Difference between revisions of "The Decalogue: Direct From Hashem or Via Moshe/2/en"
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<point><b>Prophecy for the masses</b> – Rambam's position is motivated by his belief that indiscriminate prophecy is impossible, and his understanding that the nation was not prepared or qualified to understand Hashem. However, Rambam allows for the possibility that specific people, like Aharon and his sons, could potentially have understood more, depending on their spiritual level.</point> | <point><b>Prophecy for the masses</b> – Rambam's position is motivated by his belief that indiscriminate prophecy is impossible, and his understanding that the nation was not prepared or qualified to understand Hashem. However, Rambam allows for the possibility that specific people, like Aharon and his sons, could potentially have understood more, depending on their spiritual level.</point> | ||
<point><b>Moshe's role</b> – Since the nation was not on a high enough prophetic level to understand Hashem, Hashem spoke only to Moshe, who then relayed Hashem's messages to the people.</point> | <point><b>Moshe's role</b> – Since the nation was not on a high enough prophetic level to understand Hashem, Hashem spoke only to Moshe, who then relayed Hashem's messages to the people.</point> | ||
− | <point><b>"פָּנִים בְּפָנִים"</b> – This phrase is difficult for this position, since according to these exegetes, there was no "face to face" encounter, as the people were only listening in as Hashem spoke to Moshe and they were not even able to understand His words.<fn><multilink><a href="AbarbanelShemot19" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelShemot19" data-aht="source">Shemot 19:23</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink> notes this difficulty (cf. Ibn Kaspi Devarim 5:4-5).  The phrase "פָּנִים בְּפָנִים" appears nowhere else in Tanakh, while the similar expression "פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים" appears regarding Hashem's communication with Moshe (Shemot 33:11, Devarim 34:10) and Yaakov and Gidon's encounters with angels (Bereshit 32:31, Shofetim 6:22).</fn>  Rambam explains that the words "פָּנִים בְּפָנִים" refer to a vivid sensory experience of apprehending the Divine without the intervention of an angel.<fn>Cf. | + | <point><b>"פָּנִים בְּפָנִים"</b> – This phrase is difficult for this position, since according to these exegetes, there was no "face to face" encounter, as the people were only listening in as Hashem spoke to Moshe and they were not even able to understand His words.<fn><multilink><a href="AbarbanelShemot19" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelShemot19" data-aht="source">Shemot 19:23</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink> notes this difficulty (cf. Ibn Kaspi Devarim 5:4-5).  The phrase "פָּנִים בְּפָנִים" appears nowhere else in Tanakh, while the similar expression "פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים" appears regarding Hashem's communication with Moshe (Shemot 33:11, Devarim 34:10) and Yaakov and Gidon's encounters with angels (Bereshit 32:31, Shofetim 6:22).</fn>  Rambam explains that the words "פָּנִים בְּפָנִים" refer to a vivid sensory experience of apprehending the Divine without the intervention of an angel.<fn>Cf. Sforno Devarim 5:4.</fn>  Thus, even though the people only overheard Hashem's voice, this sound was heard directly, not via a messenger. As such, the experience could be termed a "פָּנִים בְּפָנִים" encounter.</point> |
<point><b>"אָנֹכִי עֹמֵד בֵּין ה' וּבֵינֵיכֶם"</b> – This verse is understood, as per the simple reading of its context, to refer to Moshe's mediating role during the giving of the Decalogue itself.</point> | <point><b>"אָנֹכִי עֹמֵד בֵּין ה' וּבֵינֵיכֶם"</b> – This verse is understood, as per the simple reading of its context, to refer to Moshe's mediating role during the giving of the Decalogue itself.</point> | ||
<point><b>"בַּעֲבוּר יִשְׁמַע הָעָם בְּדַבְּרִי עִמָּךְ"</b> – This position finds support from this verse, as it makes no mention of Hashem intending to speak directly to the nation itself, but rather only of them listening as Hashem speaks to Moshe.</point> | <point><b>"בַּעֲבוּר יִשְׁמַע הָעָם בְּדַבְּרִי עִמָּךְ"</b> – This position finds support from this verse, as it makes no mention of Hashem intending to speak directly to the nation itself, but rather only of them listening as Hashem speaks to Moshe.</point> | ||
