Purpose of the Captive Woman Protocol/2

Purpose of the Captive Woman Protocol

Exegetical Approaches

Overview

In attempting to understand the protocol applied in the case of the captive woman, commentators grapple with both the moral issue of how to treat captives and the theological/halakhic issue of what needs to transpire before a heathen can wed an Israelite. For both Hellenistic Jewish commentators like Philo and modern Italian commentators such as the Hoil Moshe, the moral issue predominates. They therefore attempt to demonstrate how the Torah is attuned to the emotional needs of the woman. In contrast, the Sifre and most medieval commentators in its wake appear to be motivated more by halakhic concerns. Thus, R. Akiva focuses on how the procedure prepares the woman to abandon idolatry and become part of the Israelite nation, while others view the actions as an attempt to make the woman appear ugly in the eyes of her potential husband, thereby possibly preventing the intermarriage entirely.

THIS TOPIC IS STILL UNDERGOING EDITORIAL REVIEW

Caring for the Captive

The Torah's commandments reflect a sensitivity to the needs of the captive woman, allowing her to mourn her lost former life and/or to be treated with dignity as a full-fledged wife.

Sources: PhiloOn the Virtues 110-115About Philo, JosephusAntiquities 4:8:23About Josephus, Rambam Moreh NevukhimMoreh Nevukhim 3:41About R. Moshe Maimonides,¹ BiurDevarim 21:12-13, ShadalDevarim 21:12,14About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto, Hoil MosheDevarim 21:7About R. Moshe Yitzchak Ashkenazi²

Relations before or only after the procedure? Philo, Josephus, and the Hoil Moshe maintain that the man is only allowed to have relations with the captive after the procedure has been completed.³ The phrase "וְלָקַחְתָּ לְךָ לְאִשָּׁה" in verse 11 is thus understood as a heading introducing the process described afterwards.⁴ This stringent view of the man's permitted actions accords with the idea that the Torah is concerned with the woman's welfare.⁵

"וַהֲבֵאתָהּ אֶל תּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ" – This approach might suggest that the verse is emphasizing the need to bring the woman into the house, and treat her as full fledged wife rather than a captive of war.⁶

"וְגִלְּחָה אֶת רֹאשָׁהּ" – Josephus, the Biur, and Shadal understand the shaving of the head to be a symbol of mourning, pointing to Iyyov 1:20 and Yirmeyahu 7:29 as evidence. The Hoil Moshe, in contrast, views it as a beautifying process,⁷ part of the woman's preparations for her wedding. Yosef's shaving of his head before approaching Paroh might support this understanding, as it apparently served to make Yosef more, not less, presentable.

"וְעָשְׂתָה אֶת צִפָּרְנֶיהָ" – According to Philo and the Biur,⁸ "וְעָשְׂתָה" means to trim her nails. This understanding is supported by the parallel usage of the root "עשה" in Shemuel II 19:25.⁹ This action, too, is viewed by most of these exegetes a sign of mourning,¹⁰ but by the Hoil Moshe as part of the process of beautification.

Clothing of captivity

• Rags – According to the Hoil Moshe and Shadal, women wore ugly clothing or sackcloth in times of battle.¹¹ The captive, thus, removes these rags after moving into the man's home, where she is to be treated as a wife and not as a servant.
• Attractive garb – The Biur, instead, posits that women would beautify themselves during war hoping to attract the enemy. Cf. Izevel who puts on make-up and does her hair when seeing the enemy approach. Thus, afterwards, the captive woman changes into more appropriate mourning garments.¹²

Crying for parents – For many of these commentators this action is what defines the entire process as one of mourning. The Hoil Moshe, though, compares this to a woman who is upset and tearful about leaving her parent's home to get married. This is consistent with his overall view that all these actions constitute pre-nuptial preparations.¹³

Thirty days – Josephus suggests that this is the normal time frame for mourning. Philo and the Hoil Moshe add that this amount of time should suffice to ensure that, in taking the woman, the man is not motivated by passion alone, but by true love.¹⁴

