Yosef/0

Yosef – Overview

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Overview

The Yosef narratives extend from Bereshit 37 through the end of the book, providing the reader with significantly more details about Yosef's life, personality, and interactions than any of the other tribes.  His life progresses on a roller coaster of ups and downs, as his position as favored child morphs into that of degraded slave, then back to head of household, only to revert once more to forgotten prisoner.  He finally emerges as second in command to Paroh, paving the way for the family's descent to Egypt.

Throughout, Yosef is a composite of opposites.  He is both  loved and hated, admired and disdained.  He is a dreamer, but capable of facing harsh reality. He is an outsider who makes it in. He is a man who can control Egypt, but cannot hold in his tears. The various aspects of Yosef's character have invited multiple interpretations throughout centuries of exegesis, often resulting in contrasting portraits of the fascinating figure.

Family Life

Relationship to Brothers

Bereshit 37 discusses both the brother's sale of Yosef, and the jealousy and hatred which led to it. The chapter declares "וַיִּשְׂנְאוּ אֹתוֹ", implying that all the brothers hated Yosef equally.  However, not all commentators agree, as several verses might suggest otherwise:

• "וְהוּא נַעַר אֶת בְּנֵי בִלְהָה וְאֶת בְּנֵי זִלְפָּה" – Commentators debate the meaning of this phrase and what it connotes about Yosef's relationship with the sons of the maidservants.
  

• Positive relationship – Yosef spent recreation time with them – RashiBereshit 37:2About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki, RashbamBereshit 37:2-3About R. Shemuel b. Meir, R. Avraham b. HaRambamBereshit 37:2-3About R. Avraham Maimonides, or Yosef served together with them – ShadalBereshit 37:2-3About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto
• Negative relationship – Either the sons of the maidservants served Yosef – R. Yosef Bekhor ShorBereshit 37:2-3About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor, RambanBereshit 37:2-3About R. Moshe b. Nachman, or: Yosef served the sons of the maidservants – Ibn EzraBereshit First Commentary 37About R. Avraham ibn Ezra

• "וַיָּבֵא יוֹסֵף אֶת דִּבָּתָם רָעָה אֶל אֲבִיהֶם" – Commentators dispute whether Yosef slandered all of the brothers, or only some of them. This, too, might bear on his individual relationships with each sibling:¹

• Slandered All – RadakBereshit 37:2-3About R. David Kimchi,
• Slandered the sons of Leah – R. Yehuda in Bereshit Rabbah 84:784:7About Bereshit Rabbah, RashiBereshit 37:2Bereshit 37:3About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki, RashbamBereshit 37:2-3About R. Shemuel b. Meir, ShadalBereshit 37:2-3About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto
• Slandered the sons of the maidservants – R. Yosef KaraBereshit 37:2About R. Yosef Kara,² R. Yosef Bekhor ShorBereshit 37:2-3About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor, RambanBereshit 37:2-3About R. Moshe b. Nachman, NetzivBereshit 37:2-3About R. Naftali Tzvi Yehuda Berlin

• "וַיַּחֲלֹם יוֹסֵף חֲלוֹם וַיַּגֵּד לְאֶחָיו" – Were all the brother equally upset by Yosef's sharing of his dreams of grandeur?
• Yes, all the brothers were bothered –
• Only the sons of Leah, who had what to lose, were upset – R. Yosef KaraBereshit 37:2About R. Yosef Kara

• The Sale of Yosef– Did all the brothers participate in the sale? For analysis and the motivations for each reading, see Who Sold Yosef?

• All of the brothers (except Reuven) – Most commentators
• None of the brothers – Rashbam
• Half of the brothers – R. Yosef Bekhor Shor

Relationship to Yaakov

• כִּי בֶן זְקֻנִים הוּא לוֹ –  What does this term mean and what does it suggest about why Yaakov loved Yosef?

• Similar to father – Bereshit Rabbah84:8About Bereshit Rabbah, TanchumaVayeshev 2About the Tanchuma, Targum Pseudo-JonathanBereshit 37:3About Targum Pseudo-Jonathan,
• Wise/ good looking – Josephus2 2:1About Josephus Antiquities of the Jews, Targum OnkelosBereshit 37:3About Targum Onkelos,  Ibn EzraBereshit First Commentary 37About R. Avraham ibn Ezra, RadakBereshit 37:2-3About R. David Kimchi
• Served father – RambanBereshit 37:2-3About R. Moshe b. Nachman
• Youngest³  – R. Avraham b. HaRambamBereshit 37:2-3About R. Avraham Maimonides, ShadalBereshit 37:2-3About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto
• Born after despairing of having a child – RalbagBereshit Beur HaParashah 37:3About R. Levi b. Gershom
• "עָשָׂה לוֹ כְּתֹנֶת פַּסִּים" – What did Yaakov mean to signify in giving Yosef the cloak?  Was he simply showing parental favoritism, or did he have other intentions? According to each possibility, how did the gift contribute to the brother's feelings of jealousy?
• Show of love – RalbagBereshit Beur HaParashah 37:3About R. Levi b. Gershom
• Sign of leadership/ chosen status – SefornoBereshit 37:3About R. Ovadyah Seforno,  HaKetav VeHaKabbalahBereshit 37:3About R. Yaakov Mecklenburg, R. HirschBereshit 37:1-3About R. Samson Raphael Hirsch

Relationship to Family When in Egypt It is difficult to understand what motivates the various actions taken by Yosef upon becoming second-in-command and seeing his brothers in Egypt. . Why does he not contact his beloved father after so many years apart? Why does he treat his brothers, and especially Binyamin, whom he had no reason to hate, so harshly? Why does he, simultaneously, put on a show of good will to his siblings, returning their money and giving them presents? Is he still angry or has time allowed him to forgive and forget? For a full discussion of these issues and relevant sources, see Yosef's Treatment of his Family and Why Did Yosef Frame Binyamin?

Marriage and Children

"וַיִּתֶּן לוֹ אֶת אָסְנַת בַּת פּוֹטִי פֶרַע כֹּהֵן אֹן לְאִשָּׁה" –Did Yosef marry a daughter of an idolatrous priest?⁴

• No – Several commentators reread the verse to mitigate the issue:
• "כֹּהֵן" means an officer - RashbamBereshit 41:45About R. Shemuel b. Meir, RambanBereshit 41:45About R. Moshe b. Nachman
• Potiphera might have been a monotheistic priest – Ibn EzraBereshit First Commentary 41:45About R. Avraham ibn Ezra #1
• Osnat was the daughter of Dina – Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer36About Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer, Yalkut ShimoniTorah Bereshit 29:31About Yalkut Shimoni
• Yes – Ibn EzraBereshit First Commentary 41:45About R. Avraham ibn Ezra #2, ShadalBereshit 41:45About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto·

Religious Identity

¹ Regarding the nature and evaluation of his slandering, see below.

² He nonetheless maintains that all hated Yosef somewhat equally.  Even though the sons of Leah were not slandered, it was they who were most bothered by Yosef's dreams.

³ Shadal explains that though Binyamin was born after him, since several years passed until his birth, Yosef was treated as the favored youngest son in the meantime, and with the birth of Binyamin, this status did not change.

⁴ See the similar question regarding Moshe's marriage to Zipporah, the daughter of "כֹהֵן מִדְיָן" at Moshe's Family Life, Yitro – Religious Identity, and Zipporah.