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<category>מקרא מסורס | <category>מקרא מסורס | ||
| − | <p>One normally expects a clause to modify the words that immediately precede or follow it. However, in Tanakh this might not always be true, and sometimes to properly understand a verse, one must invert the word order. Commentators refer to this phenomenon as a "מקרא מסורס",‎<fn>Rashi uses the term over 30 times (see<a href="https://library.alhatorah.org/Search?mode=basic&p=1&c=1&s=1&t=%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%20%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1&distance=0&inorder=0&en=0&notes=0&tree=shallow#results-Ramban-Bereshit"> here</a>). Elsewhere he and others might instead say "סרסהו"  or "סרסהו ודורשהו". [See Chizkuni who uses the former formulation 20 times.]  Others note the phenomenon by simply pointing out that a certain term modifies a word that we might not have originally thought it did, using the language of: "x" דבק עם "y".  [See Ibn Ezra who uses this language quite often.]</fn> literally: "a castrated text", as one must "cut" a certain clause from its written place and move it to a different place in the verse for the verse to make sense. In many cases, there might be ambiguity, with some commentators suggesting that the verse be best understood by rearranging the word order and others leaving it as is.</p> | + | <p>One normally expects a clause to modify the words that immediately precede or follow it. However, in Tanakh this might not always be true, and sometimes to properly understand a verse, one must invert the word order. Commentators refer to this phenomenon as a "מקרא מסורס",‎<fn>Rashi uses the term over 30 times (see<a href="https://library.alhatorah.org/Search?mode=basic&p=1&c=1&s=1&t=%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%20%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1&distance=0&inorder=0&en=0&notes=0&tree=shallow#results-Ramban-Bereshit"> here</a>). Elsewhere he and others might instead say "סרסהו"  or "סרסהו ודורשהו". [See Chizkuni who uses the former formulation 20 times.]  Others note the phenomenon by simply pointing out that a certain term modifies a word that we might not have originally thought it did, using the language of: "x" דבק עם "y".  [See Ibn Ezra who uses this language quite often.]</fn> literally: "a castrated text", as one must "cut" a certain clause from its written place and move it to a different place in the verse for the verse to make sense. [Today, one might refer to this as a dangling or misplaced modifier.] In many cases, there might be ambiguity, with some commentators suggesting that the verse be best understood by rearranging the word order and others leaving it as is.</p> |
<subcategory>Examples | <subcategory>Examples | ||
<ul> | <ul> | ||
<li><a href="Bereshit15-13" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:13</a> ("כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה") - As several verses imply that the nation was not enslaved for 400 years, see <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">Ramban </a><a href="RambanBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:13</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe b. Nachman</a></multilink>that the number 400 in our verse modifies the phrase "גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ" rather than "וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם".  The verse foretells that the nation was to wander in exile for 400 years but does not specify the duration of the actual enslavement.  For further discussion of the length of the Egyptian bondage, see <a href="Duration of the Egyptian Exile" data-aht="page">Duration of the Egyptian Exile</a>.