Why Was Hashem Angry at Bilam/1/en

Why Was Hashem Angry at Bilam?

Introduction

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Why Does Hashem Keep Changing His Mind?

Bemidbar 22 describes how Balak, the King of Moav, requests from Bilam that he curse the Children of Israel. Bilam consults with Hashem who refuses permission, telling Bilam:

EN/HEע/E

 לֹא תֵלֵךְ עִמָּהֶם לֹא תָאֹר אֶת הָעָם כִּי בָרוּךְ הוּא.

God said to Balaam, “You shall not go with them. You shall not curse the people; for they are blessed.”

Upon hearing the message, Balak tries his luck again, sending a second set of servants to once again try and convince Bilam to curse the nation. Despite Hashem's earlier refusal, Bilam again seeks Hashem's consent, and somewhat surprisingly, receives a different answer:

EN/HEע/E

וַיָּבֹא אֱלֹהִים אֶל בִּלְעָם לַיְלָה וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ אִם לִקְרֹא לְךָ בָּאוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים קוּם לֵךְ אִתָּם וְאַךְ אֶת הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר אֲדַבֵּר אֵלֶיךָ אֹתוֹ תַעֲשֶׂה.

God came to Balaam at night, and said to him, “If the men have come to call you, rise up, go with them; but only the word which I speak to you, that you shall do.”

What makes Hashem change His mind? Has something happened that, this time around,  Hashem allows Bilam to accompany the messengers? More perplexing than this change of heart, though, is Hashem's reaction when Bilam acts upon Hashem's permit. Right after Bilam departs with the Moabites, we are told that Hashem is filled with wrath. How is this reaction to be understood? Why is Hashem angry if Bilam is simply doing what he was told? As Abarbanel asks in his eighth question on the chapter:

השאלה הח׳: אם הוא יתברך הרשה את בלעם ללכת ואמר לו אם לקרא לך באו האנשים קום לך אתם איך אחרי שהלך נאמר ויחר אף אלהים כי הולך הוא ויתיצב מלאך י״י בדרך לשטן לו והוא לא הלך אלא ברשותו ובמאמרו?!

A Sword Wielding Angel and Talking Donkey

Bilam's encounter with the angel and his miraculous talking donkey are, for many, the most memorable part of the story, but also one of the most perplexing:

• Why does Hashem decide to relay His message to Bilam in this manner rather than straightforwardly expressing His anger?¹  Was making a miracle (enabling the donkey to both see the angel and to speak) really necessary in order to communicate His point?²
• Given Hashem's anger at Bilam, the reader expects that at the end of the encounter, there will be some change in Hashem's instructions or Bilam's actions. Yet, the angel reiterates Hashem's earlier message almost verbatim, and Bilam proceeds exactly as before (see table below). If so, what was gained through the entire episode?

EN/HEע/E

פסוקים כ'-כ"א (לפני הפגישה)	פסוק ל"ה (בסוף הפגישה)
וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ אִם לִקְרֹא לְךָ בָּאוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים קוּם לֵךְ אִתָּם וְאַךְ אֶת הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר אֲדַבֵּר אֵלֶיךָ אֹתוֹ תַעֲשֶׂה.	וַיֹּאמֶר מַלְאַךְ י״י אֶל בִּלְעָם לֵךְ עִם הָאֲנָשִׁים וְאֶפֶס אֶת הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר אֲדַבֵּר אֵלֶיךָ אֹתוֹ תְדַבֵּר.
וַיֵּלֶךְ בִּלְעָם עִם שָׂרֵי בָלָק	וַיֵּלֶךְ עִם שָׂרֵי מוֹאָב

Bilam's Character

¹ This is especially difficult considering that Bilam receives prophecy and communicates with Hashem directly throughout the story.

² See Ralbag and Abarbanel (in his eleventh question on the chapter) who point out that Hashem does not bring miracles for no reason. Since the angel could have communicated directly with Bilam, there seems to be little gained by having the donkey miraculously see an angel and speak. [Ralbag writes, "ואם אמרנו שה׳ יתעלה עשה זה על דרך המופת, הנה ישאל שואל אי־זה תועלת היה בזה המופת...  והוא מבואר שה׳ יתעלה לא יחדש המופתים ללא צורך".]  Ralbag here is consistent with his general tendency to minimize miracles, and Abarbanel with his repeated emphasis on the fact that miracles are related to necessity.  For elaboration, see Miracles and Moshe's Epitaph – Signs and Wonders.