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<page type="Summary"> | <page type="Summary"> | ||
<h1>Avraham and Yitzchak</h1> | <h1>Avraham and Yitzchak</h1> | ||
| − | |||
<h2>Introduction</h2> | <h2>Introduction</h2> | ||
| − | The dictum, מעשה אבות סימן לבנים (the deeds of the fathers are a sign for the sons), is particularly apt when speaking of the lives of Avraham and Yitzchak.  The stories of father and son are surprisingly similar, and many of the episodes that define the Avraham narrative find their echo in the life of Yitzchak.  In several of these cases, linguistic parallels strengthen the comparison. | + | The dictum, מעשה אבות סימן לבנים (the deeds of the fathers are a sign for the sons), is particularly apt when speaking of the lives of Avraham and Yitzchak.  The stories of father and son are surprisingly similar, and many of the episodes that define the Avraham narrative find their echo in the life of Yitzchak.<fn>See <multilink><a href="TanchumaToledot9" data-aht="source">Tanchuma</a><a href="TanchumaToledot9" data-aht="source">Toledot 9</a><a href="Tanchuma" data-aht="parshan">About the Tanchuma</a></multilink> which compares the two, stating "אַתָּה מוֹצֵא כָּל מַה שֶּׁהִגִּיעַ לְאַבְרָהָם הִגִּיעַ לְיִצְחָק".</fn>  In several of these cases, linguistic parallels strengthen the comparison. |
<h2>Content Parallels and Contrasts</h2> | <h2>Content Parallels and Contrasts</h2> | ||
| Line 11: | Line 10: | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td></td> | + | <td><br/></td> |
<td style="text-align: center;"><b>Parallels</b></td> | <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Parallels</b></td> | ||
<td style="text-align: center;"><b>Contrasts</b></td> | <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Contrasts</b></td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr style="text-align: center;"> | <tr style="text-align: center;"> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><b>Family Life</b></span></td> |
| − | <td></td> | + | <td><br/></td> |
| − | <td></td> | + | <td><br/></td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> |
| − | <p><span style="color: #0000ff;"> | + | <p><span style="color: #0000ff;">Barren wife</span></p> |
</td> | </td> | ||
| − | <td>Despite blessings of progeny, both Sarah and Rivka are initially unable to | + | <td>Despite blessings of progeny, both Sarah and Rivka are initially unable to conceive.</td> |
| − | <td>While Sarah gives Hagar to Avraham in order to | + | <td>While Sarah gives Hagar to Avraham in order to obtain an heir, Hashem opens Rivkah's womb after prayer.</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> |
| − | <td> | + | <p><span style="color: #0000ff;">Two children</span></p> |
| − | <td>In Avraham's case, each child is born | + | </td> |
| + | <td>Each of Avraham and Yitzchak has two sons, one of whom is favored by the mother, while the other is loved by the father.<fn>By Yitzchak, the verse explicitly contrasts the loves of mother and father: וַיֶּאֱהַב יִצְחָק אֶת עֵשָׂו כִּי צַיִד בְּפִיו וְרִבְקָה אֹהֶבֶת אֶת יַעֲקֹב.  It should be noted, though, that not everyone assumes that Yitzchak preferred Esav.  Radak, for example, suggests that the verse is saying that the <i>only</i> reason Yitzchak liked Esav was that he brought him food.  For other understandings of the verse, see <a href="Why Bless Esav" data-aht="page">Why Bless Esav?</a>. <br/>By Avraham, too, although it is clear that Sarah favors Yitzchak, Avraham might love both sons equally.  It is pretty clear, though, that he does not share Sarah's negative feelings towards Yishmael.  Thus, when Hashem tells him that Sarah will bear a son, his initial reaction is, "לוּ יִשְׁמָעֵאל יִחְיֶה לְפָנֶיךָ", and when Sarah demands that Yishmael is banished, the text states, "וַיֵּרַע הַדָּבָר מְאֹד בְּעֵינֵי אַבְרָהָם עַל אוֹדֹת בְּנוֹ".  For more on the attitudes of Sarah and Avraham towards Yishmael see <a href="Banishment of Hagar and Yishmael" data-aht="page">Banishment of Hagar and Yishmael</a> and <a href="A Portrait of Yishmael" data-aht="page">A Portrait of Yishmael</a>.</fn></td> | ||
| + | <td>In Avraham's case, each child is born from a different mother. In contrast, Yitzchak's sons are twins, both born to Rivka.</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">  Younger son  chosen</span></td> |
| − | <td> | + | <td>In both stories, the mother (Sarah/Rivka) acts to make sure that it is the younger sibling who inherits or is blessed.</td> |
| − | <td>Avraham knowingly banishes Yishmael due to Sarah's demand and Hashem's | + | <td>Avraham knowingly banishes Yishmael due to Sarah's demand and Hashem's command, whereas Yitzchak is duped by Rivka into blessing Yaakov..</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #0000ff;">Son marries non-Canaanite</span></td> |