What if no one died? Those who understand the process to revolve around mourning will have difficulty explaining what purpose these actions serve in a case where the captive did not lose any relatives in battle. They might suggest that the Torah refers to the prevalent case (דברה תורה בהווה), and that if there is no cause for mourning, these actions are not mandatory.¹⁵

"אִם לֹא חָפַצְתָּ בָּהּ" – According to the Hoil Moshe this refers to any point after the marriage when the husband might no longer care for the woman. He is told that he may not then keep her on as a slave or sell her as was the custom of many with regards to their captives, but must instead set her free.¹⁶

"תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר עִנִּיתָהּ" – These commentators might suggest, as does Rashbam, that this does not refer to raping the woman in battle but to marital relations.¹⁷ The verse is teaching that once this woman was taken in marriage, she can no longer be treated as a slave which can be sold at will.¹⁸

Relations with a gentile – Most of these commentators might suggest that the woman converts before marriage (after the 30 day mourning/preparation period).¹⁹ Perhaps the verses do not highlight this aspect since they focus mainly on the actions which serve to alleviate the woman's distress, and not on what is necessary from the man's perspective.

Taking advantage of the captive woman? According to most of these commentators,²⁰ these laws do not allow unfair treatment of the woman but rather show concern for her suffering and respect for her as a person. In light of ancient near eastern (and some modern) norms of war, the Torah stands out in its humanity.

Purifying from Idolatry

The procedure is a purification process serving to cleanse the woman from idolatry and prepare her to convert to Judaism.

Sources: Temple Scroll63About Temple Scroll, Targum Pseudo-JonathanDevarim 21:10-14About Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, R. Akiva in the SifreDevarim 212Devarim 213Devarim 214About Sifre²¹ Ibn Ezra #2Devarim 21:13About R. Avraham ibn Ezra, R. Yosef Bekhor Shor #2Devarim 21:12About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor, RambanDevarim 21:11-14About R. Moshe Nachmanides,²² ChizkuniDevarim 21:10-14About R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach, R. Yosef ibn KaspiDevarim 21:12-14About R. Yosef ibn Kaspi

Relations before or only after the procedure? Ramban and Chizkuni, following R. YochananYerushalmi Makkot 2:6About the Yerushalmi, suggest that intercourse is prohibited until after the entire process.²³ As above, the phrase "וְלָקַחְתָּ לְךָ לְאִשָּׁה" is read as a heading.

"וַהֲבֵאתָהּ אֶל תּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ" – Most of these commentators do not read any special significance into this ordinance, and likely view it as a simple matter of fact. Ramban, though, relates this to the woman's mourning, suggesting that like a mourning widow, she is brought to and must stay in the house.²⁴

"וְעָשְׂתָה אֶת צִפָּרְנֶיהָ" – According to most of these commentators,²⁵ following R. Eliezer in the SifreDevarim 212About Sifre, this implies a "fixing" or cutting of the nails.²⁶ This can be understood as an act of either purification or mourning.

Clothing of captivity – This position is less concerned with whether the clothing was beautiful or ugly, than with the fact that it must be removed, signifying a severing of connections to the past.

Crying for parents – R. Akiva,²⁷ Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, and Ramban understand this to refer to the captive's crying over the religion of her parents which she is now rejecting.²⁸ R. Yosef Bekhor Shor asserts, in contrast, that this mourning is not part of the actions demanded of the woman but more simply a description of what she will inevitably do after losing her parents in the war.

What if no one died? This issue might be one of the motivating factors for this approach to relate the crying over parents to mourning a lost religion and nation rather than crying for actual dead parents.²⁹

Purpose of actions and Biblical parallels

• Status change - Chizkuni and Ibn Kaspi suggest that the common denominator between all the actions is that they require a removal of something and thus represent a cutting away of the past,³⁰ and rebirth into a new person. Chizkuni compares the process to the sanctification of the Levites³¹ who also shave their hair and wash their clothing as they move from the "profane" to the "holy."
• Purification – Alternatively these actions are not simply symbolic, but actually part of the legal process of purification.³² Chizkuni compares the changing of clothing to Yaakov's identical command when purifying his family from the idolatry of Shekhem³³ and Ibn Ezra points to the similarity of the head-shaving to the purification process undergone by one who had been contaminated by צרעת.‎³⁴
• Mourning – Ramban, instead, states that all the actions are symbols of mourning, pointing to Iyyov and Yirmeyahu as support.³⁵ Before converting, the woman is given a chance to mourn her lost religion.

