Difference between revisions of "Purposes of the Egyptian Bondage/2/he"

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m (Translation: Elisheva Rabinowitz)
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<opinion name="אחי יוסף">אחי יוסף (דור הגלות)<br/>
 
<opinion name="אחי יוסף">אחי יוסף (דור הגלות)<br/>
 
<p>אחי יוסף, שבזמנם הגלות התממשה, היו האשמים, אך האירועים נובאו זמן ארוך קודם לכן, ועקר נטל השעבוד הורגש רק בידי הדורות המאוחרים יותר.</p>
 
<p>אחי יוסף, שבזמנם הגלות התממשה, היו האשמים, אך האירועים נובאו זמן ארוך קודם לכן, ועקר נטל השעבוד הורגש רק בידי הדורות המאוחרים יותר.</p>
<mekorot><multilink><a href="MishnatRE8" data-aht="source">Mishnat Rabbi Eliezer</a><a href="MishnatRE8" data-aht="source">ח'</a><a href="Mishnat R. Eliezer" data-aht="parshan">אודות משנת רבי אליעזר</a></multilink>,<fn>Mishnat Rabbi Eliezer speaks only about the descent to Egypt, but not about the exile and slavery. Mishnat Rabbi Eliezer puts a different spin on the motif found already in Bavli Shabbat 89b and Tanchuma Vayeshev 18.</fn> Opinion cited (and rejected) by <multilink><a href="Akeidat36" data-aht="source">עקדת יצחק</a><a href="Akeidat36" data-aht="source">שמות שער ל"ו</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Arama (Akeidat Yitzchak)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק עראמה</a></multilink>, but developed by <multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit15-1" data-aht="source">Abarbanel (Approach #1)</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit15-1" data-aht="source">בראשית ט"ו, דרך א'</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק אברבנאל</a></multilink><fn>See also Zevach Pesach s.v. "Baruch Shomer" Approach #1. Abarbanel is the first extant source to fully develop the notion that the Egyptian Exile was a punishment for the behavior of Yaakov's sons, but the kernel appears already in earlier sources. See <multilink><a href="TosafotShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Tosafot Shabbat</a><a href="TosafotShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Shabbat 10b s.v. ה"ג</a><a href="Baalei HaTosafot" data-aht="parshan">About Ba'alei HaTosafot</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="ZoharChadashVayeshev" data-aht="source">Zohar Chadash</a><a href="ZoharChadashVayeshev" data-aht="source">Vayeshev</a><a href="ZoharChadashKiTisa" data-aht="source">Ki Tisa</a><a href="Zohar Chadash" data-aht="parshan">About the Zohar Chadash</a></multilink>. <multilink><a href="BavliShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Bavli Shabbat</a><a href="BavliShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Shabbat 10b</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink> notes the cause and effect relationship, but it does not say that there was a Divine punishment involved, merely that the sale led to the going down to Egypt.</fn></mekorot>
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<mekorot><multilink><a href="MishnatRE8" data-aht="source">Mishnat Rabbi Eliezer</a><a href="MishnatRE8" data-aht="source">ח'</a><a href="Mishnat R. Eliezer" data-aht="parshan">אודות משנת רבי אליעזר</a></multilink>,<fn>Mishnat Rabbi Eliezer speaks only about the descent to Egypt, but not about the exile and slavery. Mishnat Rabbi Eliezer puts a different spin on the motif found already in Bavli Shabbat 89b and Tanchuma Vayeshev 18.</fn>&#160;דעה שמצוטטת (ונדחית) על ידי ה<multilink><a href="Akeidat36" data-aht="source">עקדת יצחק</a><a href="Akeidat36" data-aht="source">שמות שער ל"ו</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Arama (Akeidat Yitzchak)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק עראמה</a></multilink>,&#160;אך מפותחת בידי ה<multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit15-1" data-aht="source">אברבנאל (גישה א')</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit15-1" data-aht="source">בראשית ט"ו, דרך א'</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק אברבנאל</a></multilink><fn>See also Zevach Pesach s.v. "Baruch Shomer" Approach #1. Abarbanel is the first extant source to fully develop the notion that the Egyptian Exile was a punishment for the behavior of Yaakov's sons, but the kernel appears already in earlier sources. See <multilink><a href="TosafotShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Tosafot Shabbat</a><a href="TosafotShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Shabbat 10b s.v. ה"ג</a><a href="Baalei HaTosafot" data-aht="parshan">About Ba'alei HaTosafot</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="ZoharChadashVayeshev" data-aht="source">Zohar Chadash</a><a href="ZoharChadashVayeshev" data-aht="source">Vayeshev</a><a href="ZoharChadashKiTisa" data-aht="source">Ki Tisa</a><a href="Zohar Chadash" data-aht="parshan">About the Zohar Chadash</a></multilink>. <multilink><a href="BavliShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Bavli Shabbat</a><a href="BavliShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Shabbat 10b</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink> notes the cause and effect relationship, but it does not say that there was a Divine punishment involved, merely that the sale led to the going down to Egypt.</fn></mekorot>
