Blessings and Curses – Over Which Commandments/2

Blessings and Curses

Exegetical Approaches

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All of Torah

The blessings and curses relate to observance of all of Hashem's mitzvot.

Sources:Sifra Vayikra25:126:46About the Sifra Vayikra, RashiVayikra 25:1Vayikra 26:46About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki, RalbagVayikra 25:1Vayikra 26:46About R. Levi b. Gershom, SefornoVayikra 25:1Vayikra 26:46About R. Ovadyah Seforno

What about commandments not yet transmitted? These sources disagree regarding whether the blessings/curses were given even on commandments that were not yet relayed to the Children of Israel, or only on those that the nation had already received: 

• Everything – Sifra and Rashi assert that the covenant covered the entire Written and Oral Torah.
• Through Vayikra 25 – Ralbag and Seforno, in contrast, maintain that the blessings and curses only refer to the laws already relayed, everything from Parashat Yitro through Vayikra 25.

"אֵלֶּה הַחֻקִּים וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִים וְהַתּוֹרֹת" – These sources differ in the way they understand these terms, consistent with their disagreement regarding how inclusive the covenant was:

• Sifra and Rashi  explain that the plural form of the word "הַתּוֹרֹת" refers to both the Written and Oral Torah, while "הַחֻקִּים וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִים" refer to various types of commandments.¹  Together they comprise the entire body of Law.  It is not clear, however, why all three terms were needed, if the word "הַתּוֹרֹת" subsumes the others.
• Ralbag maintains that "מִשְׁפָּטִים" refers to the commandments of Parashat Mishpatim, while "חֻקִּים" include the non-intuitive laws of Sefer Vayikra,² such as the laws of holidays, purity, and Shemittah. "הַתּוֹרֹת" are the ritual procedures of Sefer Vayikra, such as the laws of sacrifices which are prefaced by the terms, "תּוֹרַת הָעֹלָה" ,"תּוֹרַת הַמִּנְחָה" etc.  As such, the terms refer to all the commandments given from Parashat Yitro through Parashat Behar.

"אֲשֶׁר נָתַן י"י... בְּהַר סִינַי" – According to this position, all of the commandments, with all details of their observance, were given at Sinai. Thus, this phrase does not come to exclude commandments that were given again elsewhere, but simply states that all of Torah was transmitted to Moshe at the mountain, and the rebuke refers to all of it.

"מה עניין שמיטה אצל הר סיני" – These sources need to explain why Vayikra 25:1 would specify that Hashem told Moshe about Shemittah at Sinai, if this is not unique, as everything else was taught there as well.  Sifra, Rashi and Seforno³ answer that the verse teaches that not only did Hashem teach generalities at Sinai, but He also explained all the minutiae of every law at the same time.⁴

Content of Blessings/Curses – Throughout the blessings/curses, Hashem does not specify individual commandments that need to be observed,⁵ but speaks in more general terms, saying "אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תֵּלֵכוּ וְאֶת מִצְוֺתַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ" and the like,⁶ which might suggest that He is speaking about observance of everything.  Similarly, the warning "לְבִלְתִּי עֲשׂוֹת אֶת כׇּל מִצְוֺתַי" could be brought as proof that that Hashem is referring of all of His commandments.

Why bless and curse now? Since at this point in the narrative, the nation is about to enter the Land,⁷ it is an appropriate time to motivate the nation to keep the commandments.

Why include all mitzvot? It is natural to make a covenant on all of Hashem's laws, as all commandments would seem to equally require warning of punishment/reward.

Relationship to Covenant of Shemot 24 – According to these sources, the two ceremonies⁸ are totally distinct:

• Rashi asserts that the covenant of Shemot 24 took place before Matan Torah,⁹ and only referred to the seven Noachide laws and the handful of commandments that the people had received at Marah.¹⁰  It is first in Vayikra that a covenant is made over the complete Torah. 
• According to Ralbag and Seforno, in contrast, the covenant of Shemot 24 was made over the laws of Shemot 20-23 (Parshat Yitro and Mishpatim).¹¹  Vayikra's ceremony took the nation a step further, warning them to observe not only these, but all the laws given since then as well.