<td>Both Avraham and Yitzchak ensure that their chosen son does not marry a Canaanite, but rather a woman from the family in Charan.</td> | <td>Both Avraham and Yitzchak ensure that their chosen son does not marry a Canaanite, but rather a woman from the family in Charan.</td> | ||
| − | <td>While Avraham sends his servant to fetch the wife, Yitzchak sends Yaakov himself. Moreover, Yaakov has an additional purpose in leaving, his flight from Esav</td> | + | <td>While Avraham sends his servant to fetch the wife, Yitzchak sends Yaakov himself. Moreover, Yaakov has an additional purpose in leaving, his flight from Esav.</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #0000ff;"> Rejected son leaves & thrives<b><br/></b></span></td> |
| − | <td>Both Yishmael and Esav leave their homeland, but grow to be great nations and fathers of | + | <td>Both Yishmael and Esav leave their homeland, but grow to be great nations and fathers of numerous princes and chieftains.<fn>See the twelve princes of Yishmael listed in <a href="Bereshit25-13-16" data-aht="source">Bereshit 25:13-16</a> and the eleven chieftains of Esau in <a href="Bereshit36-40-43" data-aht="source">Bereshit 36:40-43</a>.</fn></td> |
<td>---</td> | <td>---</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><b><span style="color: #199119;">Wife-sister</span></b></td> |
<td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | ||
<td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #199119;">Famine</span></td> |
| − | <td> | + | <td>A famine leads both Avraham and Yitzchak to uproot.<fn>Avraham passes Sarah off as his sister when he moves to both Egypt and Gerar.  Only the first of these moves is due to famine.</fn></td> |
| − | <td>Though both patriarchs head to Egypt, | + | <td>Though both patriarchs head to Egypt,<fn>Though it is not explicit in the verses that Yitzchak had planned to go to Egypt, Hashem's command not to migrate there suggests that this was Yitzchak's intent.  See <multilink><a href="RashbamBereshit26-1" data-aht="source">Rashbam</a><a href="RashbamBereshit26-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit 26:1</a><a href="R. Shemuel b. Meir (Rashbam)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shemuel b. Meir</a></multilink> who points out that Gerar is en route to Egypt and Yitzchak was planning on continuing from there southwards.</fn> Yitzchak is told to remain in Canaan.</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #199119;">Fear </span></td> |
| − | <td>Recognition of their wives' beauty causes both husbands to fear that | + | <td>Recognition of their wives' beauty causes both husbands to fear that they will be killed and their wives taken by the locals.</td> |
<td>---</td> | <td>---</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #199119;">Pretense</span></td> |
| − | <td> | + | <td>Avraham and Yitzchak each pretend that their wives are really their sisters.</td> |
| − | <td>By Avraham, the pretense is believed, but Sarah is nonetheless taken by Paroh. In contrast, Rivka's true status is | + | <td>By Avraham, the pretense is believed, but Sarah is nonetheless taken by Paroh. In contrast, Rivka's true status is discovered before she is taken and the king calls for her protection.</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #199119;">Great wealth </span></td> |
| − | <td>The story ends with | + | <td>The story ends with descriptions of the wealth of each of Avraham and Yitzchak.</td> |
| − | <td>In contrast to Avraham who is enriched by the many gifts of the king, Yitzchak earns his own wealth through his successful | + | <td>In contrast to Avraham who is enriched by the many gifts of the king, Yitzchak earns his own wealth through his successful farming.</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><b><span style="color: #ff0000;">Life in Gerar</span></b></td> |
<td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | ||
<td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Digging wells</span></td> |
| − | <td>Avraham and Yitzchak | + | <td>Avraham and Yitzchak each dig wells in Gerar which are a source of dispute with the Philistines.</td> |
<td>Avraham's accusations focus on one stolen well, while Yitzchak deals with multiple squabbles.</td> | <td>Avraham's accusations focus on one stolen well, while Yitzchak deals with multiple squabbles.</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Visit of Avimelekh </span></td> |
| − | <td>Avimelekh and his general | + | <td>Avimelekh and his general Pikhol visit and declare their recognition that Hashem is with Avraham / Yitzchak.</td> |