<point><b>החטא</b> – Abarbanel says that Yosef's brothers committed a threefold sin in plotting to kill Yosef, throwing him into the pit, and then selling him.<fn>Yosef's brothers themselves acknowledge their guilt on a couple of occasions – see Bereshit 42:21, 50:15-20. Regarding whether the brothers were involved in the actual sale, see <a href="$">Who Sold Yosef</a>.</fn></point>
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<point><b>החטא</b> – אברבנאל אומר שאחי יוסף ביצעו חטא משולש בכך שזממו להרוג את יוסף, זרקו אותו לבור, ואז מכרו אותו.<fn>Yosef's brothers themselves acknowledge their guilt on a couple of occasions – see Bereshit 42:21, 50:15-20. Regarding whether the brothers were involved in the actual sale, see <a href="$">Who Sold Yosef</a>.</fn></point>
<point><b>עונש מידתי?</b> The Torah legislates death as the punishment for kidnapping and selling a person,<fn>The connection between this law (Shemot 21:16) and the sale of Yosef is enshrined in the piyyut "Eleh Ezkerah" recited in Musaf on Yom HaKippurim. See also Bereshit Rabbati 37:26 and Otzar HaMidrashim (Eisenstein) pp. 444-449.</fn> and a number of Rabbinic Midrashim discuss the gravity of the brothers' sin and its lasting consequences.<fn>See the <multilink><a href="SifraShemini1" data-aht="source">Sifra</a><a href="SifraShemini1" data-aht="source">Shemini 1</a><a href="Sifra" data-aht="parshan">About Sifra</a></multilink> that the Children of Israel needed to bring a goat for a sin offering to atone for selling Yosef, <multilink><a href="PirkeiDRE37" data-aht="source">Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a><a href="PirkeiDRE37" data-aht="source">37</a><a href="Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer" data-aht="parshan">About Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a></multilink> that Yosef's brothers received atonement only with death, <multilink><a href="EstherRabbah7-25" data-aht="source">Esther Rabbah</a><a href="EstherRabbah7-25" data-aht="source">7:25</a><a href="Esther Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">About Esther Rabbah</a></multilink> that Haman's decree was a punishment for this sin, and <multilink><a href="MidrashMishlei1-13" data-aht="source">Midrash Mishlei</a><a href="MidrashMishlei1-13" data-aht="source">1:13</a><a href="Midrash Mishlei" data-aht="parshan">About Midrash Mishlei</a></multilink> that the death of the Ten Martyrs resulted from the brothers' sin.</fn></point>
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<point><b>עונש מידתי?</b> התורה חוקקה עונש מוות לחטיפה ומכירה של אדם,<fn>The connection between this law (Shemot 21:16) and the sale of Yosef is enshrined in the piyyut "Eleh Ezkerah" recited in Musaf on Yom HaKippurim. See also Bereshit Rabbati 37:26 and Otzar HaMidrashim (Eisenstein) pp. 444-449.</fn> ומספר מדרשים חז"ליים דנים בכובד החטא של האחים ובהשלכותיו המתמשכות.<fn>See the <multilink><a href="SifraShemini1" data-aht="source">Sifra</a><a href="SifraShemini1" data-aht="source">Shemini 1</a><a href="Sifra" data-aht="parshan">About Sifra</a></multilink> that the Children of Israel needed to bring a goat for a sin offering to atone for selling Yosef, <multilink><a href="PirkeiDRE37" data-aht="source">Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a><a href="PirkeiDRE37" data-aht="source">37</a><a href="Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer" data-aht="parshan">About Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer</a></multilink> that Yosef's brothers received atonement only with death, <multilink><a href="EstherRabbah7-25" data-aht="source">Esther Rabbah</a><a href="EstherRabbah7-25" data-aht="source">7:25</a><a href="Esther Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">About Esther Rabbah</a></multilink> that Haman's decree was a punishment for this sin, and <multilink><a href="MidrashMishlei1-13" data-aht="source">Midrash Mishlei</a><a href="MidrashMishlei1-13" data-aht="source">1:13</a><a href="Midrash Mishlei" data-aht="parshan">About Midrash Mishlei</a></multilink> that the death of the Ten Martyrs resulted from the brothers' sin.</fn></point>