</li> | <li><a href="Bereshit15-13" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:13</a> ("כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה") - As several verses imply that the nation was not enslaved for 400 years, see <multilink><a href="RambanBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">Ramban </a><a href="RambanBereshit15-13" data-aht="source">Bereshit 15:13</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe b. Nachman</a></multilink>that the number 400 in our verse modifies the phrase "גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ" rather than "וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם".  The verse foretells that the nation was to wander in exile for 400 years but does not specify the duration of the actual enslavement.  For further discussion of the length of the Egyptian bondage, see <a href="Duration of the Egyptian Exile" data-aht="page">Duration of the Egyptian Exile</a>.</li> | ||
<li><a href="Bereshit39-17" data-aht="source">Bereshit 39:17</a> (בָּא אֵלַי הָעֶבֶד הָעִבְרִי אֲשֶׁר הֵבֵאתָ לָּנוּ לְצַחֶק בִּי) – See Rashi and R. Wessely that the words "לְצַחֶק בִּי" modify "בָּא אֵלַי" and not "אֲשֶׁר הֵבֵאתָ לָּנוּ".  Mrs. Potiphar is not saying that her husband brought them a slave in order that he mock her,  but that the slave he brought them came upon her to mock her.</li> | <li><a href="Bereshit39-17" data-aht="source">Bereshit 39:17</a> (בָּא אֵלַי הָעֶבֶד הָעִבְרִי אֲשֶׁר הֵבֵאתָ לָּנוּ לְצַחֶק בִּי) – See Rashi and R. Wessely that the words "לְצַחֶק בִּי" modify "בָּא אֵלַי" and not "אֲשֶׁר הֵבֵאתָ לָּנוּ".  Mrs. Potiphar is not saying that her husband brought them a slave in order that he mock her,  but that the slave he brought them came upon her to mock her.</li> | ||
| − | <li> <a href="Bereshit41-57" data-aht="source">Bereshit 41:57</a> (וְכׇל הָאָרֶץ בָּאוּ מִצְרַיְמָה לִשְׁבֹּר אֶל יוֹסֵף) – See Rashi and Rashbam that the words of the verse should be rearranged to read "וְכׇל הָאָרֶץ בָּאוּ מִצְרַיְמָה  אֶל יוֹסֵף לִשְׁבֹּר".</li> | + | <li> <a href="Bereshit41-57" data-aht="source">Bereshit 41:57</a> (וְכׇל הָאָרֶץ בָּאוּ מִצְרַיְמָה לִשְׁבֹּר אֶל יוֹסֵף) – See Rashi and Rashbam that the words of the verse should be rearranged to read "וְכׇל הָאָרֶץ בָּאוּ מִצְרַיְמָה  אֶל יוֹסֵף לִשְׁבֹּר".   Cf, Chizkuni that, here, the word "אל" means "from", pointing to similar usage in Bereshit 30:39.</li> |
<li><a href="Shemot12-15" data-aht="source">Shemot 12:15</a> (כׇּל אֹכֵל חָמֵץ וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל מִיּוֹם הָרִאשֹׁן עַד יוֹם הַשְּׁבִעִי) – See Ibn Ezra that the verse should read as if written "כׇּל אֹכֵל חָמֵץ מִיּוֹם הָרִאשֹׁן עַד יוֹם הַשְּׁבִעִי וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל ".</li> | <li><a href="Shemot12-15" data-aht="source">Shemot 12:15</a> (כׇּל אֹכֵל חָמֵץ וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל מִיּוֹם הָרִאשֹׁן עַד יוֹם הַשְּׁבִעִי) – See Ibn Ezra that the verse should read as if written "כׇּל אֹכֵל חָמֵץ מִיּוֹם הָרִאשֹׁן עַד יוֹם הַשְּׁבִעִי וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל ".</li> | ||
<li><a href="Yeshayahu2-20" data-aht="source">Yeshayahu 2:20</a> (יַשְׁלִיךְ הָאָדָם אֵת אֱלִילֵי כַסְפּוֹ וְאֵת אֱלִילֵי זְהָבוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ לוֹ לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺת לַחְפֹּר פֵּרוֹת וְלָעֲטַלֵּפִים) – See R"Y Kara, R"E of Beaugency, and others that the words "לַחְפֹּר פֵּרוֹת וְלָעֲטַלֵּפִים" modify the word "יַשְׁלִיךְ" (in the future people will throw their idols to the bats and moles). Cf.Rashi that the phrase modifies "לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺת", with the implication being that the person will throw away the idols he had made to worship in the image of moles and bats.