− | <point><b>"קוֹל דְּבָרִים אַתֶּם שֹׁמְעִים"</b> – To support their position, these commentators point to the many verses in the description of the event in Devarim which consistently refer to the voice that the nation heard, rather than any words. See <a href="Devarim4-10" data-aht="source">Devarim 4:12</a>, <a href="Devarim4-33" data-aht="source">4:33-36</a>, and <a href="Devarim5-19-28" data-aht="source">5:19-22</a>.<fn>These include: "<b>קוֹל</b> דְּבָרִים אַתֶּם שֹׁמְעִים", "הֲשָׁמַע עָם <b>קוֹל</b> | + | <point><b>"קוֹל דְּבָרִים אַתֶּם שֹׁמְעִים"</b> – To support their position, these commentators point to the many verses in the description of the event in Devarim which consistently refer to the voice that the nation heard, rather than any words. See <a href="Devarim4-10" data-aht="source">Devarim 4:12</a>, <a href="Devarim4-33" data-aht="source">4:33-36</a>, and <a href="Devarim5-19-28" data-aht="source">5:19-22</a>.<fn>These include: "<b>קוֹל</b> דְּבָרִים אַתֶּם שֹׁמְעִים", "הֲשָׁמַע עָם <b>קוֹל</b> אֱ-לֹהִים", "מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם הִשְׁמִיעֲךָ אֶת <b>קֹלוֹ</b>", "כְּשׇׁמְעֲכֶם אֶת <b>הַקּוֹל</b>", "וְאֶת <b>קֹלוֹ</b> שָׁמַעְנוּ"‏. It should be noted, though, that Shadal points to other parts of many of these same verses to prove that Hashem spoke directly to the nation. Thus, for instance, despite the fact that the nation speaks of hearing Hashem's voice, Hashem himself prefaces His remarks by saying, "וְאַשְׁמִעֵם אֶת <b>דְּבָרָי</b>", I will have them listen to my<b> words</b>.</fn></point> |
− | <point><b>"מֹשֶׁה יְדַבֵּר | + | <point><b>"מֹשֶׁה יְדַבֵּר וְהָאֱ-לֹהִים יַעֲנֶנּוּ בְקוֹל"</b> – Rambam suggests that these words refer to the role Moshe played during the Decalogue, when he relayed to the nation every statement of Hashem exactly as he heard it.<fn>According to this, though, one might have expected the verse to read "ה' ידבר ומשה יעננו בקול" since Hashem speaks first and only then does Moshe transmit.</fn></point> |
<point><b>"וַיֵּרֶד מֹשֶׁה אֶל הָעָם וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם"</b> – According to this approach, this verse refers to Moshe's relaying of the Decalogue which begins a mere one verse later.<fn>Only a single intervening verse, "וַיְדַבֵּר אֱ-לֹהִים אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה לֵאמֹר", interrupts between the mention of the speaker ("וַיֵּרֶד מֹשֶׁה אֶל הָעָם וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם") and the actual words spoken (the Decalogue itself).  This verse is necessary to tell the reader that both Hashem and Moshe spoke these words (Hashem to Moshe and then Moshe to the nation).</fn></point> | <point><b>"וַיֵּרֶד מֹשֶׁה אֶל הָעָם וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם"</b> – According to this approach, this verse refers to Moshe's relaying of the Decalogue which begins a mere one verse later.<fn>Only a single intervening verse, "וַיְדַבֵּר אֱ-לֹהִים אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה לֵאמֹר", interrupts between the mention of the speaker ("וַיֵּרֶד מֹשֶׁה אֶל הָעָם וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם") and the actual words spoken (the Decalogue itself).  This verse is necessary to tell the reader that both Hashem and Moshe spoke these words (Hashem to Moshe and then Moshe to the nation).</fn></point> | ||
<point><b>"וַיְדַבֵּר אֱ-לֹהִים אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים"</b> – Rambam assumes that Moshe is the unstated audience of this verse, and it is to him that Hashem addressed all of His words.</point> | <point><b>"וַיְדַבֵּר אֱ-לֹהִים אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים"</b> – Rambam assumes that Moshe is the unstated audience of this verse, and it is to him that Hashem addressed all of His words.</point> | ||
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<point><b>Moshe's role</b> – According to these sources, Moshe did not play any significant role during the revelation. He, like the rest of the nation, simply listened to Hashem.  According to Abarbanel and Shadal, even physically, Moshe was positioned amidst the people and not higher up on the mountain.<fn>This follows the approach found in <a href="ShemotRabbah28-3" data-aht="source">Shemot Rabbah</a>.</fn></point> | <point><b>Moshe's role</b> – According to these sources, Moshe did not play any significant role during the revelation. He, like the rest of the nation, simply listened to Hashem.  According to Abarbanel and Shadal, even physically, Moshe was positioned amidst the people and not higher up on the mountain.<fn>This follows the approach found in <a href="ShemotRabbah28-3" data-aht="source">Shemot Rabbah</a>.</fn></point> | ||