<point><b>ענישה קיבוצית?</b> Although Yosef and Binyamin were not involved in the sale,<fn>Binyamin was still a young boy and presumably at home with Yaakov, and Yosef himself was the victim.</fn> their descendants were still exiled and enslaved in Egypt. The Akeidat Yitzchak views this as a fatal flaw in the logic of this approach.<fn>He also notes a difficulty from the opposite perspective that, according to a combination of Midrashim, although Levi played a lead role in the plotting against Yosef, his descendants were not enslaved in Egypt.</fn> Abarbanel, though, attempts to explain why the punishment affected each and every member of Yaakov's family:
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<point><b>ענישה קיבוצית?</b> למרות שיוסף ובנימין לא היו מעורבים במכירה,<fn>Binyamin was still a young boy and presumably at home with Yaakov, and Yosef himself was the victim.</fn> צאצאיהם עדיין הוגלו ושועבדו במצרים. העקידת יצחק רואה דבר זה בתור פגם יסודי בהיגיון של גישה זו.<fn>He also notes a difficulty from the opposite perspective that, according to a combination of Midrashim, although Levi played a lead role in the plotting against Yosef, his descendants were not enslaved in Egypt.</fn> אברבנאל, לעומת זאת, עושה ניסיון להסביר למה העונש השפיע על כל אחד ואחד מבני משפחת יעקב:<br/>
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
<li>Yosef According to Abarbanel, Yosef sinned (albeit unintentionally) by boasting about his dreams.<fn>Abarbanel adds, though, that since Yosef's sin was unintentional, he merited burial in Israel, in contrast to the rest of his brothers who were punished by being buried in Egypt. Abarbanel rejects the view in the Midrash that the bones of all of the brothers were brought up from Egypt together with Yosef's. See <a href="$">Yosef's Bones</a> for further discussion.</fn></li>
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<li><b>יוסף</b> לשיטת האברבנאל, יוסף חטא (אף כי שלא בכוונה) בכך שהתרברב על חלומותיו.<fn>Abarbanel adds, though, that since Yosef's sin was unintentional, he merited burial in Israel, in contrast to the rest of his brothers who were punished by being buried in Egypt. Abarbanel rejects the view in the Midrash that the bones of all of the brothers were brought up from Egypt together with Yosef's. See <a href="$">Yosef's Bones</a> for further discussion.</fn></li>
<li>Binyamin Abarbanel posits that Binyamin was punished even though he did not sin because the principle of collective punishment applies when the majority sins.<fn>Once Abarbanel needed to resort to this answer, he could have used it to explain Reuven and Yosef as well.</fn></li>
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<li><b>בנימין</b> אברבנאל טוען שבנימין נענש למרות שלא חטא מכיוון שהעקרון של עונש קבוצתי מוחל כאשר הרוב חוטא.<fn>Once Abarbanel needed to resort to this answer, he could have used it to explain Reuven and Yosef as well.</fn></li>
<li>Yaakov Abarbanel explains that Yaakov sinned in giving a special tunic to Yosef and thereby provoking the jealousy of the brothers.<fn>Cf. <multilink><a href="BavliShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Bavli Shabbat</a><a href="BavliShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Shabbat 10b</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink> which already notes Yaakov's responsibility but does not claim that the exile was a punishment. Abarbanel says that Yaakov's sin, like Yosef's, was unintentional and therefore his body was returned for burial in Israel.</fn></li>
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<li><b>יעקב</b> אברבנאל מסביר שיעקב חטא בכך שנתן כתונת מיוחדת ליוסף ועל ידי כך גירה את קנאת האחים.<fn>Cf. <multilink><a href="BavliShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Bavli Shabbat</a><a href="BavliShabbat10b" data-aht="source">Shabbat 10b</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink> which already notes Yaakov's responsibility but does not claim that the exile was a punishment. Abarbanel says that Yaakov's sin, like Yosef's, was unintentional and therefore his body was returned for burial in Israel.</fn></li>
<li>Reuven Abarbanel suggests that Reuven was involved in the hatred of Yosef,<fn>It is unclear what is Abarbanel's basis for this assertion.</fn> even though he did not participate in the sale.</li>
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<li><b>ראובן</b> אברבנאל מציע שראובן היה מעורב בשנאת יוסף,<fn>It is unclear what is Abarbanel's basis for this assertion.</fn> למרות שלא השתתף במכירה.</li>
 