<td>---</td> | <td>---</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Oath and covenant<br/></span></td> |
<td><b></b>The two sides make a covenant and swear not to harm the other.</td> | <td><b></b>The two sides make a covenant and swear not to harm the other.</td> | ||
<td>---</td> | <td>---</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #ff0000;">Beer Sheva</span></td> |
<td>Beer Sheva is named.</td> | <td>Beer Sheva is named.</td> | ||
| − | <td>By Avraham the name refers to the oath (שבועה) taken by Avraham and Avimelekh, while by Yitzchak it refers to the well named " | + | <td>By Avraham the name refers to the oath (שבועה) taken by Avraham and Avimelekh, while by Yitzchak it refers to the well named "שבעה".</td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><b><span style="color: #800080;">Death</span></b></td> |
<td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | ||
<td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> </td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #800080;">Old age </span></td> |
<td>Both patriarchs die at a "ripe old age".</td> | <td>Both patriarchs die at a "ripe old age".</td> | ||
<td>---</td> | <td>---</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td style="text-align: | + | <td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="color: #800080;">Burial</span></td> |
| − | <td>Despite the earlier conflicts and potential for enmity, Yishmael and Yitzchak together bury Avraham | + | <td>Despite the earlier conflicts and potential for enmity, Yishmael and Yitzchak together bury Avraham, while Yaakov and Esav join to bury Yitzchak.</td> |
<td>---</td> | <td>---</td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
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<h2>Literary Allusions</h2> | <h2>Literary Allusions</h2> | ||
<multilang style="overflow: auto;"> | <multilang style="overflow: auto;"> | ||
| − | <table xml:lang="he | + | <table dir="rtl" xml:lang="he"> |
<tr> | <tr> | ||
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<tr> | <tr> | ||
<td>(כב:יז) כִּי בָרֵךְ <span style="color: #800000;">אֲבָרֶכְךָ</span> <span style="color: #800000;">וְהַרְבָּה אַרְבֶּה אֶת זַרְעֲךָ כְּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם</span> וְכַחוֹל אֲשֶׁר עַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם... (יח) <span style="color: #800000;">וְהִתְבָּרְכוּ בְזַרְעֲךָ כֹּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַעְתָּ בְּקֹלִי.</span></td> | <td>(כב:יז) כִּי בָרֵךְ <span style="color: #800000;">אֲבָרֶכְךָ</span> <span style="color: #800000;">וְהַרְבָּה אַרְבֶּה אֶת זַרְעֲךָ כְּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם</span> וְכַחוֹל אֲשֶׁר עַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם... (יח) <span style="color: #800000;">וְהִתְבָּרְכוּ בְזַרְעֲךָ כֹּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַעְתָּ בְּקֹלִי.</span></td> | ||
| − | <td>(כו:ג) וְאֶהְיֶה עִמְּךָ <span style="color: #800000;">וַאֲבָרְכֶךָ</span>... (ד) וְ<span style="color: #800000;">הִרְבֵּיתִי אֶת זַרְעֲךָ כְּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם... וְהִתְבָּרְכוּ בְזַרְעֲךָ כֹּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ</span>. (ה) <span style="color: #800000;">עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם בְּקֹלִי.</span> </td> | + | <td>(כו:ג) וְאֶהְיֶה עִמְּךָ <span style="color: #800000;">וַאֲבָרְכֶךָ</span>... (ד) וְ<span style="color: #800000;">הִרְבֵּיתִי אֶת זַרְעֲךָ כְּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם... וְהִתְבָּרְכוּ בְזַרְעֲךָ כֹּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ</span>. (ה) <span style="color: #800000;">עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם בְּקֹלִי.</span></td> |
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| Line 144: | Line 145: | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td>(יב:יא)... הִנֵּה נָא יָדַעְתִּי <span style="color: #ff0000;">כִּי אִשָּׁה יְפַת מַרְאֶה אָתְּ.</span> (יב) וְהָיָה כִּי יִרְאוּ אֹתָךְ הַמִּצְרִים וְאָמְרוּ אִשְׁתּוֹ זֹאת <span style="color: #ff0000;">וְהָרְגוּ אֹתִי</span> וְאֹתָךְ יְחַיּוּ . (יג) <span style="color: #ff0000;">אִמְרִי נָא אֲחֹתִי אָתְּ<span style="color: #000000;">.</span></span></td> | + | <td>(יב:יא) ... הִנֵּה נָא יָדַעְתִּי <span style="color: #ff0000;">כִּי אִשָּׁה יְפַת מַרְאֶה אָתְּ.</span> (יב) וְהָיָה כִּי יִרְאוּ אֹתָךְ הַמִּצְרִים וְאָמְרוּ אִשְׁתּוֹ זֹאת <span style="color: #ff0000;">וְהָרְגוּ אֹתִי</span> וְאֹתָךְ יְחַיּוּ . (יג) <span style="color: #ff0000;">אִמְרִי נָא אֲחֹתִי אָתְּ<span style="color: #000000;">.</span></span></td> |