<point><b>"פָּנִים בְּפָנִים"</b> – These commentators understand the phrase "פָּנִים בְּפָנִים" to refer to a direct, unmediated encounter.  R. Levi in the Tanchuma describes the experience as one in which each member of the nation felt as if Hashem was speaking to them personally.</point> | <point><b>"פָּנִים בְּפָנִים"</b> – These commentators understand the phrase "פָּנִים בְּפָנִים" to refer to a direct, unmediated encounter.  R. Levi in the Tanchuma describes the experience as one in which each member of the nation felt as if Hashem was speaking to them personally.</point> | ||
− | <point><b>"אָנֹכִי עֹמֵד בֵּין ה' וּבֵינֵיכֶם"</b> – According to most of these commentators, these words refer to the mediating role that Moshe assumed after receiving the Decalogue, when giving over the rest of the commandments.<fn>Ibn Ezra and Abarbanel say this explicitly.  According to them, the phrase "בָּעֵת הַהִוא" (at that time) does not refer to the immediate period spoken of in the verse (the giving of the Decalogue) but rather some point afterwards.  See <a href="Literary: | + | <point><b>"אָנֹכִי עֹמֵד בֵּין ה' וּבֵינֵיכֶם"</b> – According to most of these commentators, these words refer to the mediating role that Moshe assumed after receiving the Decalogue, when giving over the rest of the commandments.<fn>Ibn Ezra and Abarbanel say this explicitly.  According to them, the phrase "בָּעֵת הַהִוא" (at that time) does not refer to the immediate period spoken of in the verse (the giving of the Decalogue) but rather some point afterwards.  See <a href="Literary:Indicators of Achronology" data-aht="page">Indicators of Achronology</a> for a discussion of the term's usage in Tanakh.<br/>The Sages and Ralbag are more ambiguous.  They do not say explicitly that the words refer to relaying the other commandments, only that Moshe is referring to the conversation in which the people confess their fear and request that Moshe speak with them rather than Hashem.</fn> Alternatively, this position could posit, as does <a href="RambanDevarim5-5" data-aht="source">Ramban</a>, that this refers to Moshe's role before the Decalogue when he acted as a go-between to relay all of Hashem's instructions to prepare the nation.</point> |
<point><b>"וַיְדַבֵּר אֱ-לֹהִים אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה"</b> – Ibn Ezra supports the idea that Hashem communicated all the commandments directly from the text's usage of the words "‎‏<b>כָּל</b> הַדְּבָרִים"‎.<fn>He argues against the position below which posits that only two commandments were transmitted directly by Hashem by pointing out that the word "‎‏כָּל" implies that there was no differentiation between the manner in which the commandments were relayed; all were from Hashem directly.</fn> Shadal adds proofs from <a href="Devarim4-10" data-aht="source">Devarim 4:12-13</a>, <a href="Devarim4-33" data-aht="source">4:36</a>, and <a href="Devarim5-19-28" data-aht="source">5:19-21</a>, all of which emphasize how Hashem spoke (and did not produce merely the sound of a voice) to the nation.</point> | <point><b>"וַיְדַבֵּר אֱ-לֹהִים אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה"</b> – Ibn Ezra supports the idea that Hashem communicated all the commandments directly from the text's usage of the words "‎‏<b>כָּל</b> הַדְּבָרִים"‎.<fn>He argues against the position below which posits that only two commandments were transmitted directly by Hashem by pointing out that the word "‎‏כָּל" implies that there was no differentiation between the manner in which the commandments were relayed; all were from Hashem directly.</fn> Shadal adds proofs from <a href="Devarim4-10" data-aht="source">Devarim 4:12-13</a>, <a href="Devarim4-33" data-aht="source">4:36</a>, and <a href="Devarim5-19-28" data-aht="source">5:19-21</a>, all of which emphasize how Hashem spoke (and did not produce merely the sound of a voice) to the nation.</point> | ||
<point><b>"בַּעֲבוּר יִשְׁמַע הָעָם בְּדַבְּרִי עִמָּךְ"</b><ul> | <point><b>"בַּעֲבוּר יִשְׁמַע הָעָם בְּדַבְּרִי עִמָּךְ"</b><ul> | ||
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<p>Due to the nation's fear, Hashem stopped speaking to them and instead spoke only to Moshe, who then relayed the final eight commandments to the nation.</p> | <p>Due to the nation's fear, Hashem stopped speaking to them and instead spoke only to Moshe, who then relayed the final eight commandments to the nation.</p> | ||