</ul></point>
 
</ul></point>
<point><b>יחס בין גלות לשעבוד</b> – According to this approach of Abarbanel, the exile and slavery were both stages of the same punishment. Alternatively, only the exile was the punishment for the brothers, and the slavery was an additional punishment for the sins of later generations.<fn>See below for various possibilities and for the options that the slavery was intended to be an educative or formative experience.</fn></point>
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<point><b>יחס בין גלות לשעבוד</b> – לפי גישת אברבנאל, הגלות והשעבוד הם שניהם שלבים של אותו העונש. לחילופין, רק הגלות הייתה עונש לאחים, והעבדות הייתה עונש נוסף לחטאים של דורות מאוחרים יותר.<fn>See below for various possibilities and for the options that the slavery was intended to be an educative or formative experience.</fn></point>
<point><b>הענשת בנים על חטאי אבותיהם?</b> This approach must grapple with the question of why the generation which sinned got off relatively easy, while the subsequent generations endured the harsher stages of the punishment. Abarbanel adopts <multilink><a href="RalbagShemot20-5" data-aht="source">רלב"ג</a><a href="RalbagShemot20-5" data-aht="source">שמות כ':ה'</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' לוי בן גרשום</a></multilink>'s position that sometimes children continue to suffer the natural consequences of the punishment which their parents received.<fn>Both cite the verse from Eikhah 5:7 "אֲבֹתֵינוּ חָטְאוּ [וְ]אֵינָם [וַ]אֲנַחְנוּ עֲוֹנֹתֵיהֶם סָבָלְנוּ". For more, see <a href="Are Children Punished for Parents' Sins" data-aht="page">Punishing Children for their Parent's Sins</a>.</fn> Abarbanel notes that Shemot 20:5 limits this collateral punishment to four generations, and thus Hashem promises Avraham that the fourth generation will return to the land of Israel. Alternatively, the slavery was an additional punishment given to the later generations for their own severe sins see below.</point>
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<point><b>הענשת בנים על חטאי אבותיהם?</b> גישה זו צריכה להיאבק עם השאלה מדוע הדור שחטא יצא עם עונש קל יחסית, בעוד שהדורות המאוחרים יותר סבלו את השלבים הקשים יותר של העונש. אברבנאל מאמץ את עמדת&#160;<multilink><a href="RalbagShemot20-5" data-aht="source">רלב"ג</a><a href="RalbagShemot20-5" data-aht="source">שמות כ':ה'</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' לוי בן גרשום</a></multilink> שלפעמים הבנים ממשיכים לסבול מההשלכות הטבעיות של העונש שהוריהם קיבלו.<fn>Both cite the verse from Eikhah 5:7 "אֲבֹתֵינוּ חָטְאוּ [וְ]אֵינָם [וַ]אֲנַחְנוּ עֲוֹנֹתֵיהֶם סָבָלְנוּ". For more, see <a href="Are Children Punished for Parents' Sins" data-aht="page">Punishing Children for their Parent's Sins</a>.</fn> אברבנאל מציין ששמות כ':ה' מגביל את העונש הקבוצתי הזה לארבעה דורות, ולכן ה' מבטיח לאברהם שהדור הרביעי ישוב לארץ ישראל. לחילופין, השעבוד היה עונש נוסף שניתן לדורות המאוחרים יותר על חטאים חמורים שהם ביצעו ראה להלן.</point>
<point><b>למה במצרים?</b> Abarbanel explains that since Yosef's brothers sold him to be a slave in Egypt, their descendants were punished measure for measure<fn>Abarbanel adds that there were other aspects of the punishment which reflect this same principle: The brothers threw Yosef into a pit and therefore the Egyptians threw their sons into the Nile, and the brothers' finding pasture for their sheep is involved in both their sale of Yosef and the descent to Egypt. According to Abarbanel, the sheep and goats of the Paschal sacrifice were intended as atonement for the sheep and goats involved in the story of Yosef's sale.</fn> in becoming slaves in Egypt.<fn>See Bereshit 50:18 where Yosef's brothers themselves suggest that they be slaves to Yosef.</fn></point>