<td>(כו:ז) וַיִּשְׁאֲלוּ אַנְשֵׁי הַמָּקוֹם לְאִשְׁתּוֹ <span style="color: #ff0000;">וַיֹּאמֶר אֲחֹתִי הִוא</span> כִּי יָרֵא לֵאמֹר אִשְׁתִּי <span style="color: #ff0000;">פֶּן יַהַרְגֻנִי</span> אַנְשֵׁי הַמָּקוֹם עַל רִבְקָה <span style="color: #ff0000;">כִּי טוֹבַת מַרְאֶה הִוא<span style="color: #000000;">.</span></span></td> | <td>(כו:ז) וַיִּשְׁאֲלוּ אַנְשֵׁי הַמָּקוֹם לְאִשְׁתּוֹ <span style="color: #ff0000;">וַיֹּאמֶר אֲחֹתִי הִוא</span> כִּי יָרֵא לֵאמֹר אִשְׁתִּי <span style="color: #ff0000;">פֶּן יַהַרְגֻנִי</span> אַנְשֵׁי הַמָּקוֹם עַל רִבְקָה <span style="color: #ff0000;">כִּי טוֹבַת מַרְאֶה הִוא<span style="color: #000000;">.</span></span></td> | ||
</tr> | </tr> | ||
<tr> | <tr> | ||
| − | <td>(כא:כב) <span style="color: #00ccff;">וַיֹּאמֶר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וּפִיכֹל שַׂר צְבָאוֹ</span> אֶל אַבְרָהָם לֵאמֹר  <span style="color: #00ccff;"> | + | <td>(כא:כב) <span style="color: #00ccff;">וַיֹּאמֶר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וּפִיכֹל שַׂר צְבָאוֹ</span> אֶל אַבְרָהָם לֵאמֹר  <span style="color: #00ccff;">אֱ-לֹהִים עִמְּךָ</span> בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה עֹשֶׂה. (כג) וְעַתָּה הִשָּׁבְעָה לִּי ...וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְרָהָם <span style="color: #00ccff;">אָנֹכִי אִשָּׁבֵעַ.... וַיִּכְרְתוּ <span style="color: #000000;">שְׁנֵיהֶם</span> בְּרִית</span>.</td> |
<td>(כו:כו) <span style="color: #00ccff;">וַאֲבִימֶלֶךְ</span> הָלַךְ אֵלָיו מִגְּרָר וַאֲחֻזַּת מֵרֵעֵהוּ <span style="color: #00ccff;">וּפִיכֹל שַׂר צְבָאוֹ</span>... <br/>(כח) <span style="color: #00ccff;">וַיֹּאמְרוּ</span> רָאוֹ רָאִינוּ כִּי הָיָה <span style="color: #00ccff;">י"י עִמָּךְ</span>... <span style="color: #00ccff;">וְנִכְרְתָה בְרִית</span> עִמָּךְ... <span style="color: #00ccff;">וַיִּשָּׁבְעוּ<span style="color: #000000;">...</span></span></td> | <td>(כו:כו) <span style="color: #00ccff;">וַאֲבִימֶלֶךְ</span> הָלַךְ אֵלָיו מִגְּרָר וַאֲחֻזַּת מֵרֵעֵהוּ <span style="color: #00ccff;">וּפִיכֹל שַׂר צְבָאוֹ</span>... <br/>(כח) <span style="color: #00ccff;">וַיֹּאמְרוּ</span> רָאוֹ רָאִינוּ כִּי הָיָה <span style="color: #00ccff;">י"י עִמָּךְ</span>... <span style="color: #00ccff;">וְנִכְרְתָה בְרִית</span> עִמָּךְ... <span style="color: #00ccff;">וַיִּשָּׁבְעוּ<span style="color: #000000;">...</span></span></td> | ||
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<h2>Analysis</h2> | <h2>Analysis</h2> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
| − | <li><b>Distinctive phrases</b> – Several of these terms are unique to these narratives. The phrases "<span style="color: #0000ff;">וְיִירַשׁ זַרְעֵךְ אֵת שַׁעַר</span>" <fn> | + | <li><b>Distinctive phrases</b> – Several of these terms are unique to these narratives. The phrases "<span style="color: #0000ff;">וְיִירַשׁ זַרְעֵךְ אֵת שַׁעַר</span>" <fn>Also the preceding promise that their progeny will become as plentiful as the stars appears only in the Avraham and Yitzchak narratives and in Moshe's reference back to this oath of Hashem (see <a href="Shemot32-15" data-aht="source">Shemot 32:15</a> and mention of the oath's fulfillment in <a href="Devarim1-10" data-aht="source">Devarim 1:10</a>).  The similar phrase "כְּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם לָרֹב" is found in <a href="Devarim10-22" data-aht="source">Devarim 10:22</a>, and 28:60, and in slightly different formulation in Divrei HaYamim I 27:23, "כִּי אָמַר י"י לְהַרְבּוֹת אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמָיִם".</fn>,"<span style="color: #800000;">וְהִתְבָּרְכוּ בְזַרְעֲךָ כֹּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַעְתָּ</span>",  and "<span style="color: #99cc00;">לֹא תִקַּח אִשָּׁה מִבְּנוֹת כְּנָעַן</span>" appear only here, while the description "<span style="color: #ff00ff;">וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ</span>"‎<fn>See <a href="Rut1-1" data-aht="source">Rut 1:1</a>.  There are many other verses where famine is mentioned, but this introductory phrase, "and there was a famine in the land" is found only in these three places.</fn>‎ and the word pair "<span style="color: #008000;">וַיִּגְוַע וַיָּמׇת</span>"‎<fn>Though the individual words "וַיָּמׇת" and "וַיִּגְוַע" are mentioned many times, as a pair they are much less common, appearing only in our stories and by the death of Yishmael in <a href="Bereshit25-17" data-aht="source">Bereshit 25:17</a>  It is noteworthy that by Yishmael, like by Avraham and Yitzchak, the word pair is accompanied by the description "וַיֵּאָסֶף אֶל עַמָּיו".</fn> each occur in only one other verse.  Finally, only two other people in Tanakh are described as an "<span style="color: #ff0000;">עֲקָרָה</span>‎"‏‎,<fn>Only four women, Sarah, Rivka, Rachel and Mrs. Manoach, are explicitly referred to as being an "עֲקָרָה".  Though Channah also could not bear children, the text there says instead, "וַי"י סָגַר רַחְמָהּ".  Later, though, in Channah's prayer after the birth of Shemuel, she might be alluding to herself when she states, "עַד עֲקָרָה יָלְדָה שִׁבְעָה". See <a href="Barren Women" data-aht="page">Barren Women</a> for parallels between these stories.</fn>‎ or as dying "<span style="color: #008000;">זָקֵן וּשְׂבַע יָמִים</span>".‎<fn>See the deaths of Iyyov (<a href="Iyyov42-17" data-aht="source">Iyyov 42:17</a>) and David (<a href="DivreiHaYamimI27-23" data-aht="source">Divrei HaYamim I 27:23</a>).</fn></li> |
