ ืื ืื ืืจื, ืืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืขืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื ื ืชืืคืจ ืืืืช ืืื ืฉืืคืื. ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืืชืจ ืคืืจืืฉ ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืดืืืื ื ืื ืฉืคืืืด. ืื ืชืขืฉื ืืืืณ โ ืืืืืจ ืืืขืืจ ืืื ืื ืงื ืืืขื ืฉืช ืืืืื, ืื ืขืฉืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืขืื ื ืืณ, ืืฉืื ืืืขืื ืืดื:ืืดื. |