Difference between revisions of "Duration of the Pre-Shemittah Blessing of the Produce/2"
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<mekorot><multilink><a href="SifraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Sifra Vayikra #2</a><a href="SifraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">25:20-22</a><a href="Sifra Vayikra" data-aht="parshan">About the Sifra Vayikra</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="IbnEzraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Ibn Ezra</a><a href="IbnEzraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:20-22</a><a href="R. Avraham ibn Ezra" data-aht="parshan">About R. Avraham ibn Ezra</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefBekhorShorVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a><a href="RYosefBekhorShorVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:20-22</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RambanVayikra25-20" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanVayikra25-20" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:20</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe b. Nachman</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="AbarbanelVayikra25" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelVayikra25" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink>, R. N"H Wessely in the <multilink><a href="BiurVayikra25" data-aht="source">Biur</a><a href="BiurVayikra25" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25</a><a href="Biur (Netivot HaShalom)" data-aht="parshan">About the Biur (Netivot HaShalom)</a></multilink></mekorot> | <mekorot><multilink><a href="SifraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Sifra Vayikra #2</a><a href="SifraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">25:20-22</a><a href="Sifra Vayikra" data-aht="parshan">About the Sifra Vayikra</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="IbnEzraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Ibn Ezra</a><a href="IbnEzraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:20-22</a><a href="R. Avraham ibn Ezra" data-aht="parshan">About R. Avraham ibn Ezra</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefBekhorShorVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a><a href="RYosefBekhorShorVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:20-22</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RambanVayikra25-20" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanVayikra25-20" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:20</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe b. Nachman</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="AbarbanelVayikra25" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelVayikra25" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink>, R. N"H Wessely in the <multilink><a href="BiurVayikra25" data-aht="source">Biur</a><a href="BiurVayikra25" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25</a><a href="Biur (Netivot HaShalom)" data-aht="parshan">About the Biur (Netivot HaShalom)</a></multilink></mekorot> | ||
<point><b>Context</b> – This reading is supported by the location of these verses in the midst of the discussion of laws related to the Jubilee year, rather than (as might have been anticipated) after the laws of Shemittah.</point> | <point><b>Context</b> – This reading is supported by the location of these verses in the midst of the discussion of laws related to the Jubilee year, rather than (as might have been anticipated) after the laws of Shemittah.</point> | ||
− | <point><b>"וְעָשָׂת אֶת הַתְּבוּאָה לִשְׁלֹשׁ הַשָּׁנִים"</b> – This position understands the phrase "לִשְׁלֹשׁ הַשָּׁנִים" to simply mean a period of thirty-six months. In the sixth year, enough produce will be harvested to nourish the people for three full years.<fn>This position could | + | <point><b>"וְעָשָׂת אֶת הַתְּבוּאָה לִשְׁלֹשׁ הַשָּׁנִים"</b> – This position understands the phrase "לִשְׁלֹשׁ הַשָּׁנִים" to simply mean a period of thirty-six months. In the sixth year, enough produce will be harvested to nourish the people for three full years.<fn>This position could maintain that the three years (or thirty-six months) of produce referred to in the verse stretch over four Shemittah cycle years, and include the second half of the sixth year, the entire seventh and eighth years, and the first half of the ninth year.  Most of these sources, however, imply that the three years refer to the entire seventh, eighth and ninth years.  R. Wessely explains that even though the harvest season begins earlier, the food of the sixth year is first brought into the house during Sukkot of the seventh year, and thus, first eaten then.  The advantage of this reading is that it explains the use of the definite article in the phrase "לִשְׁלֹשׁ <b>הַ</b>שָּׁנִים".  Food is provided not just for three years or or thirty-six months, but for <b>the</b> complete three years of the Shemittah cycle.</fn></point> |