| − | <li><b>Degree of similarity</b> – Many of the parallels have a high degree of similarity.  Several phrases are totally identical (as above), while in others the choice of word is the same though the form might differ due to number, tense, or gender.<fn>See, for instance, וַיִּכְרְתוּ/ וְנִכְרְתָה , חָפָרוּ/חָפַרְתִּי and אִשָּׁבֵעַ/וַיִּשָּׁבְעוּ.</fn>  In a few cases, the meaning is maintained but the word choice is different.<fn>See, for example, שַׁעַר שֹׂנְאָיו /שַׁעַר אֹיְבָיו ,י"י עִמָּךְ/ | + | <li><b>Degree of similarity</b> – Many of the parallels have a high degree of similarity.  Several phrases are totally identical (as above), while in others the choice of word is the same, though the form might differ due to number, tense, or gender.<fn>See, for instance, "וַיִּכְרְתוּ" / "וְנִכְרְתָה" ,"חָפָרוּ" / "חָפַרְתִּי" and "אִשָּׁבֵעַ" / "וַיִּשָּׁבְעוּ".</fn>  In a few cases, the meaning is maintained but the word choice is different.<fn>See, for example, "שַׁעַר שֹׂנְאָיו" / "שַׁעַר אֹיְבָיו" ,"י"י עִמָּךְ" / "אֱ-לֹהִים עִמְּךָ", and "קָרָא לַמָּקוֹם" ‎/ "שֵׁם הָעִיר".</fn></li> |
| − | <li><b> | + | <li><b>Roles in their respective stories</b> – All of the linguistic similarities serve to reinforce the content parallels, highlighting the similar story-lines of the two narratives.  Interestingly, none of the parallels serve to compare the individual characters of Avraham and Yitzchak, but rather the events of each of their lives.</li> |
</ul> | </ul> | ||
| − | <h2> | + | <h2>Explicit references</h2> |
| + | <p>At several points in the Yitzchak narrative, the text explicitly refers the reader back to the Avraham narratives, reinforcing that the reader is meant to compare the two:</p> | ||
| + | <ul> | ||
| + | <li><b>Bereshit 26:1 </b>– "וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ מִלְּבַד הָרָעָב הָרִאשׁוֹן <span style="color: #ff6600;">אֲשֶׁר הָיָה בִּימֵי אַבְרָהָם<span style="color: #000000;">"</span></span></li> | ||
| + | <li><b>Bereshit 26:3-6 </b>– "וַהֲקִמֹתִי אֶת הַשְּׁבֻעָה <span style="color: #3366ff;">אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם</span> אָבִיךָ... עֵקֶב <span style="color: #3366ff;">אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם <span style="color: #000000;">"</span>בְּקֹלִי</span></li> | ||
| + | <li><b>Bereshit 26:18</b> – "וַיָּשׇׁב יִצְחָק וַיַּחְפֹּר אֶת בְּאֵרֹת הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר חָפְרוּ בִּימֵי אַבְרָהָם אָבִיו וַיְסַתְּמוּם פְּלִשְׁתִּים אַחֲרֵי מוֹת אַבְרָהָם וַיִּקְרָא לָהֶן שֵׁמוֹת <span style="color: #00ff00;">כַּשֵּׁמֹת אֲשֶׁר קָרָא לָהֶן אָבִיו</span>." </li> | ||
| + | <li><b>Bereshit 26:24</b> –  "וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו י"י בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא וַיֹּאמֶר אָנֹכִי אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם אָבִיךָ אַל תִּירָא כִּי אִתְּךָ אָנֹכִי וּבֵרַכְתִּיךָ וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אֶת זַרְעֲךָ <span style="color: #993366;">בַּעֲבוּר אַבְרָהָם עַבְדִּי</span>. "</li> | ||
| + | </ul> | ||
<h2>Conclusions</h2> | <h2>Conclusions</h2> | ||
| + | The above parallels shed light on both the character of Yitzchak and on how he compares to his father:<br/> | ||
| + | <ul> | ||
| + | <li><b>A link in the chain</b> –  The many parallels underscore how Yitzchak's life appears to be no more than an echo of his father's, with no innovations of his own.  He has similar family strife and business complications.  He repeats his father's deeds, calling his wife his sister, re-digging Avraham's wells, renaming Beer Sheva, and renewing the covenant with Avimelekh.  This repetition, though, need not be viewed negatively.  It is possible that in contrast to Avraham's trail-blazing, Yitzchak's strength lay in his preservation and continuation of the tradition.<fn>See R"Y Grossman, "בין אברהם ויעקב בסיפורי בראשית", Megadim 27 (1997): 9-28.</fn></li> | ||
