Purpose of the Laws of Hybrids/2

Laws of Hybrids – כלאיים

Exegetical Approaches

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Preserving Natural Law

When Hashem created the world, He made each plant and animal according to its species, and mandated that each species should reproduce according to it own kind. Crossbreeding and other mixing of species is prohibited because it goes against Hashem's plan of creation and the natural order He set in the world..

Sources:PhiloThe Special Laws IV: 208-217About Philo #1, RashbamVayikra 19:19About R. Shemuel b. Meir, Ibn EzraVayikra 19:19Devarim 22:9-12Devarim 22:10About R. Avraham ibn Ezra, R. Yosef Bekhor ShorVayikra 19:19About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor, ChizkuniVayikra 19:19Devarim 22:9-11About R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach, RambanVayikra 19:19Devarim 22:10About R. Moshe b. Nachman, R. BachyaVayikra 19:19Devarim 22:10About R. Bachya b. Asher, TurLong Commentary Vayikra 19:19About R. Yaakov b. Asher, R. Yosef ibn KaspiVayikra 19:19About R. Yosef ibn Kaspi, RalbagVayikra 19:19About R. Levi b. Gershom, R. Avraham SabaTzeror HaMor Vayikra 19:9About R. Avraham Saba (Tzeror HaMor), MaharalGur Aryeh Vayikra 19:19About R. Judah Loew of Prague, R. S.R. HirschVayikra 19:19About R. Samson Raphael Hirsch, R . David Zvi HoffmannVayikra 19:19Devarim 22:9About R. David Zvi Hoffmann

What is wrong with mixing species? Though all these sources emphasize that since Hashem created each species "according to its own kind" mankind, too, must not mix species, they disagree regarding the specifics of why this is problematic:

• Hubris – R"Y Bekhor Shor points out that there is a certain hubris in crossbreeding, as if one is trying to turn one's self into Creator, usurping the role of God. Ramban adds that in so doing it is as if one is questioning the perfection of Hashem's world and suggesting that it needs improvement.¹
• Inability to bear offspring – Both R"Y Bekhor Shor and Ramban² further point out that Hashem created a world that can perpetuate itself but hybrids can't reproduce on their own, proving that the original mixing is unnatural and undesired. 
• Order in creation – Ralbag and Tzeror HaMor also emphasizes how Hashem had desired an ordered world, while mixing of species introduces chaos.

Meaning of "כִּלְאָיִם"

"פֶּן תִּקְדַּשׁ הַמְלֵאָה"

Crossbreeding vs. Planting

"שַׁעַטְנֵז"

"לֹא תַחֲרֹשׁ בְּשׁוֹר וּבַחֲמֹר יַחְדָּו"

Biblical Parallels

Exceptions

Context

"את חקותי תשמורו"

Distancing from Idolatry

The prohibitions were instituted as a reaction to idolatrous customs, in an effort to keep the nation from imitating them.

Sources:RambamMoreh Nevukhim 3:37About R. Moshe b. Maimon, ShadalVayikra 19:19About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto

Caring for the Land & Animals

Mixing of species harms one or both members of the mixture, and in the case of produce, also the land in which they are sown.

Sources:PhiloThe Special Laws IV: 208-217About Philo #2, Josephus4 8:114 8:20About Josephus Antiquities of the Jews #1,

Preventing Inappropriate Sexual Acts

PhiloThe Special Laws IV: 203-217About Philo, Josephus4 8:114 8:20About Josephus Antiquities of the Jews #2, Akeidat YitzchakVayikra Peirush 19About R. Yitzchak Arama

¹ The Maharal questions this, pointing out that in many areas of life man "improves" upon God's creation, turning wheat into flour, baking bread, and circumcising a child. He quotes Bereshit Rabbah 11:6 which states, "כָּל מַה שֶּׁנִּבְרָא בְּשֵׁשֶׁת יְמֵי בְרֵאשִׁית צְרִיכִין עֲשִׂיָה, כְּגוֹן הַחַרְדָּל צָרִיךְ לְמִתּוּק. הַתּוּרְמוּסִים צָרִיךְ לְמִתּוּק. הַחִטִּין צְרִיכִין לְהִטָּחֵן. אֲפִלּוּ אָדָם צָרִיךְ תִּקּוּן".  One might point to Hashem's command to Adam "מִלְאוּ אֶת הָאָרֶץ וְכִבְשֻׁהָ" as evidence that we are actively meant to take the world and work with it to innovate and produce on our own.

² See also Ralbag.