Difference between revisions of "Grammar:Exchanged Letters/0"
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<ul> | <ul> | ||
<li>There are many words which appear identical in meaning, yet contain a reversal in the order of two of the letters:</li> | <li>There are many words which appear identical in meaning, yet contain a reversal in the order of two of the letters:</li> | ||
| − | <li>שמלה-שלמה – Both words refer to a garment; compare, for example, Bereshit 9:23 with Shemot 22:8. The word שמלה is more common, appearing 30 times, compared to the 14 appearances of שלמה.</li> | + | <ul> |
| + | <li>שמלה-שלמה – Both words refer to a garment; compare, for example, <a href="Bereshit9-23" data-aht="source">Bereshit 9:23</a> with <a href="Shemot22-8" data-aht="source">Shemot 22:8</a>. The word שמלה is more common, appearing 30 times, compared to the 14 appearances of שלמה.</li> | ||
| + | </ul> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
<ul style="padding-left: 30px;"> | <ul style="padding-left: 30px;"> | ||
<li>כבש/ה-כשב/ה – Both words refer to a lamb. The form "כבש/ה" is more common appearing 120 times, while "כשב/ה" appears 14 times</li> | <li>כבש/ה-כשב/ה – Both words refer to a lamb. The form "כבש/ה" is more common appearing 120 times, while "כשב/ה" appears 14 times</li> | ||
| − | <li> | + | <li>זועה - זעוה – The two forms are somewhat equally prevalent, with "זעוה" appearing 6 times and "זועה" appearing 7 times.</li> |
<li>אנקה- נאקה – Each appears 4 times, and see Ibn Janach that the two are equivalent with the letters transposed.</li> | <li>אנקה- נאקה – Each appears 4 times, and see Ibn Janach that the two are equivalent with the letters transposed.</li> | ||
<li>עולה-עלוה – The form עלוה appears only once, in Hoshea 10:9; see Ibn Janach and Radak that it is the same as "עולה" with the letters transposed.</li> | <li>עולה-עלוה – The form עלוה appears only once, in Hoshea 10:9; see Ibn Janach and Radak that it is the same as "עולה" with the letters transposed.</li> | ||
| − | <li> | + | <li>לְשׁוֹן עִלְּגִים (<a href="Yeshayahu32-4" data-aht="source">Yeshayahu 32:4</a>) vs. נִלְעַג לָשׁוֹן (<a href="Yeshayahu33-19" data-aht="source">Yeshayahu 33:19</a>) - See Ibn Janach</li> |
| − | <li>חלש - חשל – The root "חשל" appears only once, in Devarim 25:18 and see Ibn Janach.and Chizkuni that it is a reversal of "חלש".</li> | + | <li>חלש - חשל – The root "חשל" appears only once, in <a href="Devarim25-18" data-aht="source">Devarim 25:18</a> and see Ibn Janach.and Chizkuni that it is a reversal of "חלש".</li> |
| − | <li>דְּאָבָה-דבאה – Each of these words appears only once, but see R"Y Kara on Devarim 33:25 that they are reversals of each other.</li> | + | <li>דְּאָבָה-דבאה – Each of these words appears only once, but see <multilink><a href="RYosefKaraDevarim33-25" data-aht="source">R"Y Kara </a><a href="RYosefKaraDevarim33-25" data-aht="source">Devarim 33:25</a><a href="RYosefKaraShemuelII22-46" data-aht="source">Shemuel II 22:46</a><a href="R. Yosef Kara" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Kara</a></multilink>on <a href="Devarim33-25" data-aht="source">Devarim 33:25</a> that they are reversals of each other.</li> |
| − | <li>וְיַחְגְּרוּ מִמִּסְגְּרוֹתָם (Shemuel II 22:46) vs. וְיַחְרְגוּ מִמִּסְגְּרוֹתֵיהֶם (Tehillim 18:46) – See R"Y Kara.</li> | + | <li>וְיַחְגְּרוּ מִמִּסְגְּרוֹתָם (<a href="ShemuelII22-46" data-aht="source">Shemuel II 22:46</a>) vs. וְיַחְרְגוּ מִמִּסְגְּרוֹתֵיהֶם (<a href="Tehillim18-46" data-aht="source">Tehillim 18:46</a>) – See <multilink><a href="RYosefKaraShemuelII22-46" data-aht="source">R"Y Kara</a><a href="RYosefKaraShemuelII22-46" data-aht="source">Shemuel II 22:46</a><a href="R. Yosef Kara" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Kara</a></multilink>.</li> |
| − | <li>פרח-רחף – Lekach Tov Bereshit 1:2</li> | + | <li>פרח-רחף –<multilink><a href="LekachTovBereshit1-2" data-aht="source"> Lekach Tov</a><a href="LekachTovBereshit1-2" data-aht="source">Bereshit 1:2</a><a href="R. Toviah b. Eliezer (Lekach Tov)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Toviah b. Eliezer</a></multilink> on Bereshit 1:2</li> |