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<point><b>למה במצרים?</b> אברבנאל מסביר שבגלל שאחי יוסף מכרו אותו לעבד במצרים, צאצאיהם נענשו מידה כנגד מידה<fn>Abarbanel adds that there were other aspects of the punishment which reflect this same principle: The brothers threw Yosef into a pit and therefore the Egyptians threw their sons into the Nile, and the brothers' finding pasture for their sheep is involved in both their sale of Yosef and the descent to Egypt. According to Abarbanel, the sheep and goats of the Paschal sacrifice were intended as atonement for the sheep and goats involved in the story of Yosef's sale.</fn> בכך שהפכו לעבדים במצרים.<fn>See Bereshit 50:18 where Yosef's brothers themselves suggest that they be slaves to Yosef.</fn></point>
<point><b>גזירות א-לוהיות מול בחירה חופשית</b> – The Akeidat Yitzchak and <multilink><a href="MaharalGevurot9" data-aht="source">מהר"ל</a><a href="MaharalGevurot9" data-aht="source">גבורות השם ט'</a><a href="R. Judah Loew of Prague (Maharal)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יהודה ליווא מפראג</a></multilink> reject this approach on the grounds that the decree of the exile preceded the sin of the sale of Yosef. Hence, they contend that Hashem arranged for the sale in order to facilitate the fulfillment of the earlier decree, rather than the earlier decree being a punishment for the later sale.<fn>They cite the <multilink><a href="BavliShabbat89b" data-aht="source">Bavli Shabbat</a><a href="BavliShabbat89b" data-aht="source">Shabbat 89b</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="BavliSotah11a" data-aht="source">Bavli Sotah</a><a href="BavliSotah11a" data-aht="source">Sotah 11a</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink> as support for their understanding. They do not, however, raise the philosophical problem of how there can be free will following a Divine decree. This latter issue appears to underlie the statement of the Ma'asei Hashem: "ולא יתכן לומר שנגזר קודם, דבר הנמשך לסיבת‬ חטא".</fn> Abarbanel, however, points to Devarim 4:25-26 as an analogous case of a punishment being predicted before the sin occurred.<fn>See also the dire predictions of Devarim 31-32 cited by Radak below. Both cases in Devarim, though, describe not only the impending punishment but also the future sins. They can thus be construed as general warnings (or conditional decrees) intended to prevent the nation from disobeying the commandments of Hashem, rather than absolute Divine decrees with a specific time frame. This would be fundamentally different from the prophecy/decree of the Egyptian Exile which both specified a time period and could not have served as an admonition (as no sin is mentioned). Abarbanel does cite an additional parallel from Shemot 23:20 where, he claims, a punishment is predicted without mention of the sin, but as he notes, this only works according to Rashi's interpretation of the verse.</fn></point>
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<point><b>גזירות א-לוהיות מול בחירה חופשית</b> – העקידת יצחק ו<multilink><a href="MaharalGevurot9" data-aht="source">מהר"ל</a><a href="MaharalGevurot9" data-aht="source">גבורות השם ט'</a><a href="R. Judah Loew of Prague (Maharal)" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יהודה ליווא מפראג</a></multilink> דוחים גישה זו בטיעון שגזירת הגלות קדמה למכירת יוסף. לכן, הם טוענים שה' ארגן את המכירה כדי להקל על מימוש הגזירה המוקדמת יותר, ולא שהגזירה המוקדמת יותר היא עונש על המכירה המאוחרת יותר.<fn>They cite the <multilink><a href="BavliShabbat89b" data-aht="source">Bavli Shabbat</a><a href="BavliShabbat89b" data-aht="source">Shabbat 89b</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="BavliSotah11a" data-aht="source">Bavli Sotah</a><a href="BavliSotah11a" data-aht="source">Sotah 11a</a><a href="Talmud Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink> as support for their understanding. They do not, however, raise the philosophical problem of how there can be free will following a Divine decree. This latter issue appears to underlie the statement of the Ma'asei Hashem: "ולא יתכן לומר שנגזר קודם, דבר הנמשך לסיבת‬ חטא".</fn> אולם, אברבנאל מצביע על דברים ד':כ"ה-כ"ו כמקרה מקביל של עונש שנגזר לפני שהחטא התרחש.