</li> | <li><a href="Yeshayahu2-20" data-aht="source">Yeshayahu 2:20</a> (יַשְׁלִיךְ הָאָדָם אֵת אֱלִילֵי כַסְפּוֹ וְאֵת אֱלִילֵי זְהָבוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ לוֹ לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺת לַחְפֹּר פֵּרוֹת וְלָעֲטַלֵּפִים) – See R"Y Kara, R"E of Beaugency, and others that the words "לַחְפֹּר פֵּרוֹת וְלָעֲטַלֵּפִים" modify the word "יַשְׁלִיךְ" (in the future people will throw their idols to the bats and moles). Cf.Rashi that the phrase modifies "לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺת", with the implication being that the person will throw away the idols he had made to worship in the image of moles and bats.</li> | ||
| − | <li><a href="Malakhi3-17" data-aht="source">Malakhi 3:17</a> ("וְהָיוּ לִי אָמַר י״י צְבָאוֹת לַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי עֹשֶׂה סְגֻלָּה") – See Ibn Ezra that the verse should read as if written "וְהָיוּ לִי סְגֻלָּה אָמַר י״י צְבָאוֹת לַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי עֹשֶׂה", with "סְגֻלָּה" connected to "וְהָיוּ לִי". Those who fear Hashem will be for Him a treasure.  Cf. Rashi that the verse should be read as written; the day of judgment is | + | <li><a href="Malakhi3-17" data-aht="source">Malakhi 3:17</a> ("וְהָיוּ לִי אָמַר י״י צְבָאוֹת לַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי עֹשֶׂה סְגֻלָּה") – See Ibn Ezra that the verse should read as if written "וְהָיוּ לִי סְגֻלָּה אָמַר י״י צְבָאוֹת לַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי עֹשֶׂה", with "סְגֻלָּה" connected to "וְהָיוּ לִי". Those who fear Hashem will be for Him a treasure.  Cf. Rashi that the verse should be read as written; the day of judgment is a day that Hashem had stored away for each person reaps his due.</li> |
</ul> | </ul> | ||
</subcategory> | </subcategory> | ||
Version as of 21:46, 20 July 2024
Syntax
מקרא מסורס
One normally expects a clause to modify the words that immediately precede or follow it. However, in Tanakh this might not always be true, and sometimes to properly understand a verse, one must invert the word order. Commentators refer to this phenomenon as a "מקרא מסורס",1 literally: "a castrated text", as one must "cut" a certain clause from its written place and move it to a different place in the verse for the verse to make sense. [Today, one might refer to this as a dangling or misplaced modifier.] In many cases, there might be ambiguity, with some commentators suggesting that the verse be best understood by rearranging the word order and others leaving it as is.
Examples
- Bereshit 15:13 ("כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה") - As several verses imply that the nation was not enslaved for 400 years, see Ramban that the number 400 in our verse modifies the phrase "גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ" rather than "וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם". The verse foretells that the nation was to wander in exile for 400 years but does not specify the duration of the actual enslavement. For further discussion of the length of the Egyptian bondage, see Duration of the Egyptian Exile.
- Bereshit 39:17 (בָּא אֵלַי הָעֶבֶד הָעִבְרִי אֲשֶׁר הֵבֵאתָ לָּנוּ לְצַחֶק בִּי) – See Rashi and R. Wessely that the words "לְצַחֶק בִּי" modify "בָּא אֵלַי" and not "אֲשֶׁר הֵבֵאתָ לָּנוּ". Mrs. Potiphar is not saying that her husband brought them a slave in order that he mock her, but that the slave he brought them came upon her to mock her.
- Bereshit 41:57 (וְכׇל הָאָרֶץ בָּאוּ מִצְרַיְמָה לִשְׁבֹּר אֶל יוֹסֵף) – See Rashi and Rashbam that the words of the verse should be rearranged to read "וְכׇל הָאָרֶץ בָּאוּ מִצְרַיְמָה אֶל יוֹסֵף לִשְׁבֹּר". Cf, Chizkuni that, here, the word "אל" means "from", pointing to similar usage in Bereshit 30:39.