</ul> | </ul> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
<li><b>Disputed Cases</b></li> | <li><b>Disputed Cases</b></li> | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
| − | <li>כחי-חכי – Tehillim 22: 16 reads "יָבֵשׁ כַּחֶרֶשׂ כֹּחִי וּלְשׁוֹנִי מֻדְבָּק מַלְקוֹחָי". Several commentators suggest that "כֹּחִי" means "my strength", as per its common usage, but see R. Moshe ibn Chiquitilla and Ibn Ezra (citing "one of the geonim") that perhaps this is a case of transposed letters and the word is equivalent to "חכי", my palate. [They support this reading by noting that the word is parallel to "לשוני", my tongue.]</li> | + | <li>כחי-חכי – <a href="Tehillim22-16" data-aht="source">Tehillim 22:16</a> reads "יָבֵשׁ כַּחֶרֶשׂ כֹּחִי וּלְשׁוֹנִי מֻדְבָּק מַלְקוֹחָי". Several commentators suggest that "כֹּחִי" means "my strength", as per its common usage, but see R. Moshe ibn Chiquitilla and Ibn Ezra (citing "one of the geonim") that perhaps this is a case of transposed letters and the word is equivalent to "חכי", my palate. [They support this reading by noting that the word is parallel to "לשוני", my tongue.]</li> |
| − | <li> | + | <li>רזם-רמז – <a href="Iyyov15-12" data-aht="source">Iyyov 15:12</a> reads: "וּמַה יִּרְזְמוּן עֵינֶיךָ". This form appears only here, and many suggest that it is a reversed form of the more common "רמז". Cf. Malbim that it relates to the word "רז", a secret, and means "to wink". [He thus understands the verse similarly to others, but differs regarding the etymology.]<fn>See also Shadal who more controversially suggests that perhaps there is a scribal error and the word should read as if written "ירומון" (with a <i>vav</i> in place of a <i>zayin</i>). According to him, Iyyov is being accused of arrogance, fitting the larger context.</fn></li> |
| + | <li>הרס-הסר – Many commentators understand the root "הרס" to mean "tear down" or "destroy", but see Rashbam on Shemot 15:7 that it is equivalent in meaning to the root "הסר" (to remove), finding support in Yeshayahu 22:19 where it parallels the word "וַהֲדַפְתִּיךָ" (I will pluck you).</li> | ||
| + | </ul> | ||
| + | </ul> | ||
| + | </category> | ||
| + | <category>Sound Groups<br/> | ||
| + | <p>The Hebrew consonants are often divided into different groups based on their place of articulation in the mouth: the lips, tongue, palate, teeth or throat.<fn>See Ibn Ezra Shemot 3:15.</fn> Many commentators suggest that at times, letters within each group might be exchanged one for another. See, for example, Rashi on Vayikra 19:16, "שכל האותיות שמוצאיהם אחד מתחלפות זו בזו, בי״ת בפ״ה ובוי״ו, גימ״ל בכ״ף, וקו״ף בכ״ף,ג נו״ןד בלמ״ד ורי״ש, זיי״ן בצד״י".  Ibn Ezra disagrees, claiming "כי לא יתחלפו, חוץ מאותיות יהו"א, וסמ"ך בשי"ן" (Bereshit 8:2).</p> | ||
| + | <subcategory>אותיות השפתיים (lips) - בומ"פ<br/> | ||
| + | </subcategory> | ||
| + | <subcategory>אותיות הלשון (tongue) - דנטל"ת<br/> | ||
| + | <ul> | ||
| + | <li>Yeshayahu 33:19 "עַם נוֹעָז" - See Rashi that "נועז" is equivalent to "לועז"</li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
| + | </subcategory> | ||
| + | <subcategory>אותיות החיך (palate) - גיכ"ק <br/> | ||
| + | <ul> | ||
| + | <li>Rashi Vayikra 19:16 – Rashi suggests that the word "רכיל" in "לֹא תֵלֵךְ רָכִיל בְּעַמֶּיךָ" relates to the word "רגל" with the "ג" and "כ" switching.</li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
| + | </subcategory> | ||
| + | <subcategory>אותיות הגרון (throat) - <b>אחע"ה</b><br/> | ||
| + | </subcategory> | ||
| + | <subcategory>אותיות השיניים (teeth) - זשסר"ץ<br/> | ||
| + | </subcategory> | ||
</category> | </category> | ||
</page> | </page> | ||
</aht-xml> | </aht-xml> | ||
Latest revision as of 11:05, 8 February 2025
Exchanged Letters
Reversed Letters
- There are many words which appear identical in meaning, yet contain a reversal in the order of two of the letters:
- שמלה-שלמה – Both words refer to a garment; compare, for example, Bereshit 9:23 with Shemot 22:8. The word שמלה is more common, appearing 30 times, compared to the 14 appearances of שלמה.