<fn>See also the dire predictions of Devarim 31-32 cited by Radak below. Both cases in Devarim, though, describe not only the impending punishment but also the future sins. They can thus be construed as general warnings (or conditional decrees) intended to prevent the nation from disobeying the commandments of Hashem, rather than absolute Divine decrees with a specific time frame. This would be fundamentally different from the prophecy/decree of the Egyptian Exile which both specified a time period and could not have served as an admonition (as no sin is mentioned). Abarbanel does cite an additional parallel from Shemot 23:20 where, he claims, a punishment is predicted without mention of the sin, but as he notes, this only works according to Rashi's interpretation of the verse.</fn></point>
<point><b>למה סוּפַּר מראש לאברהם?</b> Abarbanel explains that the prophecy about the Egyptian Exile was a parenthetical comment, necessary only in order to explain to Avraham the delay in the inheritance of the land. Thus, Hashem mentioned only the punishment and not the sin.</point>
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<point><b>למה סוּפַּר מראש לאברהם?</b> אברבנאל מסביר שהנבואה על גלות מצרים הייתה הערת סוגריים, חיונית רק בכדי להסביר לאברהם על העיכוב בירושת הארץ. לכן, ה' מזכיר רק את העונש ולא את החטא.</point>
<point><b>האחים לא מקבלים תוכחה מפורשת בתורה</b> – <multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit45" data-aht="source">אברבנאל</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit45" data-aht="source">בראשית מ"ה</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק אברבנאל</a></multilink>, in a different passage, suggests that the fact that the Torah doesn't explicitly criticize the brothers' actions argues against the possibility of attributing sin to them.<fn>Abarbanel, in that passage, attempts to suggest that the brothers were not culpable for their actions because the events were preordained.</fn> However, one can respond that the Torah renders its moral judgment in a more subtle way by showing how the brothers (and their descendants) were punished for their actions.</point>
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<point><b>האחים לא מקבלים תוכחה מפורשת בתורה</b> – <multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit45" data-aht="source">אברבנאל</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit45" data-aht="source">בראשית מ"ה</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק אברבנאל</a></multilink>, קטע אחר, מציע שהעובדה שהתורה אינה מבקרת בפירוש את מעשי האחים מהווה טענה נגד האפשרות של לייחס להם חטא.<fn>Abarbanel, in that passage, attempts to suggest that the brothers were not culpable for their actions because the events were preordained.</fn> אולם, אפשר להשיב על כך שהתורה מוסרת את שיפוטה המוסרית בדרך עדינה יותר בכך שהיא מראה כיצד האחים (וצאצאיהם) נענשו על מעשיהם.</point>
<point><b>עבודת האלילים של בני ישראל ביחזקאל כ'</b> – Abarbanel<fn>Like Ramban above.</fn> explains that the bondage started before the idolatry,<fn>For discussion of when the idolatry commenced, see <a href="Religious Identity in Egypt" data-aht="page">Israelites' Religious Identity</a> and the Beit HaLevi Parashat Shemot.</fn> and the Israelites' sins were therefore the cause not of the original exile and bondage, but rather of the lengthening of the exile to 430 years.<fn>For more, see <a href="Duration of the Egyptian Exile" data-aht="page">Duration of the Egyptian Exile</a>.</fn></point>
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<point><b>עבודת האלילים של בני ישראל ביחזקאל כ'</b> – אברבנאל<fn>Like Ramban above.</fn> מסביר שהשעבוד התחיל לפני העבודה זרה,<fn>For discussion of when the idolatry commenced, see <a href="Religious Identity in Egypt" data-aht="page">Israelites' Religious Identity</a> and the Beit HaLevi Parashat Shemot.</fn> וחטאי בני ישראל היו משום כך הגורם לא לגלות המקורית ולשעבוד, אלא להארכת הגלות ל 430 שנה.<fn>For more, see <a href="Duration of the Egyptian Exile" data-aht="page">Duration of the Egyptian Exile</a>.</fn></point>
 