Comparison to ceremony in Devarim

• Rashi views this ceremony as being exactly parallel to that in Devarim 28-29, as both were all inclusive and made over all of the commandments.¹² According to him, each time the nation found itself on the eve of entry into the land, Hashem made a covenant over all of Torah to motivate observance.
• For Ralbag and Seforno, the covenant in Devarim moved beyond that in Vayikra, as it included all the new commandments given in the intervening 38 years.  According to them, each of the three ceremonies (Shemot 24, Vayikra 26 and Devarim 28) was based on the same premise, to warn the nation to observe all that had been commanded. They differed only in that each covered more laws than the previous one, since more had been relayed.

Chronology of Sefer Vayikra – This position has no difficulties with chronology since it asserts that all of the various commandments of the book were given at the same time, on Sinai, and that the phrase  "אֲשֶׁר נָתַן י"י... בְּהַר סִינַי" is not a time marker.¹³  As such, it can assume that the book is written in order.

Laws of Shemittah and Yovel

The blessings and curses relate only to the laws of Shemittah and Yovel mentioned in Vayikra 25.

Sources:RashbamShemot 12:1Vayikra 25:1Vayikra 26:46Bemidbar 1:1Bemidbar 3:1About R. Shemuel b. Meir

Context – As the blessings and curses immediately follow the laws of Shemittah and Yovel, it is logical to link the two.  Rashbam points out that Vayikra 25:1 ("וַיְדַבֵּר י"י אֶל מֹשֶׁה בְּהַר סִינַי ") and 26:46 ("אֲשֶׁר נָתַן י"י...בְּהַר סִינַי") serve as bookends that bracket the unit.

Points of contact – There are many points of contact between the blessings/curses and the specific commandments related to Shemittah and Yovel:

• Explicit mention of "שביתת הארץ" – Besides allusions to idolatry, the only commandment that is specifically identified in Chapter 26 as leading to calamity for non-observance is that of letting the land rest.  The root "שבת" appears numerous times in both chapters¹⁴, reinforcing the connection.¹⁵ 
• Emphasis on the number 7 – Throughout the rebuke there is an emphasis on a "seven-fold" punishment.¹⁶  This might be taken as an allusion to the seven year cycle of Shemittah, and hint to a measure for measure punishment for not observing the holiness of the seventh year.

• Linguistic parallels – In the description of the blessing of Chapter 26 there are several linguistic allusions to Chapter 25's promises of prosperity to those who keep the Sabbatical year:¹⁷

EN/HEע/E

(כה:יח) וַעֲשִׂיתֶם אֶת חֻקֹּתַי וְאֶת מִשְׁפָּטַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ וַעֲשִׂיתֶם אֹתָם	(כו:ג) אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תֵּלֵכוּ וְאֶת מִצְוֺתַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ וַעֲשִׂיתֶם אֹתָם
(כה:יח) וִישַׁבְתֶּם עַל הָאָרֶץ לָבֶטַח	(כו:ה) וִישַׁבְתֶּם לָבֶטַח בְּאַרְצְכֶם.
(כה:יט) וְנָתְנָה הָאָרֶץ פִּרְיָהּ וַאֲכַלְתֶּם לָשֹׂבַע	(כו:ד-ה) וְנָתְנָה הָאָרֶץ יְבוּלָהּ... וַאֲכַלְתֶּם לַחְמְכֶם לָשֹׂבַע
(כה:כב) וַאֲכַלְתֶּם מִן הַתְּבוּאָה יָשָׁן	(כו:י) וַאֲכַלְתֶּם יָשָׁן נוֹשָׁן
(כה:לח) אֲנִי י"י אֱלֹהֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם	(כו:יג) אֲנִי י"י אֱלֹהֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם

What are Shemittah and Yovel singled out? According to this position, the mitzvot of Shemittah and Yovel are two of the most fundamental commandments. They require and instill a tremendous amount of faith in hashem and simulatneously serve a very important interpersonal role.  As such, they merit

"אֵלֶּה הַחֻקִּים וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִים וְהַתּוֹרֹת" – According to Rashbam, the words "הַחֻקִּים וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִים" in this conclusion can parallel their usage in Vayikra 25:18 and 26:3, and refer in all three cases to the laws of Shemittah and Yovel. He could suggest that "חֻקִּים" refer to mitzvot between man and god, and here speak of letting the land lie fallow, while "הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים" refer to interpersonal mitzvot¹⁸ and would include the Yovel dependent laws of buying and selling land and slaves.  The term, "הַתּוֹרֹת", however presents a difficulty for this position as none of the laws of Vayikra 25 can easily be referred to as a תורה.