| + | <li><b>Strong or weak?</b> – Although some of the contrasts between the stories suggest a very passive Yitzchak (he does not find his own wife and is tricked by Rivka), others point to a strong character who merits special providence by God.  Thus, in contrast to Avraham, Yitzchak actively prays for children,<fn>See R"A Bazak, <a href="http://www.etzion.org.il/he/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA-%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7">"פרשת תולדות - בין אברהם ליצחק"</a>, who asserts that this is but one example of many in which Yitzchak's actions serve to correct Avraham's mistakes.  He points to Avraham's sins in going down to Egypt, desiring to profit from Sarah's shame, and lying about his wife.  Yitzchak, in contrast, stays in Israel, makes no such claims about attaining wealth, and tries not to lie about Rivka, only stating that she is his wife when asked, but not offering the information otherwise.  It is unclear, though, if Avraham sinned through any of these actions (see <a href="Endangering Sarai in Egypt" data-aht="page">Endangering Sarai in Egypt</a>), nor whether Yitzchak might not also have left Israel had Hashem not commanded him to stay.<br/>Following in the path of <a href="BereshitRabbah54-4" data-aht="source">Bereshit Rabbah</a> and <multilink><a href="RashbamBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Rashbam</a><a href="RashbamBereshit22-1" data-aht="source">Bereshit 22:1</a><a href="R. Shemuel b. Meir (Rashbam)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shemuel b. Meir</a></multilink>, R"A Bazak also criticizes Avraham's decision to make a covenant with Avimelekh and suggests that the text shares that Yitzchak, in contrast, only made an oath. This, though, might be reading too much into the text, as the verses clearly speak of the request for a covenant and describe the meal offered by Yitzchak, which is often a sign of covenantal agreements in Tanakh. See <a href="ANE:Treaties in Tanakh and the Ancient Near East" data-aht="page">Treaties in Tanakh and the Ancient Near East</a> for more.</fn> earns his own wealth, and persistently digs wells despite the disputes.  In turn, Hashem actively watches over him: He bears children without the need to take another wife, Rivka is never actively endangered in Gerar, and Hashem reassures Yitzchak regarding the Philistines.</li> | ||
| + | <li><b>Man of the Land </b>– R"D Sabato<fn>See his articles, <a href="http://s.ybm.org.il/hebrew/LessonArticle.aspx?item=4877">"ירידת יצחק לגרר"</a> and <a href="http://s.ybm.org.il/hebrew/LessonArticle.aspx?item=4965">"יצחק כממשיך אברהם"</a>.</fn> notes that many of the unique aspects of Yitzchak relate to the Land of Israel.  In contrast to his father Avraham, Yitzchak remains in Canaan during famine, and in contrast to his son Yaakov, Yitzchak does not leave Israel to find a wife.  Additionally, unlike Avraham, Yitzchak engages in agriculture in addition to shepherding, thus staking out the land as his own.<fn>It is for this reason that the Philistines confront him directly multiple times.</fn>  Yitzchak thus begins to realize the promise of "זרע וארץ" by sowing (זרע) and settling the land.<fn>Each word appears multiple times in Chapter 26, thus emphasizing the pervasive theme.</fn></li> | ||
| + | </ul> | ||
</page> | </page> | ||
</aht-xml> | </aht-xml> | ||
Latest revision as of 07:22, 22 November 2020
Avraham and Yitzchak
Introduction
The dictum, מעשה אבות סימן לבנים (the deeds of the fathers are a sign for the sons), is particularly apt when speaking of the lives of Avraham and Yitzchak. The stories of father and son are surprisingly similar, and many of the episodes that define the Avraham narrative find their echo in the life of Yitzchak.1 In several of these cases, linguistic parallels strengthen the comparison.
Content Parallels and Contrasts
| Parallels | Contrasts | |
| Family Life | ||
| Barren wife | Despite blessings of progeny, both Sarah and Rivka are initially unable to conceive. | While Sarah gives Hagar to Avraham in order to obtain an heir, Hashem opens Rivkah's womb after prayer. |
| Two children | Each of Avraham and Yitzchak has two sons, one of whom is favored by the mother, while the other is loved by the father.2 | In Avraham's case, each child is born from a different mother. In contrast, Yitzchak's sons are twins, both born to Rivka. |
| Younger son chosen | In both stories, the mother (Sarah/Rivka) acts to make sure that it is the younger sibling who inherits or is blessed. | Avraham knowingly banishes Yishmael due to Sarah's demand and Hashem's command, whereas Yitzchak is duped by Rivka into blessing Yaakov.. |
| Son marries non-Canaanite | Both Avraham and Yitzchak ensure that their chosen son does not marry a Canaanite, but rather a woman from the family in Charan. | While Avraham sends his servant to fetch the wife, Yitzchak sends Yaakov himself. Moreover, Yaakov has an additional purpose in leaving, his flight from Esav. |