- Shemot 12:15 (כׇּל אֹכֵל חָמֵץ וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל מִיּוֹם הָרִאשֹׁן עַד יוֹם הַשְּׁבִעִי) – See Ibn Ezra that the verse should read as if written "כׇּל אֹכֵל חָמֵץ מִיּוֹם הָרִאשֹׁן עַד יוֹם הַשְּׁבִעִי וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל ".
- Yeshayahu 2:20 (יַשְׁלִיךְ הָאָדָם אֵת אֱלִילֵי כַסְפּוֹ וְאֵת אֱלִילֵי זְהָבוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ לוֹ לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺת לַחְפֹּר פֵּרוֹת וְלָעֲטַלֵּפִים) – See R"Y Kara, R"E of Beaugency, and others that the words "לַחְפֹּר פֵּרוֹת וְלָעֲטַלֵּפִים" modify the word "יַשְׁלִיךְ" (in the future people will throw their idols to the bats and moles). Cf.Rashi that the phrase modifies "לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֺת", with the implication being that the person will throw away the idols he had made to worship in the image of moles and bats.
- Malakhi 3:17 ("וְהָיוּ לִי אָמַר י״י צְבָאוֹת לַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי עֹשֶׂה סְגֻלָּה") – See Ibn Ezra that the verse should read as if written "וְהָיוּ לִי סְגֻלָּה אָמַר י״י צְבָאוֹת לַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי עֹשֶׂה", with "סְגֻלָּה" connected to "וְהָיוּ לִי". Those who fear Hashem will be for Him a treasure. Cf. Rashi that the verse should be read as written; the day of judgment is a day that Hashem had stored away for each person reaps his due.
Scope ambiguity
Examples2
- Bereshit 10:21 "וּלְשֵׁם יֻלַּד גַּם הוּא אֲבִי כׇּל בְּנֵי עֵבֶר אֲחִי יֶפֶת הַגָּדוֹל" – The referent of the word "הַגָּדוֹל" (elder) is unclear; does it refer to Shem mentioned at the beginning of the verse (opinion in Radak, Ramban) or to Yefet, mentioned right beforehand (Rashi, opinion in Ibn Ezra)? According to the first possibility the phrase reads: "Shem... the older brother of Yefet", while according to the second, it reads: "Shem... the brother of the eldest, Yefet". The different readings have obvious ramifications in determining the birth orders of Noach's sons. To see how the two possibilities impact one's understanding of the story of Noach's cursing of Canaan, see Cursing Canaan.
- Esther 6:7-8 ("יָבִ֙יאוּ֙ לְב֣וּשׁ מַלְכ֔וּת אֲשֶׁ֥ר לָֽבַשׁ־בּ֖וֹ הַמֶּ֑לֶךְ וְס֗וּס אֲשֶׁ֨ר רָכַ֤ב עָלָיו֙ הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר נִתַּ֛ן כֶּ֥תֶר מַלְכ֖וּת בְּרֹאשֽׁוֹ") – The referent of the word "רֹאשֽׁוֹ" is ambiguous, leading commentators to debate upon whose head the royal crown was placed. The word might refer to the horse (Ibn Ezra)3 or to the king (R. Yosef Nachmias4 and Rashbam).5
- Shemot 15:10 (צָלְלוּ כַּעוֹפֶרֶת בְּמַיִם אַדִּירִים) – It is unclear if the word "אַדִּירִים" has narrow scope and serves as an adjective describing the mighty waters in which the Egyptians sunk like lead (Rashbam), or if it has broad scope and is the subject of the verb "צללו", in which case the clause would read: "the mighty ones sank like lead in water" (Sforno).
- Bemidbar 10:29 (וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה לְחֹבָב בֶּן רְעוּאֵל הַמִּדְיָנִי חֹתֵן מֹשֶׁה) – The words "חֹתֵן מֹשֶׁה" might have local scope and refer back to Reuel, or wide scope and speak of Chovav. For discussion and the ramifications of each reading, see Yitro – Names
