Migdal Bavel in Art/0/he

מגדל בבל באמנות

הקדמה

סיפור מגדל בבל המתואר בבראשית י"א:א'-ט', הוא אחד הסיפורים האהובים ביותר על ידי אמנים, וצוייר מאות פעמים לאורך הדורות. שלושת היצירות המופיעות כאן, ביצועו של שלום מצפת (תשכ"ג), ציור השמן של פיטר ברויגל האב (שכ"ג), והתמשיח של Giusto di Giovonni de' Menabuoi (1376-78), כולם מתארים כמעט ורק את המגדל, אך הדימיון ביניהם קלוש לכל היותר. כל צייר רואה בעיני רוחו את המגדל, את השותפים לבנייה, ואת הרקע לסיפור, באופן ייחודי, ומציע קריאה שונה בסיפור המקראי המקורי.

The story of the Tower of Bavel and the dispersal of humanity described in Bereshit 11:1-9 is a favorite amongst artists, depicted in hundreds of images over the centuries.¹ The three images shown here, the rendition of Shalom of Safed (1963),² the oil painting of Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c.1563)³ and the fresco of Giusto di Giovonni de' Menabuoi (1376-78),⁴ each depict little more than the tower, but look nothing alike. Each artist envisions the tower itself, the participants in the building, and the setting of the story in unique ways, suggesting different readings of the original narrative.

 

ציורים מנוגדים

שלום מצפת

הציור הפשוט ביותר מבין הציורים המובאים כאן, הינו ציורו של שלום מצפת, זאת בשל היותו שטוח, סטטי וצבוע באופן לוקאלי. מגדל הלבנים החד גוני מצוי במרכז היצירה, מתנשא מעל גגותיו האדומים של העיר. במעלה המגדל ישנה דמות בודדת בעלת שיער ארוך ואסוף, אוחזת בידה בחרב. היישר מתחת למגדל, בתחתית הקומפוזיציה, נראית קבוצה של אנשים כמעט זהים למראה, מסודרים בשורות חומות ואדומות לסירוגין.

פיטר ברויגל

In Bruegel's painting, too, the tower takes center stage, but it is a colossal, spiraling mound of yellows and reds, massive in both height and breadth.⁵ Green meadows and a hint of a city lie behind the tower to the left, while the sea opens to the right. In the left foreground of the image a group of men gather. Some are at work, while others stand armed behind a cloaked figure, presumably a king, supervisor of the building project.

גם בציורו של ברויגל, המגדל תופס מקום מרכזי ביצירה, אך המגדל עצמו שונה מאוד. כאן נראה מגדל ענקי, הבנוי כספירלה של אדומים וצהובים, עצום ברוחבו ובגובהו. שדות ירוקים וקצה של עיר נפרסים מאחוריו, בעוד הים מבצבץ מימין. בצדו השמאלי של הציור, קבוצת גברים נאספת. חלקם עובדים, בעוד אחרים עומדים חמושים מאחורי דמות עטויית גלימה, כנראה מלך, המפקח על הבנייה.

Giusto de' Menabuoi

In contrast to the other artists, Giusto de' Menabuoi places the tower, a white stepped structure, on the side of his painting. In front of it stands an oversized figure, garbed in brown and bearing a torch. Around him, builders chisel at bricks while others work on the tower itself. The higher one goes up the tower, the more the figures appear like children. Two have fallen off, while others seem to be fighting or injured. In the right background, brown mountains rise into the orange sky where one can make out an angel watching (or, perhaps, hampering) the people's progress.

בניגוד לציורים האחרים, בציור זה המגדל, מבנה לבן מדורג, מצוי בצדו של הציור. במרכז נראית דמות עצומת ממדים, לבושה בחום ואוחזת בלפיד. מסביבה, בנאים אחדים חורטים בלבנים, בעוד אחרים עובדים על המגדל עצמו. ככל שמתקדמים במעלה המגדל, הדמויות נראות יותר ויותר צעירות. שניים נפלו מן הפסגה, ונוספים רבים ביניהם או פצועים. ברקע הימני, הרים חומים מתנשאים אל תוך שמיים כתומים, בהם ניתן להבחין במלאך הבוחן את התקדמותם של בני האדם.

