Biblical Parallels Index – Bereshit 4/0

Biblical Parallels Index – Bereshit 4

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Overview

This index is meant to help the reader explore Biblical parallels, be they two accounts of the same event, stories with similar motifs and themes, or units of text which are linguistically similar and perhaps alluding one to the other. The page includes links to tools that aid in comparison, primary sources that touch upon the parallels, and summaries of and links to articles which analyze them in depth.

Tension Between Brothers

The story of Kayin’s murder of Hevel is the first of many stories of tension between brothers in Sefer Bereshit, and the first story of fratricide in Tanakh.  It is revealing to compare both the Biblical instances of sibling murder and the more general stories of sibling rivalry.

Tools

• Makbilot BaMikra lists other stories of fratricide in Tanakh, including Avimelekh and Avshalom's killing of their brothers, the former to ensure his power, the latter ostensibly an act of revenge against the rape of his sister, but perhaps also a play for power. Comparing the various stories gives insight into how sibling rivalry is often a quest for supremacy.

Articles / Lectures

The following article focuses not on fratricide, but on sibling rivalry as a whole:

• In קנאת אחים בספר בראשית, R. Shlomo Brin explores the pattern of tensions between brothers in Sefer Bereshit, beginning with the narrative of Kayin and Hevel. He suggests that a comparison of the stories of sibling rivalry highlights that there is a progression towards better relationships as the book moves forward.¹ Thus, though Sefer Bereshit opens with jealousy and fratricide, Sefer Shemot opens with a picture of sibling harmony, as Aharon, Moshe and Miryam work together.

Adam and Kayin

The first two stories about man are tales of egregious sins of different sorts.

Tools

The Tanakh Lab² demonstrates that one of the chapters that shares the most linguistic parallels to Bereshit 3 is Bereshit 4, perhaps hinting to the reader to compare the sins of Adam and Kayin. See here to compare the chapters.

Articles

• In Religious Sin, Ethical Sin and the Punishment of Exile, Professor Yonatan Grossman notes the many parallels and contrasts between the stories of Adam’s sin in Bereshit 3 and Kayin’s sin in Bereshit 4. He suggests that these demonstrate that the Torah views interpersonal sins, represented by Kayin’s murder, as no less intrinsic to man’s relationship to God than Adam’s sin of direct disobedience to God. The parallels between Adam’s sin of disobedience toward God and Kayin’s sin of violence toward man indicate that the Torah demands both religious and ethical virtue, and that the punishment of exile is meted out for both types of sins.

Kayin and Korach

In each of the stories of Kayin's killing of Hevel and the rebellion of Korach, the "earth opens its mouth", in one case to swallow the blood of Hevel, in the other, to swallow the rebel leaders.

Sources

• Bavli Sanhedrin 37b notes that these are the only two times that the earth opened its mouth, in one case for constructive purposes and in one case for evil.

Articles

• In From Kayin to Korah: The Fellow Founders of Foment, R. Shlomo Zuckier compares the acts of Kayin and Korach.  Kayin seeks to kill his brother and thereby destroy his family, while Korach seeks to destroy the nationhood of Israel.  Both of these represent such a fundamental tearing of the social fabric that the earth itself splits open.³

¹ Kayin’s story ends in murder for which Kayin exhibits at best halfhearted remorse.  In the story of Esav and Yaakov, there seems to be fuller reconciliation at the end of the story.  Finally, Yosef is saved by one of his brothers (Reuven) and, at the end of his story, puts his trust in his brothers to bury him in Israel.  This pattern of improving sibling relations continues with Menashe and Ephraim and culminates in the relationship of Moshe, Aharon, and Miriam.

² In the Tanakh Lab, click on the Torah icon for a list of linguistically similar chapters to that being displayed.

³ R. Zuckier further notes that Kayin and Korach both demonstrate lack of clarity about how to achieve their aims, with Kayin (in the telling of the Sages) inflicting many wounds on Hevel in a confused attempt to kill him, and Korach bringing together many disparate claims and groups in his rebellion against Moshe. The natural order itself reflects the gravity of these actions.