"אִם לֹא חָפַצְתָּ בָּהּ" – Ramban suggests that the Torah is teaching that if the man is not satisfied with the captive after having relations for the first time after the protocol was completed, he must set her free and does not require to give her a divorce. After this point, though, she would be considered his full wife and if the man no longer desired her, he would need to provide her with a halakhic divorce.

"תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר עִנִּיתָהּ" – According to Ramban, this refers to the initial intercourse after completing the purification process.

Relations with a gentile – According to this approach, the whole process is meant to purify the woman from idolatry so that she can convert before the man has intercourse with her.

Taking advantage of the captive woman? According to this position none of the actions mandated are meant to degrade the woman.

Discouraging the Marriage

The protocol is meant to display the woman in the worst possible light so that the man will lose all desire for her and decide not to marry her.

Sources: R. Eliezer in the SifreDevarim 212Devarim 213Devarim 214About Sifre, RashiDevarim 21:10-14Kiddushin 22aAbout R. Shelomo Yitzchaki, Rambam Hilkhot MelakhimMelakhim 8:2-7About R. Moshe Maimonides, Abarbanel #1Devarim 21About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel

Relations before or only after the procedure?

• Only after – Rashi³⁶ suggests that no intercourse is allowed until after the procedure is completed. Since the whole point of the process is to deter the man from marriage, nothing is allowed until the protocol has been followed (with the hopes that by that point, his passion will have disappeared).
• Beforehand – Rambam and Abarbanel, in contrast, allow a one time sexual act during the war itself.³⁷ They assume that if the man is not allowed to act at all, he will do so anyway without any restrictions. Thus, as a concession to his desires, a one time act is allowed, with the hope that the rest of the laws will convince him not to do so again.

"וַהֲבֵאתָהּ אֶל תּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ" – This command, together with the later similar directive, "וְיָשְׁבָה בְּבֵיתֶךָ", ensure that the woman will be constantly in the man's presence, which should lead the man to tire of her.³⁸

"וְגִלְּחָה אֶת רֹאשָׁהּ" – This approach views the shaving of the hair as a disfiguring of the woman's beauty. No prooftexts are brought, but Abarbanel points to a reality in which woman take pride in growing their hair, suggesting that its being shaven would be received negatively, and not endear the captive to the man.³⁹

"וְעָשְׂתָה אֶת צִפָּרְנֶיהָ" – Most of these commentators assert that this refers to a growing of the nails,⁴⁰ and view it, too, as a mark of ugliness. In some manuscripts of the Sifre and Masekhet Semachot 7:13, Daniel 4:30 is brought as evidence that such wild growth is repulsive.

Clothing of captivity – This approach assumes that gentile women would adorn and beautify themselves in times of war so as to lure the enemy men.⁴¹ The captive, thus, is forced to remove her fancy garments so that the man will no longer be enticed by them.

Crying for parents – This action, too, is understood as a means of discouraging the man who will quickly tire of a moping, sobbing woman.

Thirty days – Abarbanel suggests that thirty days is enough time to allow the man's passion to dissipate, and regret his initial desire.⁴²

"אִם לֹא חָפַצְתָּ בָּהּ" – According to this approach, this is actually the entire goal of the process, that the man shall not desire the woman. Abarbanel adds that the fact that the man knows in advance that should he not desire her he will not be allowed to enslave or sell her, is itself a further disincentive to marry.

"תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר עִנִּיתָהּ" – According to Rambam, this probably refers to the initial act of intercourse during the war itself. Abarbanel,⁴³ instead, suggests that it might refer to the oppressive acts demanded of the woman (to shave her head etc). Either way, the Torah warns that due to the somewhat negative treatment of the woman, if one no longer desires her, he can not simply enslave or sell her.