יחס לטקסט המקראי

בחירותיהם של האמנים מעידות על עמימות מסויימת בטקסט המקראי, ומהוות דרכים שונות לפרש את הפסוקים:

אופיו של המגדל

While Shalom of Safed depicts an austere, charcoal-colored building resembling a watch tower or light house, Bruegel paints an elaborate, winding coliseum, replete with arches and windows. Giusto de' Menabuoi presents a third possibility, a pure white, stepped pyramid. Which is closer to the text? From Bereshit all we know is that the tower was made of bricks and its head was meant to reach the heavens. The artists' choices, though, might relate to an ambiguity in the verse's statement of the intended function of the structure. Was it meant primarily to be a guard-tower, "lest we spread out" or a magnificent architectural feat to "make for us a name"? Alternatively, the story's setting in Babylonia allows for the possibility that the tower was essentially a ziggurat, a common feature of Babylonian temples, a "stairway" to God.⁶ 

בעוד שלום מצפת תיאר את המגדל כבניין צנוע בצבעי פחם, המזכיר מגדל שמירה או מגדלור, ברויגל צייר מגדל זה כקולוסאום מפותל, מלא בקשתות ובחלונות. 

Was There a Leader?

Both Bruegel and Giusto de' Menabuoi include a figure in their paintings who is supervising the construction of the tower. Bruegel depicts this leader as a king, garbing him in royal clothing and a crown, while de' Menabuoi marks him by painting him disproportionately large and more richly dressed than the other figures. While no parallel character is found in Shalom of Safed's rendering, he, too, paints an individual who stands apart from the rest, marked by his sword and location atop the tower. Is there any indication of such a leader in the Biblical narrative? From the nine verses of the story itself the answer would be negative, but Bruegel and de' Menabuoi seem to be drawing from the midrashic tradition that sets Nimrod (mentioned in the previous chapter as reigning over Bavel in the land of Shinar) as the initiator of the project.⁷ Shalom of Safed's figure might be Nimrod as well, or alternatively, he might be alluding to an additional tradition that suggests that the people set an idol atop the tower to wage war against Hashem.⁸

The Participants

Shalom of Safed places the inhabitants of the city together in one large group, under the tower, as if to signify that all the people were in agreement and of one mind about their actions. The workers on de' Menabuoi's tower, in contrast, seem to be fighting and hurting one another, with two even falling to their deaths.⁹ Which depiction has more support in the story? The answer depends on some unknowns in the Biblical text. What does the phrase "וַיְהִי כָל הָאָרֶץ שָׂפָה אֶחָת וּדְבָרִים אֲחָדִים" mean? Is it simply a statement about shared language or does it connote some sort of unity and harmony as well?¹⁰ Similarly, when Hashem said, "וְנָבְלָה שָׁם שְׂפָתָם", what exactly happened? Did the plethora of languages lead naturally to a quiet dispersal, or was this preceded by disagreements, misunderstandings and fighting?¹¹

What Was Wrong?

What was the sin of the generation of the tower that resulted in their dispersal? Of the three artists, only Shalom of Safed addresses the question directly, suggesting that this was a rebellion against God, an attempt to wage war against Him.¹² De' Menabuoi's depiction of quarreling workers might point in the opposite direction, highlighting a problem in interpersonal behavior.¹³ From Bruegel's painting, though, there does not seem to be any sin at all. The text of Bereshit similarly makes no explicit mention of any wrongdoing, leading commentators to read into the people's actions everything from innocence¹⁴ to idolatry. See Deconstructing Migdal Bavel for a full discussion of this issue.

The Setting

Giusto de' Menabuoi sets his tower in a valley, on a backdrop of mountains, while Bruegel's is built by the sea. In contrast to both, Shalom of Safed positions his in the middle of the city. Is there any significance to the choices?

• De' Menabuoi is likely merely depicting the simple reading of the verses which state that the people lived in the valley of Shinar. By including the surrounding mountains in the image, though, he highlights the irony of the people's goal – they aim for the heavens, but might not even manage to reach as high as the nearby mountains.
• Shalom of Safed might be working off other verses which refer consistently to the twosome of the "city and tower." What is the connection between the two? Did Hashem have a problem with the tower specifically or perhaps with the city as well?¹⁵
• Bruegel's sea setting has less basis in the text. Jo Milgrom and Yoel Duman suggest that the decision of several artists to include water in their renditions is a response to the juxtaposition of our story to the flood narrative.¹⁶ Josephus, in fact, suggests that one of the main reasons the people built the tower was their fear of another deluge.

Mission Accomplished?

While Shalom of Safed depicts the tower as a fait accompli, Bruegel and de' Menabuoi paint their towers while still in the midst of construction. According to Sefer Bereshit, did the people manage to finish the tower before they were dispersed or not? The verses are ambiguous. On the one hand, verse 5 reads "וַיֵּרֶד ה' לִרְאֹת אֶת הָעִיר וְאֶת הַמִּגְדָּל אֲשֶׁר בָּנוּ בְּנֵי הָאָדָם", suggesting, perhaps, that both the city and the tower were already completed.¹⁷ In contrast, in the following verse, Hashem says "וְזֶה הַחִלָּם לַעֲשׂוֹת" as if they had just started building.¹⁸ Later, we are told that due to the dispersal, work on the city was halted, but there is no mention of the tower. This allows for the third possibility that one was finished but not the other.¹⁹

¹ Jo Milgrom and Yoel Duman point out that there are more than one hundred 16th century Dutch representations of the subject alone. See here for their collection and analysis of artwork on the subject.

