Calling for Peace in the Conquest of Canaan/2

Calling for Peace in the Conquest of Canaan

Exegetical Approaches

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Prohibited

It is prohibited to call for peace to the Seven Nations and any overtures for peace on their part are rejected.

Sources:Perhaps Sifre Devarim20About Sifre Devarim,¹ Pesikta DeRav Kahana13:5About Pesikta DeRav Kahana, RashiBemidbar 21:22Devarim 20:10-18Sotah 35bAbout R. Shelomo Yitzchaki,² R. Yosef KaraYehoshua 9:4, 8About R. Yosef Kara,³ R. Yosef Bekhor ShorDevarim 2:29Devarim 20:16About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor, perhaps Rambam Sefer HaMitzvotPositive Commandments 190About Rambam Sefer HaMitzvot,⁴

Contrast between Canaanite and distant cities – According to these sources, Devarim 20:16-18 ("...רַק מֵעָרֵי הָעַמִּים הָאֵלֶּה") stands in contrast to all of verses 10-15, and not just to the immediately preceding verses which deal with cases of war.⁵  As such, Canaanite cities differ from "distant cities" on two points, both with regards to whether there is an obligation to call for peace and what to do if that peace is rejected.⁶

"הַחֲרֵם תַּחֲרִים אֹתָם" – This position is supported by the many verses throughout Torah⁷ which speak of annihilating the Seven Nations and do not mention any alternative peace option.

"לֹא תִכְרֹת לָהֶם בְּרִית... וְלֹא תִתְחַתֵּן בָּם" – The prohibition in Devarim 7⁸ against making a treaty with or marrying Canaanites seems to presuppose that some Canaanites are not killed.  These sources could respond in either of the following ways:

• The commandment regarding annihilation and the prohibitions against alliances are not distinct commands but rather two sides of a coin. Hashem is simply explaining why there is a need to destroy everyone: in order to ensure that no treaty or marriages will be made. Since such connections inevitably lead to idolatry, they need to be prevented.
• Alternatively, as Ibn EzraShemot Short Commentary 23:32About R. Avraham ibn Ezra explains, the prohibitions against making alliances were needed for the period of the conquest itself, as Hashem had promised that the nations would not be destroyed at once, but rather over a long period.⁹

Reason for prohibition – According to this approach the reason for the decree of annihilation is religious in nature, as expressed in Devarim, "לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר לֹא יְלַמְּדוּ אֶתְכֶם לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּכֹל תּוֹעֲבֹתָם אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ לֵאלֹהֵיהֶם".‎¹⁰  Rashi asserts that even if the Canaanites had rejected idolatry, thereby eliminating the religious threat, it would not suffice.  Since their repentance would be motivated by fear, it would not be sincere, and, thus, the Canaanite presence would still be problematic.

Trickery of Gibeonites – Both the trickery of the Gibeonites and the nation's fear¹¹ regarding the consequences of having made an alliance are totally understandable:

• The Gibeonites correctly understood that their only chance for survival was to convince the Israelites that they were from a distant city, since otherwise the Israelite were obligated to destroy them.¹²
• The Israelites, for their part, were upset as they had unknowingly violated Hashem's commandment.  Moreover, their desire to kill the Gibeonites, were it not for their oath,¹³ is logical only if one assumes that peace negotiations were not an option.¹⁴

Calling to Sichon: "וָאֶשְׁלַח... דִּבְרֵי שָׁלוֹם" – These sources must explain why Moshe called for peace to Sichon, if he was from the Emorites, one of the Seven Nations:

• R"Y Bekhor Shor explains that since most of Sichon's land belonged to Amon and Moav, and was not part of Eretz Yisrael, Moshe could call for peace.¹⁵
• Similarly, it is possible that none of the land on the Eastern side of the Yarden was considered part of the "promised land of Canaan" and thus the prohibition might not have applied, despite Sichon being an Emorite.
• These sources might further argue that Moshe was not negotiating a peaceful surrender at all, but simply asking leave to pass through Sichon's land.

How could the nation save Rachav?

• Blameworthy action – Pesikta DeRav Kahana blames the nation for saving Rachav, claiming that their actions transgressed Hashem's commandment to destroy all of the Canaanite inhabitants.
• Divine decree – Alternatively, these sources could suggest that Rachav's salvation was an exception, sanctioned by Divine decree.¹⁶

Remaining pockets of Canaanites – These sources would explain that the nation's incomplete conquest and the presence of tribute-paying Canaanites (as described in Shofetim and the under the reign of Shelomo) was problematic.  Though Shelomo is not chastised, the people in the time of Judges are in fact rebuked for having made alliances with the Canaanites.¹⁷

Yehoshua 11:19-20 – Yehoshua 11:19-20 is problematic for this approach as it suggests that the only reason that cities did not make peace was because Hashem hardened their hearts, implying that otherwise peace would have been an option.