- כבש/ה-כשב/ה – Both words refer to a lamb. The form "כבש/ה" is more common appearing 120 times, while "כשב/ה" appears 14 times
- זועה - זעוה – The two forms are somewhat equally prevalent, with "זעוה" appearing 6 times and "זועה" appearing 7 times.
- אנקה- נאקה – Each appears 4 times, and see Ibn Janach that the two are equivalent with the letters transposed.
- עולה-עלוה – The form עלוה appears only once, in Hoshea 10:9; see Ibn Janach and Radak that it is the same as "עולה" with the letters transposed.
- לְשׁוֹן עִלְּגִים (Yeshayahu 32:4) vs. נִלְעַג לָשׁוֹן (Yeshayahu 33:19) - See Ibn Janach
- חלש - חשל – The root "חשל" appears only once, in Devarim 25:18 and see Ibn Janach.and Chizkuni that it is a reversal of "חלש".
- דְּאָבָה-דבאה – Each of these words appears only once, but see R"Y Kara on Devarim 33:25 that they are reversals of each other.
- וְיַחְגְּרוּ מִמִּסְגְּרוֹתָם (Shemuel II 22:46) vs. וְיַחְרְגוּ מִמִּסְגְּרוֹתֵיהֶם (Tehillim 18:46) – See R"Y Kara.
- פרח-רחף – Lekach Tov on Bereshit 1:2
- Disputed Cases
- כחי-חכי – Tehillim 22:16 reads "יָבֵשׁ כַּחֶרֶשׂ כֹּחִי וּלְשׁוֹנִי מֻדְבָּק מַלְקוֹחָי". Several commentators suggest that "כֹּחִי" means "my strength", as per its common usage, but see R. Moshe ibn Chiquitilla and Ibn Ezra (citing "one of the geonim") that perhaps this is a case of transposed letters and the word is equivalent to "חכי", my palate. [They support this reading by noting that the word is parallel to "לשוני", my tongue.]
- רזם-רמז – Iyyov 15:12 reads: "וּמַה יִּרְזְמוּן עֵינֶיךָ". This form appears only here, and many suggest that it is a reversed form of the more common "רמז". Cf. Malbim that it relates to the word "רז", a secret, and means "to wink". [He thus understands the verse similarly to others, but differs regarding the etymology.]1
- הרס-הסר – Many commentators understand the root "הרס" to mean "tear down" or "destroy", but see Rashbam on Shemot 15:7 that it is equivalent in meaning to the root "הסר" (to remove), finding support in Yeshayahu 22:19 where it parallels the word "וַהֲדַפְתִּיךָ" (I will pluck you).
Sound Groups
The Hebrew consonants are often divided into different groups based on their place of articulation in the mouth: the lips, tongue, palate, teeth or throat.2 Many commentators suggest that at times, letters within each group might be exchanged one for another. See, for example, Rashi on Vayikra 19:16, "שכל האותיות שמוצאיהם אחד מתחלפות זו בזו, בי״ת בפ״ה ובוי״ו, גימ״ל בכ״ף, וקו״ף בכ״ף,ג נו״ןד בלמ״ד ורי״ש, זיי״ן בצד״י". Ibn Ezra disagrees, claiming "כי לא יתחלפו, חוץ מאותיות יהו"א, וסמ"ך בשי"ן" (Bereshit 8:2).
אותיות השפתיים (lips) - בומ"פ
אותיות הלשון (tongue) - דנטל"ת
- Yeshayahu 33:19 "עַם נוֹעָז" - See Rashi that "נועז" is equivalent to "לועז"
אותיות החיך (palate) - גיכ"ק
- Rashi Vayikra 19:16 – Rashi suggests that the word "רכיל" in "לֹא תֵלֵךְ רָכִיל בְּעַמֶּיךָ" relates to the word "רגל" with the "ג" and "כ" switching.