"אֲשֶׁר נָתַן י"י... בְּהַר סִינַי"

Only the Laws Given on Mt. Sinai

The warnings refer to all of the laws that are explicitly mentioned as being given at Mt. Sinai, including those commandments found in Parashat Yitro, Mishpatim and Behar.

Sources:Ibn EzraVayikra 25:1Vayikra 26:46About R. Avraham ibn Ezra, RambanVayikra 25:1About R. Moshe b. Nachman, AbarbanelVayikra 25Vayikra 26About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel

¹ In his comments to Bereshit 26:5, RashiBereshit 26:5About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki explains that "חֻקִּים" are laws like kashrut, which had they not been decreed, no one would have naturally observed on their own since the reasoning behind them is unclear.  On Shemot 15:25, RashiShemot 15:25About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki suggests that "מִשְׁפָּטִים" simply means laws in general.

² Ralbag appears to understand the term in a manner similar to Rashi above, claiming that "חֻקִּים" refers to commandments which demand an action which a person, through his intellect alone, would not have concluded was necessary.

³ Ralbag explains differently.  Since the passage immediately preceding the laws of Shemittah dealt with the blasphemer and took place after Moshe's descent from the mountain, the Torah tells the reader that the Mitzvot of Shemittah were not given after this incident, but also while Moshe was on the mountain.

⁴ This is learned from Shemittah because it is mentioned in Shemot 23 in a general way, but elaborated upon in Vayikra 26, where it specifies that this elaboration took place at Sinai.

⁵ The only two exceptions are allusions ot the nation's idolatry and explicit mention  that lack of observance of the laws of Shemittah will lead to the future desolation of the land.  See Rashbam below who notes the latter and concludes that all of the blessings/curses refer only to the laws of Shemittah and Yovel.

⁶ See Vayikra 26:3 and 15.

⁷ It is only due to the sin of the spies that entry is delayed for forty years.

⁸ See above note that Rashi assumes that the blessings and curses here are also part of a covenant.

⁹ He maintains that there is achronology, and that the events of Chapter 24 actually occurred alongside those described in Chapter 19.

¹⁰ He asserts that the "סֵפֶר הַבְּרִית" that Moshe wrote at the time comprised Sefer Bereshit through Matan Torah.

¹¹ They maintain the choronology of the verses and assume that Chapter 24 occurs where it is written..

¹² See Hashem's words there, "אֵלֶּה דִבְרֵי הַבְּרִית... מִלְּבַד הַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר כָּרַת אִתָּם בְּחֹרֵב."  Rashi asserts that the covenant at Horev refers to our chapter (even though it never says explicitly that this is a covenant) and could suggest that Hashem is comparing the two because they played the same role.

¹³ See above that it simply emphasizes that the curses are given over all mitzvot which were given to Moshe at Sinai.

¹⁴ In Chapter 26: 34-35 the word comes up six times in relation to letting the land rest, and the same root is used once to connote settlement on the land:  אָז תִּרְצֶה הָאָרֶץ אֶת שַׁבְּתֹתֶיהָ כֹּל יְמֵי הׇשַּׁמָּה וְאַתֶּם בְּאֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיכֶם אָז תִּשְׁבַּת הָאָרֶץ וְהִרְצָת אֶת שַׁבְּתֹתֶיהָ.  כׇּל יְמֵי הׇשַּׁמָּה תִּשְׁבֹּת אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא שָׁבְתָה בְּשַׁבְּתֹתֵיכֶם בְּשִׁבְתְּכֶם עָלֶיהָ
In verse 43, as well, the root appears in the same context, "וְהָאָרֶץ תֵּעָזֵב מֵהֶם וְתִרֶץ אֶת שַׁבְּתֹתֶיהָ בׇּהְשַׁמָּה מֵהֶם".  Not surprisingly, in Chapter 25 as well, the root appears throughout the opening verses which speak of the mitzvah of Shemittah. 

¹⁵ See R"E Samet, "פרשיות בהר-בחוקותי - סיום מרומם לספר ויקרא" who makes this point.

¹⁶ See Vayikra 26:18, 21, 24 and 28, where variations of the phrase "וְיִסַּרְתִּי אֶתְכֶם אַף אָנִי שֶׁבַע עַל חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם" occur.  See R"Y Grossman above who notes this point.

¹⁷ See R"E Samet above and R"Y Grossman, "פרשיות בהר-בחוקותי - 'נספח אחרון' למעמד הר סיני " who both note  these parallels.

¹⁸ See R. D"Z Hoffmann who differentiates between the terms in this manner in this comments to Vayikra 18:4.