− | <point><b>"עַד הַשָּׁנָה הַתְּשִׁיעִת עַד בּוֹא תְּבוּאָתָהּ תֹּאכְלוּ יָשָׁן"</b> – According to this position, the verse means (as per its straightforward reading) that the old grain will be eaten through (עד ועד בכלל) the ninth year, until the harvest ("בּוֹא תְּבוּאָתָהּ") of the ninth year.<fn> | + | <point><b>"עַד הַשָּׁנָה הַתְּשִׁיעִת עַד בּוֹא תְּבוּאָתָהּ תֹּאכְלוּ יָשָׁן"</b> – According to this position, the verse means (as per its straightforward reading) that the old grain will be eaten through (עד ועד בכלל) the ninth year, until the harvest ("בּוֹא תְּבוּאָתָהּ") of the ninth year.<fn>Corresponding to the two options in the note above as to the meaning of "לִשְׁלֹשׁ הַשָּׁנִים", the phrase "עַד בּוֹא תְּבוּאָתָהּ" can similarly be interpreted in two slightly different ways.  One option is that the old produce is eaten into the ninth year, but only until the middle of the year when the new crop is reaped (and not until the end of the year).  The second variation (see R. Wessely) is that the old produce is eaten until the very end of the ninth year, since the new grain will be gathered indoors only in Sukkot of the tenth year.  These variations would differ as to whether "בּוֹא" refers to the arrival of the new crop in the fields (in the spring and summer) or its later entry into the storage facilities (in the autumn).</fn></point> |
<point><b>Exceptional case</b> – R. Hoffmann challenges this position, claiming that it is odd that the Torah would be concerned only with the unique case of Shemittah followed by a Jubilee Year rather than the worries brought by every regular Shemittah year.  Abarbanel, however, claims that there is no need to discuss the regular scenario since it is commonplace for there to be a crop failure which necessitates one year's harvest to last for two years.  Thus, it is specifically the most severe scenario that the verses must address with a special blessing.</point> | <point><b>Exceptional case</b> – R. Hoffmann challenges this position, claiming that it is odd that the Torah would be concerned only with the unique case of Shemittah followed by a Jubilee Year rather than the worries brought by every regular Shemittah year.  Abarbanel, however, claims that there is no need to discuss the regular scenario since it is commonplace for there to be a crop failure which necessitates one year's harvest to last for two years.  Thus, it is specifically the most severe scenario that the verses must address with a special blessing.</point> | ||
<point><b>"וּזְרַעְתֶּם אֵת הַשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁמִינִת"</b> – This phrase poses a formidable hurdle for this position, as it suggests that the people will sow in the eighth year, which for these sources would be the Jubilee year when this is forbidden:<br/> | <point><b>"וּזְרַעְתֶּם אֵת הַשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁמִינִת"</b> – This phrase poses a formidable hurdle for this position, as it suggests that the people will sow in the eighth year, which for these sources would be the Jubilee year when this is forbidden:<br/> | ||
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<point><b>"מַה נֹּאכַל בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁבִיעִת"</b> – It is unclear why the nation should be questioning "מַה נֹּאכַל בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁבִיעִת".  As they should have sufficient food for the seventh year from the previous year's crops,<fn>Every year people eat of the previous year's harvest.</fn> it is only in the eighth year that food might be scarce. Thus, commentators offer several possible re-interpretations of the verse:<br/> | <point><b>"מַה נֹּאכַל בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁבִיעִת"</b> – It is unclear why the nation should be questioning "מַה נֹּאכַל בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁבִיעִת".  As they should have sufficient food for the seventh year from the previous year's crops,<fn>Every year people eat of the previous year's harvest.</fn> it is only in the eighth year that food might be scarce. Thus, commentators offer several possible re-interpretations of the verse:<br/> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
− | <li>Ramban and Abarbanel suggest to rearrange the order of the verse ( לסרס את המקרא) so that it reads | + | <li>Ramban and Abarbanel suggest to rearrange the order of the verse ( לסרס את המקרא) so that it reads:  "And if you say in the seventh year: 'What shall we eat [in the eighth year].'"</li> |
− | <li>Abarbanel alternatively | + | <li>Abarbanel alternatively proposes to repunctuate the verse, placing a pause after the words, "מַה נֹּאכַל" rather than after "בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁבִיעִת".‎<fn>He points to the pausal mark of a <i>tipecha</i> (טפחא) under the phrase "מַה נֹּאכַל" as a support for this reading.</fn>  As such, the verse reads:  "If you say: 'What shall we eat? [After all] in the seventh year we may not sow or harvest!?'"</li> |
− | <li>R. Wessely, instead, | + | <li>R. Wessely, instead, posits that the people are asking:  "How will we eat [with peace of mind] in the seventh year knowing that we will not be sowing or gathering [for the next year]?</li> |
</ul></point> | </ul></point> | ||
</opinion> | </opinion> | ||
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<category>Parts of Three Years | <category>Parts of Three Years | ||