| Rejected son leaves & thrives | Both Yishmael and Esav leave their homeland, but grow to be great nations and fathers of numerous princes and chieftains.3 | --- |
| Wife-sister | ||
| Famine | A famine leads both Avraham and Yitzchak to uproot.4 | Though both patriarchs head to Egypt,5 Yitzchak is told to remain in Canaan. |
| Fear | Recognition of their wives' beauty causes both husbands to fear that they will be killed and their wives taken by the locals. | --- |
| Pretense | Avraham and Yitzchak each pretend that their wives are really their sisters. | By Avraham, the pretense is believed, but Sarah is nonetheless taken by Paroh. In contrast, Rivka's true status is discovered before she is taken and the king calls for her protection. |
| Great wealth | The story ends with descriptions of the wealth of each of Avraham and Yitzchak. | In contrast to Avraham who is enriched by the many gifts of the king, Yitzchak earns his own wealth through his successful farming. |
| Life in Gerar | ||
| Digging wells | Avraham and Yitzchak each dig wells in Gerar which are a source of dispute with the Philistines. | Avraham's accusations focus on one stolen well, while Yitzchak deals with multiple squabbles. |
| Visit of Avimelekh | Avimelekh and his general Pikhol visit and declare their recognition that Hashem is with Avraham / Yitzchak. | --- |
| Oath and covenant | The two sides make a covenant and swear not to harm the other. | --- |
| Beer Sheva | Beer Sheva is named. | By Avraham the name refers to the oath (שבועה) taken by Avraham and Avimelekh, while by Yitzchak it refers to the well named "שבעה". |
| Death | ||
| Old age | Both patriarchs die at a "ripe old age". | --- |
| Burial | Despite the earlier conflicts and potential for enmity, Yishmael and Yitzchak together bury Avraham, while Yaakov and Esav join to bury Yitzchak. | --- |
Literary Allusions
EN/HEע/E
| סיפורי אברהם | סיפורי יצחק |
| (כב:יז) כִּי בָרֵךְ אֲבָרֶכְךָ וְהַרְבָּה אַרְבֶּה אֶת זַרְעֲךָ... וְיִרַשׁ זַרְעֲךָ אֵת שַׁעַר אֹיְבָיו. | (כד:ס) וַיְבָרְכוּ אֶת רִבְקָה וַיֹּאמְרוּ לָהּ... אַתְּ הֲיִי לְאַלְפֵי רְבָבָה וְיִירַשׁ זַרְעֵךְ אֵת שַׁעַר שֹׂנְאָיו. |
| (כב:יז) כִּי בָרֵךְ אֲבָרֶכְךָ וְהַרְבָּה אַרְבֶּה אֶת זַרְעֲךָ כְּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם וְכַחוֹל אֲשֶׁר עַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם... (יח) וְהִתְבָּרְכוּ בְזַרְעֲךָ כֹּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַעְתָּ בְּקֹלִי. | (כו:ג) וְאֶהְיֶה עִמְּךָ וַאֲבָרְכֶךָ... (ד) וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אֶת זַרְעֲךָ כְּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם... וְהִתְבָּרְכוּ בְזַרְעֲךָ כֹּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ. (ה) עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם בְּקֹלִי. |
| (יא:ל) וַתְּהִי שָׂרַי עֲקָרָה אֵין לָהּ וָלָד. | (כה:כא) וַיֶּעְתַּר יִצְחָק לַי"י לְנֹכַח אִשְׁתּוֹ כִּי עֲקָרָה הִוא. |
| (כד:ג) וְאַשְׁבִּיעֲךָ בַּי"י אֱלֹהֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם וֵאלֹהֵי הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר לֹא תִקַּח אִשָּׁה לִבְנִי מִבְּנוֹת הַכְּנַעֲנִי. | (כח:א) וַיִּקְרָא יִצְחָק אֶל יַעֲקֹב וַיְבָרֶךְ אֹתוֹ וַיְצַוֵּהוּ וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ לֹא תִקַּח אִשָּׁה מִבְּנוֹת כְּנָעַן. |
| (יב:י) וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ וַיֵּרֶד אַבְרָם מִצְרַיְמָה לָגוּר שָׁם כִּי כָבֵד הָרָעָב בָּאָרֶץ. | (כו:א) וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ... וַיֵּלֶךְ יִצְחָק... גְּרָרָה.. וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו י"י וַיֹּאמֶר אַל תֵּרֵד מִצְרָיְמָה |
| (יב:יא) ... הִנֵּה נָא יָדַעְתִּי כִּי אִשָּׁה יְפַת מַרְאֶה אָתְּ. (יב) וְהָיָה כִּי יִרְאוּ אֹתָךְ הַמִּצְרִים וְאָמְרוּ אִשְׁתּוֹ זֹאת וְהָרְגוּ אֹתִי וְאֹתָךְ יְחַיּוּ . (יג) אִמְרִי נָא אֲחֹתִי אָתְּ. | (כו:ז) וַיִּשְׁאֲלוּ אַנְשֵׁי הַמָּקוֹם לְאִשְׁתּוֹ וַיֹּאמֶר אֲחֹתִי הִוא כִּי יָרֵא לֵאמֹר אִשְׁתִּי פֶּן יַהַרְגֻנִי אַנְשֵׁי הַמָּקוֹם עַל רִבְקָה כִּי טוֹבַת מַרְאֶה הִוא. |
| (כא:כב) וַיֹּאמֶר אֲבִימֶלֶךְ וּפִיכֹל שַׂר צְבָאוֹ אֶל אַבְרָהָם לֵאמֹר אֱ-לֹהִים עִמְּךָ בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה עֹשֶׂה. (כג) וְעַתָּה הִשָּׁבְעָה לִּי ...וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְרָהָם אָנֹכִי אִשָּׁבֵעַ.... וַיִּכְרְתוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם בְּרִית. | (כו:כו) וַאֲבִימֶלֶךְ הָלַךְ אֵלָיו מִגְּרָר וַאֲחֻזַּת מֵרֵעֵהוּ וּפִיכֹל שַׂר צְבָאוֹ... (כח) וַיֹּאמְרוּ רָאוֹ רָאִינוּ כִּי הָיָה י"י עִמָּךְ... וְנִכְרְתָה בְרִית עִמָּךְ... וַיִּשָּׁבְעוּ... |
