Difference between revisions of "Wanted: A Wife for Yitzchak/2/he"
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<point><b>האם הכנענים היו אופציה ב'?</b> As the problem for Avraham was the Canaanites' proximity, they could not be a viable option under any circumstances.<fn>See Ri and Ramban's position below.</fn></point> | <point><b>האם הכנענים היו אופציה ב'?</b> As the problem for Avraham was the Canaanites' proximity, they could not be a viable option under any circumstances.<fn>See Ri and Ramban's position below.</fn></point> | ||
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>המבחן בבאר</b> – Chizkuni says that the servant wanted to test Rivka's character, when she was alone and not under her family's direct influence.<fn>Chizkuni is following the lead of R"Y Bekhor Shor above. Both Keli Yekar and R. Hirsch similarly view it as a character test. R. Hirsch, who asserts that Avraham required the wife to be from his family, suggests that in testing the trait of kindness and hospitality, the servant was simultaneously checking for signs of relation, as those very traits were emblematic of Avraham.</fn> As the servant was not looking specifically for a member of Avraham's family, he looked instead for other positive attributes in the potential bride.<fn>It is possible that Rivka was tested to see if she possessed two qualities that were the hallmarks of Avraham:<ul><li>A willingness to leave her family and homeland (note the parallel usage of the terms from our story in Bereshit 12:1 "מֵאַרְצְךָ וּמִמּוֹלַדְתְּךָ וּמִבֵּית אָבִיךָ").</li><li>A devotion to doing kindness even for utter strangers (note the parallels between Rivka's "וַתְּמַהֵר... וַתָּרָץ" and Avraham's "וַיְמַהֵר... רָץ" in Bereshit 18).</li></ul></fn> Shadal, in contrast, suggests that the servant was requesting a sign from Hashem,<fn>Cf. Radak above. On the appropriateness of the test and the issue of divination, see <a href="$">The Test at the Well</a>.</fn> and the woman who passed would be deemed the appropriate wife for Yitzchak, from whichever family she might be.</point> |
− | <point><b> | + | <point><b>השתאותו של העבד <a href="Bereshit24-10" data-aht="source">בפסוק כ"א</a></b> – The Keli Yekar states that the servant was merely waiting to see whether Rivka would draw water for the camels as she promised, and his uncertainty was unconnected to his question which followed regarding Rivka's lineage. Shadal and R. Hirsch, though, connect the servant's hesitation to his wondering whether Rivka was indeed from Avraham's family.<fn>According to Shadal, this was Avraham's preference, while according to R. Hirsch it was a requirement.</fn></point> |
<point><b>When was the jewelry given?</b> Shadal suggests that the jewelry was given before inquiring after Rivka's family, as suggested by the order in the original narration of the event.<fn>He also raises the possibility that the two actions were simultaneous.</fn> Rivka deserved reward for her efforts regardless of who she was.<fn>Chizkuni explains similarly, but also brings the opposite possibility that the servant asked about her family first. He brings a third compromise possibility, like R. Hirsch below, as well. </fn> In addition, the servant desired to show that he was wealthy and of generous nature. R. Hirsch, in contrast, proposes that the servant took out the jewelry, but only gave it after inquiring who Rivka was.<fn>As R. Hirsch maintains that the family criterion was important, he asserts that the servant asks about that before actually giving the gifts. He notes, like R"Y Bekhor Shor above, that the usage of "וַיִּקַּח" rather than "ויתן" allows for the possibility that it was just prepared to be given. This eliminates any real contradiction between the servant's retelling and the original narrative.</fn></point> | <point><b>When was the jewelry given?</b> Shadal suggests that the jewelry was given before inquiring after Rivka's family, as suggested by the order in the original narration of the event.<fn>He also raises the possibility that the two actions were simultaneous.</fn> Rivka deserved reward for her efforts regardless of who she was.<fn>Chizkuni explains similarly, but also brings the opposite possibility that the servant asked about her family first. He brings a third compromise possibility, like R. Hirsch below, as well. </fn> In addition, the servant desired to show that he was wealthy and of generous nature. R. Hirsch, in contrast, proposes that the servant took out the jewelry, but only gave it after inquiring who Rivka was.<fn>As R. Hirsch maintains that the family criterion was important, he asserts that the servant asks about that before actually giving the gifts. He notes, like R"Y Bekhor Shor above, that the usage of "וַיִּקַּח" rather than "ויתן" allows for the possibility that it was just prepared to be given. This eliminates any real contradiction between the servant's retelling and the original narrative.</fn></point> | ||
<point><b>Variations in the servant's retelling</b> – Chizkuni, Shadal, and R. Hirsch maintain that the changes made by the servant resulted from the norms of polite discourse and the desire to honor Avraham's family.<fn>For a full list of earlier commentators who adopt this approach, see below.</fn></point> | <point><b>Variations in the servant's retelling</b> – Chizkuni, Shadal, and R. Hirsch maintain that the changes made by the servant resulted from the norms of polite discourse and the desire to honor Avraham's family.<fn>For a full list of earlier commentators who adopt this approach, see below.</fn></point> |
Version as of 10:56, 16 May 2019
דרושה: אשה ליצחק
גישות פרשניות
עדיפות לקרובי משפחה
הקריטריון החשוב ביותר בחיפוש אחר אישה ליצחק היה שתהיה קרובת משפחה של אברהם.
