Shaul's Sin in the Battle with Amalek/1/he
חטא שאול במלחמת עמלק
הקדמה
מקנה ומלוכה
בשמואל א' ט"ו מתואר הקרב של שאול נגד עמלק אשר הוביל לאובדן מלכותו. לאחר הקרב, אומר ה' לשמואל:
שמואל א' ט"ו describes Shaul's battle against Amalek and his subsequent loss of the kingship. After the battle, Hashem tells Shemuel:
נִחַמְתִּי כִּי הִמְלַכְתִּי אֶת שָׁאוּל לְמֶלֶךְ כִּי שָׁב מֵאַחֲרַי וְאֶת דְּבָרַי לֹא הֵקִים...
עם זאת, ה' אינו מציין אילו מעשים של שאול גרמו לו להתחרט על המלכתו. דבריו של ה' מגיעים לאחר תיאור רחמיו של שאול על אגג העמלקי ועל בעלי החיים המובחרים של עמו, ומראים כי זו הייתה הבעיה. עם זאת, אף אחת מהפעולות הללו לא נראית כה נוראה שעליהן לזכות בעונש כה חמור. המניע הטען של שאול להצלת בעלי החיים היה חיובי (הוא תכנן להקריב אותם להשם יתברך), 2 ולקיחת רק שבוי בודד עשויה להוות עבירה קלה. בנוסף, במידת הצורך, יהיה קל למדי לתקן את שתי הטעויות הללו! 3 לבסוף, שאול עצמו נראה לא מודע לכך שפעולות אלה היו בעייתיות, ואף מצטט אותן כשהצהיר שהוא מילא את הנחיית השם.
However, Hashem does not specify which of Shaul's actions caused Him to regret the appointment. Hashem's words follow a description of Shaul's having mercy on Agag and the choice livestock of the Amalekites, suggesting that this was the problem.1 Yet, neither of these actions seem so terrible that they should merit such a severe punishment. Shaul's claimed motive in saving the animals was positive (he planned to sacrifice them to Hashem),2 and taking only a single captive might appear to be a minor transgression. In addition, if necessary, it would be fairly easy to rectify both of these mistakes!3 Finally, Shaul himself seems unaware that these actions were problematic, and even cites them when declaring that he has fulfilled Hashem's directive:
(כ) וַיֹּאמֶר שָׁאוּל אֶל שְׁמוּאֵל אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַעְתִּי בְּקוֹל י"י וָאֵלֵךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר שְׁלָחַנִי י"י וָאָבִיא אֶת אֲגַג מֶלֶךְ עֲמָלֵק וְאֶת עֲמָלֵק הֶחֱרַמְתִּי. (כא) וַיִּקַּח הָעָם מֵהַשָּׁלָל צֹאן וּבָקָר רֵאשִׁית הַחֵרֶם לִזְבֹּחַ לַי"י אֱלֹהֶיךָ בַּגִּלְגָּל.
Where, then, did Shaul err so badly that it cost him his kingship?
השוואה לדוד
As David is anointed immediately following this chapter, we naturally compare the two leaders, wondering where Shaul failed and David succeeded.
- פעולות נגד עמלק – Did David rectify any of Shaul's mistakes from the battle? In David's war against Amalek (שמואל א' ל'), he too takes sheep and cattle as booty, and allows four hundred Amalekites to escape. Is this any better than Shaul? Why, then, is Shaul chastised for his actions, but not David?
- חטא ועונשו – When David sins with Batsheva and has Uriah killed, he does not lose his kingship. Were Shaul's deeds here really more blameworthy than those of David?
- Character – How do David and Shaul's characters compare? Does Shaul manifest any character flaws in our chapter that David does not share?
שאלות נוספות
- "וְהִנֵּה מַצִּיב לוֹ יָד" – After the battle, we are told that Shaul has set up a monument. Was this memorial meant to honor himself on his great victory, or was it meant for Hashem's glory? How does its establishment relate to Shaul's problematic fulfillment of Hashem's command?
- "כִּי חַטַּאת קֶסֶם מֶרִי וְאָוֶן וּתְרָפִים הַפְצַר" – In rebuking Shaul, Shemuel compares his actions to idolatry and magical offerings. What does he mean by this analogy? What light might it shed on the nature of Shaul's sin?
- "וְאֶת עֲמָלֵק הֶחֱרַמְתִּי" – שמואל א' ל' tells how, not long after the events of our chapter, the Amalekites attacked David's camp in Ziklag. However, if Shaul had killed all of the Amalekites, how did hundreds remain to fight against David?
- איבוד הממלכה פעמיים – בפרק י"ג, after Shaul fails to wait for Shemuel to sacrifice in Gilgal, the prophet rebukes him, telling him that his disobedience has cost him his kingship, "וְעַתָּה מַמְלַכְתְּךָ לֹא תָקוּם". If Shaul had already lost the monarchy, what new punishment was given here? How do the two crimes relate to each other? Did Shaul commit the same error a second time, or was each sin distinct?4