<mekorot> | <mekorot> | ||
− | R. Hamnuna in <multilink><a href="BavliMakkot23b" data-aht="source">Bavli Makkot</a><a href="BavliMakkot23b" data-aht="source">Makkot 23b-24a</a><a href="Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink>, R. Yishmael in <multilink><a href="BavliHorayot8a" data-aht="source">Bavli Horayot</a><a href="BavliHorayot8a" data-aht="source">Horayot 23b-24a</a><a href="Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink>, R. Yehoshua in <multilink><a href="SHSRabbah1-2" data-aht="source">Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a><a href="SHSRabbah1-2" data-aht="source">1:2</a><a href="Shir HaShirim Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">About Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="PsJShemot20-2" data-aht="source">Targum | + | R. Hamnuna in <multilink><a href="BavliMakkot23b" data-aht="source">Bavli Makkot</a><a href="BavliMakkot23b" data-aht="source">Makkot 23b-24a</a><a href="Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink>, R. Yishmael in <multilink><a href="BavliHorayot8a" data-aht="source">Bavli Horayot</a><a href="BavliHorayot8a" data-aht="source">Horayot 23b-24a</a><a href="Bavli" data-aht="parshan">About the Bavli</a></multilink>, R. Yehoshua in <multilink><a href="SHSRabbah1-2" data-aht="source">Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a><a href="SHSRabbah1-2" data-aht="source">1:2</a><a href="Shir HaShirim Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">About Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="PsJShemot20-2" data-aht="source">Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan)</a><a href="PsJShemot20-2" data-aht="source">Shemot 20:2</a><a href="Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan)" data-aht="parshan">About Targum Yerushalmi (Yonatan)</a></multilink>, R. Yehoshua b. Levi in <multilink><a href="PesiktaRabbati22" data-aht="source">Pesikta Rabbati</a><a href="PesiktaRabbati22" data-aht="source">22</a><a href="Pesikta Rabbati" data-aht="parshan">About Pesikta Rabbati</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RashiShemot19-19" data-aht="source">Rashi</a><a href="RashiShemot19-19" data-aht="source">Shemot 19:19</a><a href="RashiShemot20-1" data-aht="source">Shemot 20:1</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYBSShemot20-1" data-aht="source">R. Yosef Kara</a><a href="RYBSShemot20-1" data-aht="source">cited by R. Yosef Bekhor Shor Shemot 20:1</a><a href="R. Yosef Kara" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Kara</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYBSDevarim5-4" data-aht="source">R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a><a href="RYBSShemot20-1" data-aht="source">Shemot 20:1</a><a href="RYBSDevarim5-4" data-aht="source">Devarim 5:4-5</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a></multilink><fn>This is how he explains the encounter in his comments on Devarim 5. In Shemot 20, though, he first suggests that the nation heard all ten commandments from Hashem and only afterwards brings the opinion that there were two stages.</fn> |
</mekorot> | </mekorot> | ||
<point><b>Moshe's role</b> – Moshe acted as an intermediary for the last eight commandments, relaying them to the nation in Hashem's stead.</point> | <point><b>Moshe's role</b> – Moshe acted as an intermediary for the last eight commandments, relaying them to the nation in Hashem's stead.</point> |
Latest revision as of 12:14, 1 November 2023
The Decalogue: Direct From Hashem or Via Moshe?
Exegetical Approaches
Overview
The Torah's contrasting portraits of Hashem's revelation to the nation lead commentators to varying understandings of what the nation grasped directly from Hashem and what they understood only via Moshe. These, in turn, have important ramifications for how one understands the entire purpose of the revelation at Mt. Sinai.
On one end of the spectrum, Rambam and R. D"Z Hoffmann focus on the verses which present Moshe as an intermediary, asserting that the people heard only the voice of Hashem, but could not distinguish His words. Moshe, thus, acted as a mediator or translator for all ten. As such, the main purpose of revelation was not to instill faith in Hashem, but to teach the nation to believe in Moshe's prophecy. On the other end of the spectrum, Ibn Ezra and others look at the depiction of the episode as a "face to face" encounter. They posit that Hashem conversed directly with the people, relaying to them all ten utterances with the goal of inculcating belief in God.