למה דווקא ממשפחתו של אברהם?
"וְאֶל מוֹלַדְתִּי" בהנחיותיו של אברהם
האם הכנעניות היו אופציה ב'? רש"י9 אומר שאילו העבד לא היה מוצא אישה מתוך משפחתו של אברהם, היה עליו למצוא אישה מבנות הכנעני - מבנות ענר, אשכול וממרא.10 בבסיס שיטה זו עומדת ההנחה שאברהם דרש רק להעדיף את משפחתו, ולא להיבדל באופן מהותי מהכנענים.11
הניסיון בבאר – עמדה זו נדרשת להתמודד עם השאלה מדוע בשלב הראשון, בהגיעו לחרן, לא חיפש העבד את משפחתו של אברהם,12 כמו שעושה יעקב בבראשית כ"ט.13
- עמדה זו יכולה להציע שהמבחן היה רעיונו של העבד, שביקש להוסיף על דרישותיו של אברהם. אברהם השביע אותו שיביא אישה מהמשפחה הנכונה,14 והעבד רצה לוודא שתהיה בעלת האופי המתאים.15 כנראה שאברהם התעלם מהיבט זה, והוטרד יותר מעניין הפוטנציאל הדתי שלה.16
- בנוסף לכך, המבחן נועד לשמש כהוכחה למשפחתה של רבקה שהזיווג משמים.17 מכיוון שהיה סיכוי טוב שמשפחתה של האישה הנבחרת לא יסכימו לעזיבתה, העבד היה צריך סימן מובהק שהאישה נועדה משמיים להיות אישתו של יצחק, ולא מספיק לחפש מבין קרובי משפחתו של אברהם. הניסיון בבאר השיג מטרה זו והוכיח שיד אלוהית הובילה את רבקה דווקא הישר לעבד.18
חוסר ודאותו של העבד בפסוק כ"א – רש"י19 ורד"ק מסבירים שאפילו אחרי שעברה רבקה את הניסיון בבאר, העבד היה צריך לברר אם היא היתה קרובת משפחתו של אברהם לפני שידע אם הצליח במשימתו.
מתי ניתנו התכשיטים? כמעט כל הפרשנים טוענים שהעבד הביא לרבקה את התכשיטים רק אחרי שוידא שהיא ממשפחתו של אברהם.20 ר"י בכור שור מסביר שהפסוק "וַיִּקַּח הָאִישׁ נֶזֶם זָהָב", המופיע לפני ששואל העבד אודות משפחתה, מתאר רק את הכנת התכשיטים, עוד לפני שנתן לה אותם.21 רש"י הוא היחיד22 המסביר שהעבד נתן לרבקה את התכשיטים לפני ששאל, וזאת מכיוון שהאמין שיש השגחה אלוקית המכריחה ומוודאת את הצלחת המשימה.