Relations with a gentile – According to this position, the whole process is meant to discourage such relations and prevent the intermarriage.⁴⁴

Taking advantage of the captive woman? This position does not seem to be bothered by the degrading actions forced upon the woman. It is concerned more with the spiritual state of the Jewish man and how an inappropriate marriage might affect him, than how the woman is treated. Moreover, since this position understands that the woman herself was actively trying to lure the Israelite men, one might suggest that actions aimed to curb her allure simply even the playing field.

¹ In Moreh Nevukhim, Rambam emphasizes how these laws stem from a desire to act mercifully towards the captive. In contrast, in his Mishneh Torah (Hilkhot Melakhim), he adopts the approach below that the purpose of the actions is to discourage the man from desiring to marry the woman at all. Due to his synthesis of both approaches, Rambam differs from most of the other commentators in this category with regard to several of the points below.

² See also M. Sabato, "עניינה של פרשת אשת יפת תואר", who develops this general approach.

³ See R. Yochanan in Yerushalmi Makkot2:6About the Yerushalmi. The Biur and Shadal do not address the issue explicitly but seem to agree.

⁴ Alternatively, as AbarbanelDevarim 21About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel explains, the phrase can be taken as a statement of the man's intentions when taking the woman captive.

⁵ In contrast, Rambam following Bavli Kiddushin 21bKiddushin 21bAbout the Bavli asserts that the man is initially allowed a one-time act of intercourse and is only prohibited from having any further relations. This read is perhaps motivated by the doubling of the phrases "וְלָקַחְתָּ לְךָ לְאִשָּׁה" in verse 11 and "וְהָיְתָה לְךָ לְאִשָּׁה" in verse 13, and would explain that each refers to a distinct sexual act.

⁶ According to Rambam, instead, the phrase refers to the initial intercourse and the verse is teaching that the man is only allowed to do this act if he takes the woman into the privacy of his home, but is not allowed to come to her on the open battlefield. This is how the Rambam understands the phrase "שלא ילחצנה במלחמה" in Bavli Kiddushin 21bKiddushin 21bAbout the Bavli.

⁷ It is unclear if he views the shaving as a trimming process or as a shaving of the entire head of hair.

⁸ See the opinion of R. Eliezer in the SifreDevarim 212About Sifre

⁹ See the SifreDevarim 212About Sifre who brings this verse to buttress this understanding. Shadal asserts more simply that the phrase means to "fix" but suggests that it is unclear whether growing or cutting one's nails constitutes fixing, pointing out that this might differ in any particular cultural setting.

¹⁰ The Biur asserts that normally women would grow and color their nails; thus trimming them instead must be a sign of mourning.

¹¹ The Hoil Moshe suggests that they were worried over their loved ones and were not likely to dress up, while Shadal suggests that upon seeing imminent defeat, they would change into sackcloth.

¹² See Josephus who also speaks of donning mourning clothing.

¹³ It also explains the directive to cry even in a case where the woman did not lose any loved ones in battle. See below.

¹⁴ The Hoil Moshe writes, "וכ"ז למנוע זמה מב"י, ובכבשם עיר או מדינה לא יענו הנשים למלאת חפץ יצרם, אבל אם ימצאו אשה נושאת חן בעיניהם, ימתינו עד שיודע ללבם בבירור אם היא אהבה אמתית וישאוה".

¹⁵ As above, this is not an issue for the Hoil Moshe who does not view even the crying as related to mourning the dead.

¹⁶ Philo similarly stresses that the woman should be given her liberty so that she might not suffer when "any other woman is introduced into the house" which will inevitably lead to quarrels and jealousy.

¹⁷ The root is understood to refer to conjugal pleasure as in the verse, "שְׁאֵרָהּ כְּסוּתָהּ וְעֹנָתָהּ לֹא יִגְרָע".

¹⁸ According to Rambam, in contrast, the verb might refer to the initial act of intercourse before the marriage.

¹⁹ Rambam, who asserts that intercourse was already allowed during battle, suggests that the Torah is making a one time concession to quiet the male's desires.

²⁰ Rambam's allowing of the initial sexual act is the one exception.

