The events of Chapters 1-10 are told chronologically.
Though Chapters 7 and 9 refer to events of the first month their main focus is events of the second month. As such, Bemidbar 1-10 all takes place in one month, in the order written.
Chapters 1 – 4 – According to Abarbanel the censuses and appointment of the Levites described in Bemidbar 1-4, all occurred in the second month, as the simple reading of the verses would imply.
Bemidbar 7:1 – "וַיְהִי בְּיוֹם כַּלּוֹת מֹשֶׁה לְהָקִים אֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן וַיִּמְשַׁח אֹתוֹ" – According to Abarbanel, the time marker, "וַיְהִי בְּיוֹם כַּלּוֹת מֹשֶׁה לְהָקִים אֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן", only applies to the anointment of the vessels, not to the gifts of the princes described thereafter. He asserts that Moshe began anointing the vessels after erecting the Mishkan in the first month, but this was an extended process that lasted several weeks.
Dedication of the Altar – As the princes brought their sacrifices only after the vessels were anointed, the dedication of the altar first took place in the second month. As such, with the exception of the first verse, all the events of Chapter 7 really occurred in the second month, after the censuses of Chapters 1-4.
"הֵם הָעֹמְדִים עַל הַפְּקֻדִים" – Abarbanel points to the description of the princes as "those who officiated in the counting" to support his position. The verse can describe the princes in this manner only because the census took place before the dedication of the altar.
Gifts to Levites – The fact that the princes give the Levites wagons to aid them in their tasks further suggests that the event took place only after the Levites were appointed and assigned specific roles.
"וַיַּקְרִיבוּ הַנְּשִׂאִים... בְּיוֹם הִמָּשַׁח אֹתוֹ" – This verse is difficult for Abarbanel as it suggests that the anointment took only one day and that the princes brought their sacrifices on that very day. Abarbanel asserts that the word "day" can refer not only to a specific day but also to an extended period of time.
1 Thus, the verse is sharing that after the period of anointment, the princes sacrificed.
Relationship between מילואים and חנוכת המזבח – According to Abarbanel the two events did not overlap at all, as one took place in Nisan and the other in Iyar. The prince's sacrifices are known as "the dedication of the altar" not because the altar had not been used earlier, but because they were the fist to bring sacrifices upon it as individual Israelites.
Pesach Sheni – Abarbanel asserts that Chapter 9 opens with Pesach in the first month only as a prelude to the main topic of the chapter which is Pesach Sheni.
2 Thus, this chapter, too, focuses on events of the second month, continuing where the previous ones left off.
Focus of Sefer Bemidbar
Though the censuses of Chapters 1-4 are dated to the second month, they were really part of an extended process which began when the Tabernacle was being constructed. As such, the book of Bemidbar really opens with a summation of events begun in the first year, and then continues in order.
The Census – Cassuto proposes that the censuses of
Shemot 30 and Bemidbar 1 were both part of a single extended process.
3 At the time of the construction of the Tabernacle, the people gave their half-shekels, names and other information, but it was only in the second month of the following year that the data was analyzed and all of the necessary calculations were made.
4 As this part of the census provides important background for Sefer Bemidbar it is recorded here.