<p>Hashem is reassuring the nation that the crops planted in the beginning of the sixth year will suffice to nourish them for a two year period, or one more year than usual.  This twenty-four month period extends across parts of three different years of the Shemittah cycle and thus overlaps with the second half of the sixth year, the entire seventh year, and the first half of the eighth year.</p> | <p>Hashem is reassuring the nation that the crops planted in the beginning of the sixth year will suffice to nourish them for a two year period, or one more year than usual.  This twenty-four month period extends across parts of three different years of the Shemittah cycle and thus overlaps with the second half of the sixth year, the entire seventh year, and the first half of the eighth year.</p> | ||
− | <mekorot><multilink><a href="SifraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Sifra Vayikra #1</a><a href="SifraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">25:20-22</a><a href="Sifra Vayikra" data-aht="parshan">About the Sifra Vayikra</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RashiVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Rashi</a><a href="RashiVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:20-22</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki</a></multilink>, | + | <mekorot><multilink><a href="SifraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Sifra Vayikra #1</a><a href="SifraVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">25:20-22</a><a href="Sifra Vayikra" data-aht="parshan">About the Sifra Vayikra</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RashiVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Rashi</a><a href="RashiVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:20-22</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki</a></multilink>,<fn>Rashi's position is also adopted by <multilink><a href="ShadalVayikra25-21-22" data-aht="source">Shadal</a><a href="ShadalVayikra25-21-22" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:21-22</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto</a></multilink> and the <multilink><a href="HoilMosheVayikra25-21" data-aht="source">Hoil Moshe</a><a href="HoilMosheVayikra25-21" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:21</a><a href="R. Moshe Yitzchak Ashkenazi (Hoil Moshe)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe Yitzchak Ashkenazi</a></multilink>.</fn> <multilink><a href="RalbagVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Ralbag #2</a><a href="RalbagVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:20-22</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Levi b. Gershom</a></multilink>,<fn>Ralbag also brings the opinion that the verses might refer to a case in which Yovel follows Shemittah.</fn> <multilink><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">R. David Zvi Hoffmann</a><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannVayikra25-20-22" data-aht="source">Vayikra 25:20-22</a><a href="R. David Zvi Hoffmann" data-aht="parshan">About R. David Zvi Hoffmann</a></multilink></mekorot> |
<point><b>"וְעָשָׂת אֶת הַתְּבוּאָה לִשְׁלֹשׁ הַשָּׁנִים"</b> – These sources understand the phrase "שְׁלֹשׁ הַשָּׁנִים" to refer to three years of the Shemittah cycle (hence the definite article).  Even though the produce will only feed the people for 24 months, these are spread across three years.<fn>Crops planted in the first half of the sixth year are eaten in the second half of the sixth year, the entire seventh year, and the first half of the eighth  year.</fn></point> | <point><b>"וְעָשָׂת אֶת הַתְּבוּאָה לִשְׁלֹשׁ הַשָּׁנִים"</b> – These sources understand the phrase "שְׁלֹשׁ הַשָּׁנִים" to refer to three years of the Shemittah cycle (hence the definite article).  Even though the produce will only feed the people for 24 months, these are spread across three years.<fn>Crops planted in the first half of the sixth year are eaten in the second half of the sixth year, the entire seventh year, and the first half of the eighth  year.</fn></point> | ||
<point><b>"עַד הַשָּׁנָה הַתְּשִׁיעִת"</b> – This verse is difficult for these sources since they claim that already in the second half of the eighth year the nation can eat from the new harvest:<fn>See Abarbanel who raises this question.</fn>  <br/> | <point><b>"עַד הַשָּׁנָה הַתְּשִׁיעִת"</b> – This verse is difficult for these sources since they claim that already in the second half of the eighth year the nation can eat from the new harvest:<fn>See Abarbanel who raises this question.</fn>  <br/> |
Version as of 00:03, 20 May 2016
Pre-Shemittah Blessing of the Produce
Exegetical Approaches
Three Full Years
Hashem is promising a blessing that the produce from the sixth year will feed the nation for three full years. This position subdivides regarding the situation spoken of in the verses:
Shemittah Followed by Yovel
The verses are speaking exclusively about the unique case of the seventh Sabbatical Year which is immediately followed by the Jubilee Year. Since in this scenario there are two consecutive years in which sowing is prohibited, Hashem is reassuring the people that the harvest of the sixth year will sustain them for three full years.