²¹ R. Akiva might maintain that the actions serve multiple purposes. While he asserts that the "parents" over which the woman is crying are metaphors for idolatry, he claims that the "doing" of nails is meant to disfigure the woman, which might serve the purpose of discouraging the man from marriage, as below.

²² Ramban differs from the majority of the commentators who take this approach. Whereas they view the actions done by the woman as steps in the purification process, he understands them as acts of mourning. Nonetheless, he agrees that the ultimate purpose of this mourning is to distance the woman from idolatry. In this he veers from the above position which sees in the mourning a show of concern for the woman. Ramban writes, "ועל דעתי אין הפנאי לחמול עליה, רק שיעקר שם ע"ז מפיה ומלבה, ולכבות עוד גחלת הנדוד והפרוד מאביה ומאמה ומעמה".

²³ As this position stresses the need for the woman to purify herself before marriage is allowed, it makes sense that any earlier intercourse is prohibited.

²⁴ His comments refer to the phrase, "וְיָשְׁבָה בְּבֵיתֶךָ" but could applied to these words as well. Later he adds that being around the man constantly during her month of mourning will allow the captive to gradually get used to him and reconcile herself to her new situation. Cf. the almost opposite approach brought below, that the continuous presence of the woman in the house will lead the man to become disgusted by her.

²⁵ R. Akiva is the exception. The Temple Scroll is ambiguous but see Vered Noam, "Traces of Sectarian Halakha in the Rabbinic World," Orion Symposium 8 (2006):67-85, who suggests that the scroll's unique wording which has the man (rather than the woman) "doing the nails" must refer to an act of fixing, for if it implied growing the nails the man would play no role.

²⁶ As above, see the prooftext brought by the Sifre from the usage of the root "עשה" in Shemuel II 19:25.

²⁷ He writes, "אין אביה ואמה אלא עבודה זרה".

²⁸ See also the opinion brought in Ibn Ezra which suggests instead that she is crying over her parents who have not also converted to Judaism.

²⁹ For R. Yosef Bekhor Shor, as well, such a case is not a problem as he does not view the crying as an obligation but rather as a likely scenario.

³⁰ The captive is told to remove anything that was upon her when she was still an idolater. Ibn Kaspi goes so far as to say that had it been possible, she would even remove her limbs.

³¹ See Bemidbar 8.

³² See Targum Pseudo-Jonathan who adds immersion in a riual bath to the list of requirements and speaks explicitly of conversion.

³³ See Bereshit 35:2

³⁴ See Vayikra 14. It is interesting to note one contrast between the two procedures. In the case of the מצורע (and other people of impure status), the impurity requires one to leave the camp, whereas here there is an emphasis on bringing the woman into the home.

³⁵ Cf. above approach. Though Ramban agrees with the first position in viewing these actions as symbols of mourning, he views the mourning itself as a demonstration of the woman's rejection of her family, nation and religion, while they see in it a sensitivity to the woman's plight.

³⁶ See his comments on Kiddushin 22a.

³⁷ Rambam asserts that this act too is limited and must take place in the privacy of the man's home.

³⁸ According to Rambam, the phrase also teaches that the initial intercourse must take place in the home, and not on the open battlefield.

³⁹ As noted above, the verses by Yosef seem to suggest the opposite. This position might respond that what holds true of males might not hold true when applied to females.

⁴⁰ R. Eliezer is the exception.

⁴¹ See the Biur above who asserts the same and the actions of Izevel which support the notion.

⁴² Cf. Philo and the Hoil Moshe above. Rambam rules according to the position brought in the Sifre that the man must actually wait three months before marrying, to ensure that the woman is not pregnant.

⁴³ Rashi does not comment on the phrase but could agree with this explanation of Abarbanel, or alternatively read the verse like Rashbam, as discussed above, who understands this to refer to a sexual act after marriage. Since Rashi maintains that intercourse is prohibited before the procedure he cannot read the verse like the Rambam.

⁴⁴ Rambam and Abarbanel who allow an initial act of intercourse, view it as a concession to appease the man's lust during the special circumstances of war, but agree that then all is done to prevent any further actions.