השינויים בגרסתו של העבד – גישה זו מבטלת כל הבדל מהותי בין תיאורו של המספר לבין זה של העבד.23 שני התיאורים היו עקביים בכך שהוראת אברהם היתה ללכת למצוא אישה מקרב משפחתו, וכן שהעבד נתן לרבקה את התכשיטים רק אחרי שוידא זאת. למרות זאת, על פי רש"י, בתיאורו שינה העבד את זמן נתינת התכשיטים כדי שמשפחתה של רבקה לא יראו בעין ראה את העובדה שנתן לה מתנות לפני שבירר את זהותה.24
עיקר העניין/ הנקודה המרכזית – גישה זו מבינה את הוראותיו של אברהם (ואת יישומן) לאור הידיעה על היוולדה של רבקה לפני השליחות ותיאורו של העבד לאחר ההתרחשויות. היא סוברת שהעבד לא שינה מן האמת רק כדי להתחנף. הגישה יוצאת מנקודת הנחה שהסיבה ההגיונית ביותר שהעבד ילך ישירות לעיר בה משפחתו של אברהם גרים, היא כדי למצוא אישה ליצחק מבין קרובות משפחתו.
Aversion to Having Local In-laws
אברהם רצה לוודא שיצחק ומשפחתו לעתיד לא יהיו מושפעים על ידי משפחתה של האישה, וכן להימנע מתביעה על זכות בירושתו העתידית של יצחק.
למה "מקומי" גרוע יותר?
- השפעה מתמדת – לפי הכלי יקר והרש"ר הירש, למרות שייתכן והארמים לקו בחסר מבחינה מוסרית ודתית באותה המידה כמו הכנענים היושבים בארץ, ההשפעה השלילית של קרובי משפחה מקומיים גדולה בהרבה מזו של הגרים רחוק.26 הכלי יקר גם רואה הקבלה בין אזהרתו של אברהם נגד נישואי יצחק לאישה כנענית, לבין האיסור שמגיע מאוחר יותר בדברים ז'.
- סכנה לנחלה – חיזקוני ושד"ל מתמקדים בבעיה שקרובי משפחה מכנען עלולים ליצור ביחס לירושת אברהם את הארץ. חיזקוני סובר שאברהם רצה לוודא שלא יטענו שירושת הארץ היא בגלל נישואי יצחק לכנענית, ויהיה ברור שזכותם היא אלוהית.27 לעומתו, מציע שד"ל שקשר משפחתי עם הכנענים יקשה על גירושם או חיסולם מאוחר יותר.28
הוראתו של אברהם - "וְאֶל מוֹלַדְתִּי"
- ארץ לידה – חיזקוני ורש"ר הירש מציעים שהמילה "מוֹלַדְתִּי" מתייחסת לארצו או עירו של אברהם.29 רש"ר הירש מוסיף וסובר שהמילה מרמזת על הדרישה שהאישה תהיה קרובת משפחתו של אברהם.
- משפחה – שד"ל טוען שהשימוש במילה "מוֹלַדְתִּי" מתייחסת למשפחתו של אברהם, אך שזו עדיפות בלבד ולא תנאי. כהוכחה לכך, הוא מצביע על העובדה שעבד אברהם מתחיל בניסיון בבאר למציאת אישה, דרך שאינה יעילה כלל למציאת דווקא קרובת משפחה של אדונו.30
האם הכנענים היו אופציה ב'? As the problem for Avraham was the Canaanites' proximity, they could not be a viable option under any circumstances.31
המבחן בבאר – Chizkuni says that the servant wanted to test Rivka's character, when she was alone and not under her family's direct influence.32 As the servant was not looking specifically for a member of Avraham's family, he looked instead for other positive attributes in the potential bride.33 Shadal, in contrast, suggests that the servant was requesting a sign from Hashem,34 and the woman who passed would be deemed the appropriate wife for Yitzchak, from whichever family she might be.
השתאותו של העבד בפסוק כ"א – The Keli Yekar states that the servant was merely waiting to see whether Rivka would draw water for the camels as she promised, and his uncertainty was unconnected to his question which followed regarding Rivka's lineage. Shadal and R. Hirsch, though, connect the servant's hesitation to his wondering whether Rivka was indeed from Avraham's family.35
When was the jewelry given? Shadal suggests that the jewelry was given before inquiring after Rivka's family, as suggested by the order in the original narration of the event.36 Rivka deserved reward for her efforts regardless of who she was.37 In addition, the servant desired to show that he was wealthy and of generous nature. R. Hirsch, in contrast, proposes that the servant took out the jewelry, but only gave it after inquiring who Rivka was.38
Variations in the servant's retelling – Chizkuni, Shadal, and R. Hirsch maintain that the changes made by the servant resulted from the norms of polite discourse and the desire to honor Avraham's family.39
Marriage of Yaakov's sons – This understanding of Avraham's motives might explain why Yaakov appears much much less concerned than his father and grandfather about his sons marrying the local Canaanites. While Yitzchak and Yaakov had been single heirs, who could have easily assimilated into their in-laws families, Yaakov's sons, in contrast, were already a clan, and anyone marrying in would be subsumed by them. Thus he had no fear of local in-laws. For further discussion, see Did Yaakov's Sons Marry Canaanites?