</opinion>
 
</opinion>
 
<opinion name="בני ישראל במצרים">בני ישראל במצרים (דור השעבוד)
 
<opinion name="בני ישראל במצרים">בני ישראל במצרים (דור השעבוד)
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<opinion name="">כור היתוך<br/>
 
<opinion name="">כור היתוך<br/>
 
<p>המטרה של הגלות והשעבוד הייתה לטהר את בני ישראל מכל היסודות הטמאים שלהם.<fn>This approach is similar to the previous one ("Afflictions of Love") in that both view the suffering as raising the spiritual level of the Israelites. They differ, though, regarding the level of the Israelites at the outset. The previous approach understands the afflictions to be taking an already righteous people to a higher level, while the current approach views the suffering as transforming a nation of sinners into a more worthy one.</fn></p>
 
<p>המטרה של הגלות והשעבוד הייתה לטהר את בני ישראל מכל היסודות הטמאים שלהם.<fn>This approach is similar to the previous one ("Afflictions of Love") in that both view the suffering as raising the spiritual level of the Israelites. They differ, though, regarding the level of the Israelites at the outset. The previous approach understands the afflictions to be taking an already righteous people to a higher level, while the current approach views the suffering as transforming a nation of sinners into a more worthy one.</fn></p>
<mekorot><multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit15-2" data-aht="source">Abarbanel (Approach #2)</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit15-2" data-aht="source">בראשית ט"ו, דרך ב'</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק אברבנאל</a></multilink>,<fn>Abarbanel in this approach combines two distinct theories. While his primary focus is on the refining process for the nation itself, he links this with the need for the Children of Israel and the Exodus to serve as a vehicle for proclaiming Hashem's power throughout the world (like the Sifre above). In contrast, the Abarbanel in Zevach Pesach s.v. "Baruch Shomer" Approach #2 emphasizes the international aspect.</fn> <multilink><a href="AlshikhBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">ר' משה אלשיך</a><a href="AlshikhBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">בראשית ט"ו:י"ג</a><a href="R. Moshe Alshikh" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' משה אלשיך</a></multilink></mekorot>
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<mekorot><multilink><a href="AbarbanelBereshit15-2" data-aht="source">אברבנאל (גישה ב')</a><a href="AbarbanelBereshit15-2" data-aht="source">בראשית ט"ו, דרך ב'</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' יצחק אברבנאל</a></multilink>,<fn>Abarbanel in this approach combines two distinct theories. While his primary focus is on the refining process for the nation itself, he links this with the need for the Children of Israel and the Exodus to serve as a vehicle for proclaiming Hashem's power throughout the world (like the Sifre above). In contrast, the Abarbanel in Zevach Pesach s.v. "Baruch Shomer" Approach #2 emphasizes the international aspect.</fn> <multilink><a href="AlshikhBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">ר' משה אלשיך</a><a href="AlshikhBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">בראשית ט"ו:י"ג</a><a href="R. Moshe Alshikh" data-aht="parshan">אודות ר' משה אלשיך</a></multilink></mekorot>
 