² Shalom Moscovitz (1887 - 1980), better known as Shalom of Safed, was a self-taught Israeli artist who is famous for his naïve paintings of Biblical stories.

³ Bruegel (1525 – 1569) was a Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker known for his genre paintings. This painting is one of the most well-known depictions of the Tower and is housed in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Bruegel painted a similar image at around the same period, which is known as "The Little Tower of Babel", and is housed in the Museum Boymans-van Beuningen in Rotterdam. It can be viewed here.

⁴ Giusto de' Menabuoi(1320 – 1391) was a Florentine painter of the early Renaissance period. The image shown here is part of a fresco made for the Baptistery of the cathedral in Padua.

⁵ This matches the description in Josephus, Antiquities 1:4:2-3, "but the thickness of it was so great, and it was so strongly built, that thereby its great height seemed, upon the view, to be less than it really was."

⁶ See מ״ד קאסוטובראשית י״א:א'-ט'אודות פרופ' משה דוד קאסוטו on the chapter who understands our story as a satire mocking the Babylonians' pride in their temples.

⁷ See Josephus Antiquitiesפלביוס, קדמוניות היהודים א׳:ד׳:ב׳-ג׳אודות יוספוס and פרקי דרבי אליעזר(היגר) פרק כ״דאודות פרקי דרבי אליעזר. See also Bavli Eruvinבבלי עירובין נ״ג.About the Bavli which depicts Nimrod as a rebel but makes no explicit connection to the tower. In contrast, see תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן)בראשית י׳:י״אאודות תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן) who says that Nimrod purposefully left to Assyria so as not to participate in the building. The gargantuan Nimrod of de' Menabuoi might derive from the Septuagint and other translations which transform the Biblical description of Nimrod as "a hero in the land" into "a giant".

⁸ See בבלי סנהדריןבבלי סנהדרין ק״ט.About the Bavli, תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן)בראשית י״א:ד׳אודות תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן), and בראשית רבהל״ח:ו׳אודות בראשית רבה.

⁹ It is not clear from the picture if these fights are the result of Hashem's decision to confuse the languages or if they took place beforehand. The image of the falling children recalls the account in פרקי דרבי אליעזר(היגר) פרק כ״דאודות פרקי דרבי אליעזר which describes how the people were so absorbed in their building that they would mourn the loss of a brick, but did not even notice if a person fell and died.

¹⁰ See בראשית רבהל״ח:ו׳אודות בראשית רבה which compares the punishment of the generation of the flood with the generation of the dispersal, pointing out that the latter were not wiped out because, despite their sins, they lived at peace with one another.

¹¹ See בראשית רבהל״ח:י׳אודות בראשית רבה and פרקי דרבי אליעזר(היגר) פרק כ״דאודות פרקי דרבי אליעזר. Compare, too, the somewhat bloody illustration of our story in the Golden Haggadah and in the Bedford Book of Hours.

¹² See בבלי סנהדריןבבלי סנהדרין ק״ט.About the Bavli, תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן)בראשית י״א:ד׳אודות תרגום ירושלמי (יונתן), and בראשית רבהל״ח:ו׳אודות בראשית רבה.

¹³ This assumes that the fighting in the image is taking place during the construction itself and is not a result of the confusion of languages.

¹⁴ See, for instance, רלב״גבראשית ביאור הפרשה י״א:ה׳אודות ר' לוי בן גרשום who says that Hashem dispersed the people not as a punishment for sin but as a precautionary measure. The people's desire to stay in one place placed them in danger of annihilation in case of a natural disaster; thus, Hashem ensured that they spread out.

¹⁵ Interestingly, when the people are dispersed, we are told not of the halting of the tower's construction but that of the city. See "Mission Accomplished?" below.

¹⁶ See their article cited above. One of the images which most explicitly draws the connection between the stories, including the ark itself in the illustration, is a piece done by an unknown artist in Compilation des chroniques et histoires de Bretagne by Pierre le Baud (Francais 8266, f.7): Biblical and Greek History. It can be viewed here.

¹⁷ Alternatively, the verse might simply refer to the city and tower that the people had begun to build.

¹⁸ One might explain instead that Hashem is saying that this project is just the beginning of many others.

¹⁹ See the discussion in בראשית רבה38:8אודות בראשית רבה about these options.