A middle ground is charted by Rashi, Ramban, and others, who attempt to harmonize the various verses by positing that there was a split in the commandments. The nation understood only the first two from Hashem, but needed Moshe to explain the final eight. Ramban explains that the goal of Revelation was twofold – to instill belief in both Hashem and in Moshe as His prophet. The fundamentals of faith were thus relayed directly, while the rest was taught via Moshe, who from this point on was to continue in this capacity as teacher of the law.
Understood None
The nation heard only the voice of Hashem, but understood none of His words, and Moshe's mediation between the people and Hashem was thus needed throughout the entire Decalogue. Commentators disagree whether the voice was directed at the nation or if they merely overheard the sounds of the Divine conversation with Moshe.
Overheard Voice
The people listened as Hashem communicated the Decalogue to Moshe, but they only heard the Divine voice and could not decipher His words.
Heard Voice Directly
Hashem spoke to the people directly, but due to their distance, they could make out only a voice and not distinct words.
Understood All Ten
The nation understood the entire Decalogue from Hashem. This position subdivides regarding whether Hashem's words were aimed at the people or Moshe.
Overheard Words
Hashem's spoke to Moshe only, but He intended that the nation would listen in on this conversation.
Heard Words Directly
Hashem spoke directly to the people themselves, and they, not Moshe, were His target audience for the entire Decalogue.
- This position highlights the goal of teaching the nation to believe in Hashem, as per the verse in Devarim, "אַתָּה הָרְאֵתָ לָדַעַת כִּי ה' הוּא הָאֱ-לֹהִים".22 Divine revelation to a mass audience was a unique event in world history and constitutes one of the strongest proofs of God's existence and the Torah's Divine origin.23
- According to Shadal, there may have been a dual purpose of instilling belief in both Hashem and Moshe. By hearing Hashem speak to Moshe before the actual revelation (see below), the nation recognized his prophetic stature, and by hearing Hashem on their own during revelation, they came to believe in God.
- Spoke to all – According to Ibn Ezra,28 this verse does not insinuate that Hashem was to speak to Moshe alone, but only that when Hashem did speak to him (along with everyone else), his prophetic stature would be verified. The nation had doubted Moshe's prophecy, believing that if Hashem speaks to a person, he cannot live afterwards. Thus, Hashem tells Moshe that when the nation sees Him speaking to Moshe during the giving of the Decalogue, they will finally recognize that their preconception was false.
- Change of plan – According to Ralbag and Abarbanel, Hashem originally told Moshe that He would speak to him alone and the nation would overhear, leading them to believe in Moshe's prophecy. Moshe then clarified to Hashem that the nation preferred to not have a mediator, but rather desired a direct face to face encounter. As a result, Hashem acquiesced and changed the original plan.29
- Before the Decalogue – Shadal asserts that this refers to the nation hearing Hashem's conversation with Moshe before the Decalogue.
- According to Ibn Ezra, Moshe is saying that the nation feared the fire, despite the fact that they did not go up the mountain.
- This position could also maintain that the original plan (had the nation not been overcome by fear) was to ascend the mountain after the giving of the Decalogue and to hear the rest of the 613 commandments from perhaps an even closer vantage point and at a higher spiritual level.31
- Before the Decalogue – According to Ibn Ezra, Abarbanel, and Shadal,32 this refers to the conversation between Moshe and Hashem before the giving of the Decalogue and, as such, provides no information regarding how Hashem delivered the commandments.33
- Before and during – Ralbag maintains that the verse refers to Hashem's words both before and during the Decalogue.34 The mention of Moshe speaking refers only to the earlier conversation, but the fact that Hashem spoke "בְקוֹל" can refer to both.35
- During the Decalogue – R. Eliezer suggests that that the verse refers to the Decalogue but is simply saying that before Hashem spoke to the nation, He waited for Moshe to tell Him that they were ready.36
Understood Only Two
The nation understood only two commandments directly from Hashem. These commentators disagree as to how the nation received the other eight:
Other Eight Only From Moshe
Due to the nation's fear, Hashem stopped speaking to them and instead spoke only to Moshe, who then relayed the final eight commandments to the nation.
Voice Without Words for Other Eight
Hashem communicated also the final eight commandments to the nation, but in these they discerned only His voice and needed Moshe to serve as an interpreter.