<point><b>המצב לפני הירידה למצרים</b> – Abarbanel depicts Yaakov's family in Canaan as having begun to mingle with the Canaanites and absorb their practices, and being unprepared to receive the Torah.<fn>Cf. Seforno below, and see <a href="$">Yaakov's Sons' Wives</a>.</fn></point>
 
<point><b>המצב לפני הירידה למצרים</b> – Abarbanel depicts Yaakov's family in Canaan as having begun to mingle with the Canaanites and absorb their practices, and being unprepared to receive the Torah.<fn>Cf. Seforno below, and see <a href="$">Yaakov's Sons' Wives</a>.</fn></point>
 
<point><b>זהות מצרית במצרים</b> – Abarbanel cites the verses from <a href="Yechezkel20-1" data-aht="source">Yechezkel 20</a> as proof that the Israelites worshiped idolatry in Egypt.</point>
 
<point><b>זהות מצרית במצרים</b> – Abarbanel cites the verses from <a href="Yechezkel20-1" data-aht="source">Yechezkel 20</a> as proof that the Israelites worshiped idolatry in Egypt.</point>

Version as of 08:29, 4 January 2015

Fatal 38: Unescaped '<' not allowed in attributes values
23: <li>לאחר נצחונו במלחמת המלכים בבראשית י"ד, אברהם פספס הזדמנות פז לשמור על אנשי סדום<fn>The words "תֶּן לִי הַנֶּפֶשׁ" in Bereshit 14:21 may hark back to "וְאֶת הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ בְחָרָן" in Bereshit 12:5.</fn> כחלק מהשלל, לקלוט אותם לתוך משק ביתו, ולגייר אותם<fn>It is possible that had Avraham done so, the destruction of Sedom might have been averted, and Avraham's inheritance of the land of Israel might have transpired by mass conversion and education rather than by conquest. Thus, by in effect choosing the conquest route, Avraham was required to wait four generations before inheriting the land until "the iniquity of the Amorites was complete".</fn> –&#160;ר' יוחנן <multilink>ב<multilink data-aht="<a href=&quot;BavliNedarim32a&quot; data-aht=&quot;source&quot;>נדרים ל&quot;ב.</a><a href=&quot;Talmud Bavli&quot; data-aht=&quot;parshan&quot;>אודות הבבלי</a>"><a href="BavliNedarim32a" data-aht="source">בבלי נדרים</a></multilink><a href="BavliNedarim32a" data-aht="source">בבלי נדרים ל"ב.</a><a href="Bavli" data-aht="parshan">אודות הבבלי</a></multilink>.<fn>See E. Urbach, חז"ל פרקי אמונות ודעות, (Jerusalem, 1969): 489-490 (n. 88*) and Avioz (see note above) who read this statement as a manifestation of R. Yochanan's generally positive attitude toward proselytizing. Interestingly, R. Eliezer Ashkenazi maintains that Avraham, in fact, kept the people and only returned the material possessions to the king of Sedom.</fn></li>