Obligated

There is an obligation to offer peace terms before waging war against the Seven Nations, similar to the obligation before fighting an "optional war" against other enemies.  This position subdivides regarding when the offer was available:

Even in Later Stages

Peace negotiations were allowed even after the wars of conquest had begun.

Sources:RambamHilkhot Melakhim 6:1, 4, 5,About R. Moshe b. Maimon, RadakYehoshua 9:7About R. David Kimchi, RambanShemot 23:32Bemidbar 21:21Devarim 2:24-34Devarim 20:10-18About R. Moshe b. Nachman, RalbagDevarim 20:10-18Yehoshua 9:6-15Yehoshua 11:18Shemot Beur HaParashah 23:32-33Shemot Toalot 23:32About R. Levi b. Gershom, Abarbanel

Contrast between Canaanite and distant cities – According to these sources, Devarim 20:16-18 stands in contrast only to the immediately preceding verses (12-14) regarding what to do to a city who has rejected peace,¹⁸ but does not come to negate the obligation to offer peace also to the Seven Nations.

Conditions of peace – In addition to the two conditions of tax and submission (מס ועבדות)¹⁹ mentioned in the verses, all these sources agree that the Canaanites must also reject idolatry and accept the seven Noachide laws.²⁰ Ramban explains that despite the fact that this is not explicit in the verses, it can be assumed that this was necessary from the statements in Shemot 23:33 and Devarim 20:18 regarding the dangers of idolatry and the need to rid the country of it and its worshipers.

"לֹא תִכְרֹת לָהֶם בְּרִית... וְלֹא תִתְחַתֵּן בָּם" – These prohibitions assume that there might be Canaanites remaining in the land, supporting this position.  However, these commentators differ in how they understand the prohibition of making alliances, and how it relates to the call for peace:

• Prohibited – Rambam claims that despite the possibility of making peace, there is still no permission to make a covenant. ²¹
• Permitted if repent – Ramban, on the other hand, assumes that making a covenant is only prohibited with idolaters.  If Canaanites repent, as do those who accept the terms of peace, then covenants are allowed.  Radak similarly explains that the prohibition refers to making a covenant of equals; if, however, the Canaanites are subservient and accept Israelite laws it would not be problematic.

Yehoshua 11:19-20 – These sources point to this verse as proof that the Israelites were supposed to negotiate for peace even with the Canaanites.  The verse states that had it not been for Hashem hardening their hearts, some of the cities might have made peace with Israel. This implies that peace was an option. This position does not explain, however, what was the point of commanding the nation to call for peace if Hashem ensured that the call was going to be rejected.  For a discussion of other cases where Hashem similarly hardens hearts, see Hardened Hearts.

Calling to Sichon: "וָאֶשְׁלַח... דִּבְרֵי שָׁלוֹם" – Ramban points to Moshe's offer not to wage war against Sichon as proof that making peace with Canaanites must be allowed.²²

How could the nation save Rachav? Rachav

"וַיַּעֲלֵם שְׁלֹמֹה לְמַס עֹבֵד" – Shelomo's actions are viewed as being in accord with Torah law.  He allowed remaining Canaanites to stay in the land as long as they were "לְמַס עֹבֵד".‎²³

Only in Early Stages

Peace negotiations were allowed only until entry into the land, or perhaps even until the first battle against the Canaanites began.

Sources:Yerushalmi SheviitSheviit 6:1About the Yerushalmi,²⁴ RaavadHilkhot Melakhim 6:1, 4, 5,About R. Moshe b. Maimon, TosafotSotah 35bGittin 46aAbout Ba'alei HaTosafot

Accepted

Although the Israelites are not commanded to seek out peace, if, before hostilities commence, the Canaanites take the initiative to submit themselves to Israel, their surrender is accepted.

Sources:RashbamDevarim 20:16About R. Shemuel b. Meir, ChizkuniDevarim 20:11-17About R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach,

¹ Sifre 199 states that the verses in Devarim which speak of negotiating for peace relate only to "optional wars".  Nonetheless, on Devarim 20:8, the Sifre says that if the Canaanites repent they are not killed. It is possible that the Midrash is speaking only of individuals who repent and assumes that the nation as a whole is not given that option. Ramban, however, attempts to explain that the Sifre really thinks that there is a call to peace in all wars, and is only saying that in cases where an enemy decides to fight, it is only in "optional wars" that the women and children are left alive.