Crux of the position – This approach reads Avraham's concerns in light of the Torah's later prohibition in Devarim 7 of intermarrying with the Canaanites. It thus understands Avraham as similarly being fearful of assimilation. The command to find a wife from a far away country and the injunction against taking a wife from the local populace are viewed as flip sides of the same desire to insulate Yitzchak from bad influences.
Search for a Wife of Noble Character
The most critical factor was that Yitzchak's wife have a generous and kind nature and be of upright moral character.
"לֹא תִקַּח אִשָּׁה לִבְנִי מִבְּנוֹת הַכְּנַעֲנִי" – According to all these commentators, Avraham told his servant to avoid choosing a Canaanite wife, not because they were more religiously problematic than his family (who were similarly idolatrous), but because of their amoral character. Jubilees stresses how the Canaanites debauchery and corrupt interpersonal behavior was the source of the prohibition to mingle with them, while the Ran distinguishes between idolatrous beliefs which can be rectified through education and evil character traits (like those of the Canaanites) which are ingrained and hereditary.40
"וְאֶל מוֹלַדְתִּי" in Avraham's instructions – Ibn Kaspi and the Malbim understand "מוֹלַדְתִּי" to mean birthplace, and that Avraham expressed no preference for finding a wife from his family.41 In fact, Malbim adds that the servant did not expect that Avraham's wealthy relatives in Mesopotamia would be sending their daughter (rather than a servant) out to draw water.
Were the Canaanites a backup option? This approach rules out any possibility whatsoever of a Canaanite wife.42 Thus, Jubilees and Ramban maintain that, not only Yitzchak, but all of the ancestors of the Children of Israel (including the twelve sons of Yaakov) were prohibited from marrying Canaanite women.43
The test at the well – This approach would likely suggest that, despite the silence in the text, after expressing how abominable he found the Canaanites, Avraham proceeded to tell his servant that he should instead find a wife of upright morals and character. This led the servant to devise his water test. As such, Avraham's specification to avoid the Canaanites and the servant's character test are flip-sides of the same coin. Malbim further points outs that the test was designed to identify a kindhearted woman from a poor family, who would presumably be more willing to emigrate to a foreign land. The servant assumed that the wealthy inhabitants of the city would send their servants to draw water, rather than their daughters, and thus never even thought of the possibility that a relative of Avraham would be the one to pass the test.
The servant's uncertainty in verse 21 – According to Malbim, the uncertainty did not relate to Rivka's as-of-yet unknown lineage (which was unimportant to the servant) but rather to the concern that Rivka might still ask for remuneration for her efforts, thereby diminishing her good deed.44 Alternatively, it is possible that the servant was concerned that the woman's family might not consent to the marriage.45
When was the jewelry given? Ibn Kaspi and Malbim assert that, as it would appear from the narrator's account, the servant gave Rivka the jewelry before finding out her lineage. They point out that this is consistent with their position that the woman's family background was irrelevant to the servant's mission.46 Malbim adds that the servant's asking for the identity of Rivka's family was merely the lead-up to his inquiry as to whether they could find lodging in her home.47
Variations in the servant's retelling – Ramban, Ibn Kaspi, and the Malbim48 all develop the possibility that the servant altered the truth in order to achieve his goals.49 Thus, they contend that the servant only pretended that his marching orders were to find a woman from Avraham's family and that he gave Rivka the jewelry only after learning of her pedigree, all in order to flatter Rivka's family and ensure their approval of the marriage.50
Crux of the position – This approach underscores the opening part of Avraham's admonition, the prohibition of taking a Canaanite wife, reading into it the importance of finding a spouse of upright character. It concludes, in light of the Torah's earlier curse of Canaan51 and later revulsion from Canaanite behavior,52 that Canaanite society was unique in the depth of its depravity.