Sale of Yosef in Art/0/en

Sale of Yosef in Art

Introduction

One of the most dramatic scenes in the Yosef narrative is when he is sold as a slave. The three artworks shown here, the image from the Hortus Deliciarum,¹ the engraving by Gustave Doré,² and the lithograph by an unknown artist,³ all depict the same scene. The different renderings of the merchants, brothers, and Yosef himself raise questions as to who participated in the sale, the identity of the merchants, and the nature of Yosef's coat.

Contrasting Images

Hortus Deliciarum

The Hortus Deliciarum is the most static of the images, depicting only the various characters of the story and almost no activity.  The eleven brothers stand in a group to the left, each dressed similarly in rich colored cloaks. Yosef is significantly younger than them, and uniquely dressed in a striped garment.⁴  He looks back at his brothers as he is taken by the Yishmaelites, perhaps accusingly, perhaps just perplexed. Two merchants are portrayed on the right. One stands by the loaded donkeys, while the other grasps Yosef by the arm and pays the brothers.

Providence Lithograph

In this colorful image, only five of the brothers are depicted. They stand in a semi-circle, waiting for the elder brother to divvy up the money from the sale. Here, too, the brother in the corner of the picture holds a colored garment, presumably, Yosef's cloak. None of them pay attention to the pleading Yosef as he is led away by a merchant to the trail of camels.

Flavitsky

Flavitsky portrays the moments after the deal is finalized, illuminating two separate scenes. On the right, several dark-skinned traders pull a bound Yosef onto a waiting camel. The rest of the caravan stretches out into the desert behind them. On the left, a group of the brothers huddle together, holding out their hands to take a share of the proceeds. Some look towards Yosef, perhaps enjoying his plight. In the meantime, in the shadows in the background, two of the brothers dip Yosef's cloak into blood to prepare their cover-up.

Relationship to the Biblical Text

The artists' choices reflect certain ambiguities in the Biblical text and different possible interpretive stances:

Number of Brothers

Flavitsky has nine brothers participate in the sale while Mascagni portrays only eight. The unknown artist depicts even fewer of the siblings, painting just five figures. How many brothers were actually present during the sale? Most readers, like Flavitsky, assume that everyone but Reuven and Binyamin played a part. The text, though, is ambiguous. Only Yehuda is mentioned by name and the number of accompanying brothers is not explicit. R. Yosef Bekhor ShorBereshit 37:25About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor, in fact, suggests that half the brothers were shepherding with Reuven when the Midianite merchants passed, and these were unaware of the sale. See Who Sold Yosef for more.

כְּתֹנֶת פַּסִּים

Both Mascagni and the unknown artist paint Yosef's cloak in solid colors while Flavitsky portrays it as a striped garment.⁵ Which depiction best matches a "כְּתֹנֶת פַּסִּים"? Though readers versed in modern Hebrew assume that the phrase refers to a striped coat, the meaning of the word "פַּסִּים" is unclear in Biblical Hebrew. It appears in only two other places in Tanakh, in Shemuel II 13:18-19,⁶ where it can refer to any adjective that might be applied to a tunic, and, in Aramaic, in Daniel 5:5 where it seems to mean the palm of a hand. Commentators in Bereshit, thus, offer an array of possible meanings including: long sleeved, embroidered, striped, colored, and ankle-length.⁷

Midianites or Yishmaelites?

In Mascagni's image, the merchants appear as a cohesive group, all dressed similarly. In Flavitsky's painting, on the other hand, the merchants are a motley crew. Some are dark skinned while others are light; some are bare-chested while others are more richly garbed. The different portrayals might relate to a difficulty in the Biblical text. While Bereshit 37:25,27 and the end of verse 28, speak of selling Yosef to the Yishmaelites, the beginning of verse 28 as well as verse 36 speak instead of Midianite merchants. What is the relationship between these two groups? Are they simply different names for the same people?⁸ Did the caravan contain traders of multiple ethnicities,⁹ or was Yosef later resold from one group of slave traders to another?¹⁰ See Who Sold Yosef.

"When he pleaded with us…"

All three artists show Yosef pleading for mercy in various degrees of intensity.¹¹ Interestingly, in Bereshit 37, there is no mention at all of Yosef's reaction to the sale. It is only in Chapter 42, when Yosef accuses the brothers of spying, that we hear from the brothers, "אֲשֵׁמִים אֲנַחְנוּ עַל אָחִינוּ אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ צָרַת נַפְשׁוֹ בְּהִתְחַנְנוֹ אֵלֵינוּ וְלֹא שָׁמָעְנוּ". It is unclear if Yosef's anguished cries were a response to being thrown into the pit or to the sale.¹² Moreover, why does the text share this fact only at this later point in the story?¹³

¹ The Hortus Deliciarum is a 12th century illuminated encyclopedia compiled by a nun named Herrad of Landsberg at the Hohenburg Abbey in Alsace; The original manuscript was destroyed in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War, but by then many of the images had already been reproduced though no full facsimile exists.

² Gustave Doré (1832–1883) was a French artist, printmaker, and illustrator.  This engraving was made as part of 241 images for La Grande Bible de Tours (1866), an illustrated edition of the 1843 French translation of the Vulgate Bible.

³ This illustration was published in 1907 by the Providence Lithograph Company.

⁴ Interestingly, though, it looks much shabbier than the brothers' cloaks.

⁵ The cloak is held by one of the brothers in the back left of the image. A close look reveals that it is made of alternating strips of dark colors.

⁶ Here, too, the verses speak of a כְּתֹנֶת פַּסִּים, elaborating only that this was the royal garb of virgin princesses.

⁷ See the various opinions brought in Bereshit Rabbah84:8About Bereshit Rabbah, Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan)Bereshit 37:3About Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan), Ibn EzraBereshit 37:3About R. Avraham ibn Ezra, and RadakBereshit 37:3About R. David Kimchi.

⁸ See Ibn EzraBereshit 37:28About R. Avraham ibn Ezra who takes this approach.

⁹ See R. Yosef Bekhor ShorBereshit 37:25About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor who points out that the Yishmaelites and Midianites were all related, being born from the concubines of Avraham, and were traveling together in the same caravan.

¹⁰ See RashiBereshit 37:28About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki who prefers this option.

¹¹ The pleading is most pronounced in Mascagni's' image, while in Flavitsky's painting it is merely suggested by Yosef's imploring eyes.

¹² Compare Seikhel TovBereshit 42:21About R. Menachem b. Shelomo and RadakBereshit 42:21About R. David Kimchi.

¹³ See RambanBereshit 42:21About R. Moshe Nachmanides who suggests that the Torah found it unnecessary to relay this information, as pleading would be the natural reaction of anyone in such a situation. Alternatively, the Torah was silent so as not to portray the brothers in an even more negative light, or simply, because Torah often is concise in one area while elaborating in another.