² This is Rashi's opinion in his comments on Bavli Sotah 35b. However, in his commentary to Devarim 20:18 he says that Canaanites who repent and convert will be accepted.  It is possible that there he is speaking about individuals which might be exempted and only in cases where they not only reject idolatry but accept all of the Torah's laws..

³ This is the position he takes in his comments to Yehoshua 9.  However, his explanation of Yehoshua 11:20 does not agree.

⁴ In his Sefer HaMitzvot,

⁵ Cf. the opinion below which assumes that they serve as a contrast only to verses 12-14 and thus the laws of the two city types only differ regarding whether or not women and children must be killed if peace is rejected.

⁶ While it is mandatory to seek peace before engaging in war with distant cities, this is prohibited with regards to the Canaanite cities.  In addition, if the peace offer is not accepted, only males of distant cities are to be killed while their women and children are to be saved.  In contrast, all members of Canaanite cities are to be destroyed.

⁷ See, for instance Shemot 23:32-33, Shemot 34:11-16, Bemidbar 33:51-53,  and Devarim 7:1-2.

⁸ See also  Shemot 23:32 and Shemot 34:12.

⁹ See Shemot 23:29-30.

¹⁰ "So that they not teach you to do after all their abominations, which they have done unto their gods."

¹¹ See the words of the princes, "זֹאת נַעֲשֶׂה לָהֶם וְהַחֲיֵה אוֹתָם וְלֹא יִהְיֶה עָלֵינוּ קֶצֶף עַל הַשְּׁבוּעָה אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ לָהֶם".

¹² The verses emphasize that the matter at hand was life and death.  See the phrases, "וַיִּכְרֹת לָהֶם בְּרִית לְחַיּוֹתָם", "זֹאת נַעֲשֶׂה לָהֶם וְהַחֲיֵה אוֹתָם", "וַנִּירָא מְאֹד לְנַפְשֹׁתֵינוּ", and "וַיַּצֵּל אוֹתָם מִיַּד בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלֹא הֲרָגוּם".

¹³ TosafotGittin 46aAbout Ba'alei HaTosafot questions why the Israelites' vow had any standing if there is a principle that one can not make a vow to transgress a commandment.  This position might answer that even if from a halakhic perspective there was no covenant, the nation feared that going against their word would cause a desecration of Hashem's name.

¹⁴ Otherwise, even if the nation was upset at being duped, there would seem to be no reason to kill the Gbeonites as they would have allowed them to negotiate peace regardless.

¹⁵ He points out that Moshe did not do the same for Og, since his land was considered part of Canaan, and even within Sichon's territory, the call for peace related only to those areas which belonged to Amon and Moav.

¹⁶ See TosafotSotah 35bAbout Ba'alei HaTosafot who raises this possibility: "שמא על פי הדיבור היה".

¹⁷ See Shofetim 2:1-5.

¹⁸ When waging war with cities that are far from Israel, women and children are not to be killed, while when fighting against the Canaanites, they are to be destroyed.

¹⁹ They do not all agree what form the "servitude" takes, with Rambam suggesting that it means submission and lower status, and Ralbag claiming that it refers to a labor tax.

²⁰ While Rambam assumes that these conditions are identical for all cities, Ramban claims that the rejection of idolatry was only required of the Canaanites.  He adds that it is possible that the Israelites did not need to tell the Canaanites of this requirement beforehand, and that the Canaanites might only learn after they agreed to peace that under Israelite law, idolatry is a capital crime and all worship is forbidden and destroyed.

²¹ According to him, the prohibition is in effect equivalent to saying that peace requires the conditions of monetary fines, submission and acceptance of the Noachide laws.

²² He points out that it is not fathomable that Moshe was acting against an explicit command to destroy the Seven Nations!

²³ Ramban asserts that, even though it is not mentioned, it can be assumed thathey also accepted the Noachide laws.

²⁴ The Yerushalmi speaks of sending offers of peace to the Canaanites, "עד שלא יכנסו לארץ" (before entering the land).  See, though, the versions in  Vayikra Rabbah and Devarim Rabbah which omit this limitation.  In two manuscripts of Vayikra Rabbah (Yalkut HaMechiri and MS Oxford 2634/8) the Midrash reads, "בכניסתן לארץ" and "בשעה שנכנסו לארץ".