| (כא:ל) וַיֹּאמֶר כִּי אֶת שֶׁבַע כְּבָשֹׂת תִּקַּח מִיָּדִי בַּעֲבוּר תִּהְיֶה לִּי לְעֵדָה כִּי חָפַרְתִּי אֶת הַבְּאֵר הַזֹּאת. (לא) עַל כֵּן קָרָא לַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא בְּאֵר שָׁבַע כִּי שָׁם נִשְׁבְּעוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם. | (כו:לב) וַיְהִי בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא וַיָּבֹאוּ עַבְדֵי יִצְחָק וַיַּגִּדוּ לוֹ עַל אֹדוֹת הַבְּאֵר אֲשֶׁר חָפָרוּ וַיֹּאמְרוּ לוֹ מָצָאנוּ מָיִם. (לג) וַיִּקְרָא אֹתָהּ שִׁבְעָה עַל כֵּן שֵׁם הָעִיר בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה. |
| (כה:ח) וַיִּגְוַע וַיָּמׇת אַבְרָהָם בְּשֵׂיבָה טוֹבָה זָקֵן וְשָׂבֵעַ וַיֵּאָסֶף אֶל עַמָּיו. (ט) וַיִּקְבְּרוּ אֹתוֹ יִצְחָק וְיִשְׁמָעֵאל בָּנָיו .... | (לה:כט) וַיִּגְוַע יִצְחָק וַיָּמׇת וַיֵּאָסֶף אֶל עַמָּיו זָקֵן וּשְׂבַע יָמִים וַיִּקְבְּרוּ אֹתוֹ עֵשָׂו וְיַעֲקֹב בָּנָיו. |
Analysis
- Distinctive phrases – Several of these terms are unique to these narratives. The phrases "וְיִירַשׁ זַרְעֵךְ אֵת שַׁעַר" 6,"וְהִתְבָּרְכוּ בְזַרְעֲךָ כֹּל גּוֹיֵי הָאָרֶץ עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַעְתָּ", and "לֹא תִקַּח אִשָּׁה מִבְּנוֹת כְּנָעַן" appear only here, while the description "וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ"7 and the word pair "וַיִּגְוַע וַיָּמׇת"8 each occur in only one other verse. Finally, only two other people in Tanakh are described as an "עֲקָרָה",9 or as dying "זָקֵן וּשְׂבַע יָמִים".10
- Degree of similarity – Many of the parallels have a high degree of similarity. Several phrases are totally identical (as above), while in others the choice of word is the same, though the form might differ due to number, tense, or gender.11 In a few cases, the meaning is maintained but the word choice is different.12
- Roles in their respective stories – All of the linguistic similarities serve to reinforce the content parallels, highlighting the similar story-lines of the two narratives. Interestingly, none of the parallels serve to compare the individual characters of Avraham and Yitzchak, but rather the events of each of their lives.
Explicit references
At several points in the Yitzchak narrative, the text explicitly refers the reader back to the Avraham narratives, reinforcing that the reader is meant to compare the two:
- Bereshit 26:1 – "וַיְהִי רָעָב בָּאָרֶץ מִלְּבַד הָרָעָב הָרִאשׁוֹן אֲשֶׁר הָיָה בִּימֵי אַבְרָהָם"
- Bereshit 26:3-6 – "וַהֲקִמֹתִי אֶת הַשְּׁבֻעָה אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם אָבִיךָ... עֵקֶב אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַע אַבְרָהָם "בְּקֹלִי
- Bereshit 26:18 – "וַיָּשׇׁב יִצְחָק וַיַּחְפֹּר אֶת בְּאֵרֹת הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר חָפְרוּ בִּימֵי אַבְרָהָם אָבִיו וַיְסַתְּמוּם פְּלִשְׁתִּים אַחֲרֵי מוֹת אַבְרָהָם וַיִּקְרָא לָהֶן שֵׁמוֹת כַּשֵּׁמֹת אֲשֶׁר קָרָא לָהֶן אָבִיו."
- Bereshit 26:24 – "וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו י"י בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא וַיֹּאמֶר אָנֹכִי אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם אָבִיךָ אַל תִּירָא כִּי אִתְּךָ אָנֹכִי וּבֵרַכְתִּיךָ וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אֶת זַרְעֲךָ בַּעֲבוּר אַבְרָהָם עַבְדִּי. "
Conclusions
The above parallels shed light on both the character of Yitzchak and on how he compares to his father:
- A link in the chain – The many parallels underscore how Yitzchak's life appears to be no more than an echo of his father's, with no innovations of his own. He has similar family strife and business complications. He repeats his father's deeds, calling his wife his sister, re-digging Avraham's wells, renaming Beer Sheva, and renewing the covenant with Avimelekh. This repetition, though, need not be viewed negatively. It is possible that in contrast to Avraham's trail-blazing, Yitzchak's strength lay in his preservation and continuation of the tradition.13
- Strong or weak? – Although some of the contrasts between the stories suggest a very passive Yitzchak (he does not find his own wife and is tricked by Rivka), others point to a strong character who merits special providence by God. Thus, in contrast to Avraham, Yitzchak actively prays for children,14 earns his own wealth, and persistently digs wells despite the disputes. In turn, Hashem actively watches over him: He bears children without the need to take another wife, Rivka is never actively endangered in Gerar, and Hashem reassures Yitzchak regarding the Philistines.
- Man of the Land – R"D Sabato15 notes that many of the unique aspects of Yitzchak relate to the Land of Israel. In contrast to his father Avraham, Yitzchak remains in Canaan during famine, and in contrast to his son Yaakov, Yitzchak does not leave Israel to find a wife. Additionally, unlike Avraham, Yitzchak engages in agriculture in addition to shepherding, thus staking out the land as his own.16 Yitzchak thus begins to realize the promise of "זרע וארץ" by sowing (זרע) and settling the land.17