- R"Y Bekhor Shor and R. Wessely3 claim that, in reality, the verses are addressing both the regular scenario and the more exceptional Yovel year. The phrase "וּזְרַעְתֶּם אֵת הַשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁמִינִת" switches to speak of a normal cycle in which sowing is permitted in the eighth year.4
- Abarbanel, instead, suggests that the phrase is attached to the previous verse and means that, due to the blessing, it will be as if you planted in the eighth year.
- Alternatively, this position might assert that the Jubilee year is not counted among the years of the Shemittah cycle, and thus, the "eighth year" of the verse refers to the year after Yovel.
- Ramban and Abarbanel suggest to rearrange the order of the verse ( לסרס את המקרא) so that it reads: "And if you say in the seventh year: 'What shall we eat [in the eighth year].'"
- Abarbanel alternatively proposes to repunctuate the verse, placing a pause after the words, "מַה נֹּאכַל" rather than after "בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁבִיעִת".6 As such, the verse reads: "If you say: 'What shall we eat? [After all] in the seventh year we may not sow or harvest!?'"
- R. Wessely, instead, posits that the people are asking: "How will we eat [with peace of mind] in the seventh year knowing that we will not be sowing or gathering [for the next year]?
Every Shemittah
The Sabbatical year begins in Nisan, during the harvest season. As a result, any crops planted in the sixth year cannot be harvested in the seventh year, and additionally no crops can be planted in the seventh year. Thus, every Shemittah cycle results in two years without a harvest, and the harvest of the sixth year must sustain the nation for three full years.
- He points out that Sukkot is referred to as coming "בְּצֵאת הַשָּׁנָה",9 suggesting that Tishrei (and not Nisan) marks the change from one year to the next. The Karaites might respond that the verse refers to the end of an agricultural year, but not a ritual one.
- Ibn Ezra further notes that the shofar blast that marks the Jubilee year is blown after Yom HaKippurim, suggesting that the year begins in Tishrei.
- Finally, he points to the order of the nation's words "הֵן לֹא נִזְרָע וְלֹא נֶאֱסֹף" to prove that in the Sabbatical year planting precedes sowing, in contrast to the claims of the Karaites.
Since there are two years in which there is no harvesting, food must last for three years. Moreover, the language of "שְׁלֹשׁ הַשָּׁנִים" with a definite article makes sense since the verse refers not just to 36 months but to three full years of the Shemittah cycle.
Parts of Three Years
Hashem is reassuring the nation that the crops planted in the beginning of the sixth year will suffice to nourish them for a two year period, or one more year than usual. This twenty-four month period extends across parts of three different years of the Shemittah cycle and thus overlaps with the second half of the sixth year, the entire seventh year, and the first half of the eighth year.
- Rashi explains that even though some crops can be eaten earlier, until Sukkot of the ninth year there is still some produce that has not yet been brought into the house.18
- Netziv, instead, suggests that the verse is saying that even though it is not necessary, enough crops will grow to last until the ninth year.19
- Ralbag, in contrast, claims that this part of the verse refers to a year in which Yovel follows Shemittah, in which case the old grains must sustain the nation through the ninth year.20 Abarbanel questions this splitting of the verses, writing, "איך יפרשהו לשעורין חלק לשמטה וחלק ביובל?"
Two Plus One
Hashem is promising that the produce from the sixth year will provide food for two full years as well as the seeds needed to sow the land for the third year.