Historical Backdrop of Yeshayahu 40/2

Historical Backdrop of Yeshayahu 40

Exegetical Approaches

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Overview

Commentators debate which era constitutes the backdrop of the prophecy of consolation in Yeshayahu 40. While R"Y Kara asserts that it refers to redemption from the Babylonian exile, Radak claims that it speaks of the future salvation in Messianic times. Each of these approaches struggles to grapple with the difficulty of the relevance of such a prophecy to Yeshayahu's contemporaries.  A third approach, in contrast, posits that Yeshayahu is speaking of the events of his own generation. Yeshayahu is either encouraging the people in face of the Assyrian threat, promising Jerusalem's upcoming salvation and the return of the Ten Tribes, or comforting the nation in the aftermath of the devastating campaign and its destruction of much of Yehuda.

Return from Babylonian Exile

Yeshayahu's prophecy revolves around the return of the nation who had been exiled to Babylonia.

Sources:R. Yosef KaraYeshayahu 39:8Yeshayahu 40About R. Yosef Kara, Ibn EzraYeshayahu 40:1, 3, 11, 25, 27, 31About R. Avraham ibn Ezra, BiurYeshayahu 40:1, 6,19About the Biur (Netivot HaShalom), ShadalYeshayahu 40:1-3, 10-12, 16, 18, 27About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto

Why speak about the return from Babylonia now? This position must explain why Yeshayahu would be prophesying about an event that would have been meaningless to his generation. These sources offer several approaches:

• Reaction to prophecy of exile – The chapter immediately before this prophecy closes with Yeshayahu's prediction that Chizkiyahu's descendants were to be exiled to Babylonia. R"Y Kara maintains that upon hearing the news, Chizkiyahu should have prayed for mercy.  When he did not, Hashem decided to comfort the nation instead. As such, the prophecy is meant to console not only the generation in exile, but also Yeshayahu's own generation who were otherwise left with an open-ended prediction of doom.¹
• Relayed only later – According to Shadal, though Yeshayahu received this prophecy, he did not share it with his own generation but rather wrote it down to be relayed in the future, when relevant.²
• Received and relayed only later – Ibn Ezra cryptically implies that this prophecy (and those of the rest of the book) were actually not recorded by Yeshayahu at all, but by another, later prophet who lived in the time of the exile.³ As such, the Book of Yeshayahu includes both the prophecies of Yeshayahu himself and those of an anonymous prophet. Ibn Ezra compares this to Sefer Shemuel, which was also composed by multiple prophets: Shemuel, Gad and Natan.⁴

"דַּבְּרוּ עַל לֵב יְרוּשָׁלַ‍ִם" – As the prophecy relates only to the return of the Judean exiles (and not the Ten Tribes), it is logical that the prophet addresses Yerushalayim specifically.

"כִּי מָלְאָה צְבָאָהּ כִּי נִרְצָה עֲוֺנָהּ" – Ibn Ezra and Shadal explains that "צבא" refers to a set amount of time or work.  The prophet tells the nation that the seventy years of Babylonian exile which were foretold by Yirmeyahu⁵ have come to their end.  The people have been amply punished for their sins ("נִרְצָה עֲוֺנָהּ") and now it is time to return.

"פַּנּוּ דֶּרֶךְ י"י... כׇּל גֶּיא יִנָּשֵׂא" – According to these sources, these verses describe the preparation for the return of the Babylonian exiles. The prophet declares that the nations should clear a path for Hashem to lead the people back home.⁶ Shadal explains that the descriptions of valleys rising and mountains falling are not a depiction of supernatural events⁷ but merely a metaphoric means of indicating that nothing will stand in the way of Hashem's ingathering of the nation.⁸

"כׇּל הַבָּשָׂר חָצִיר... וּדְבַר־אֱ-לֹהֵ֖ינוּ יָק֥וּם לְעוֹלָֽם" – These sources divide regarding the identity of the "dried out flesh" in the prophet's image:

• Mankind – The prophet contrasts humans as a whole, who are unreliable since they are destined to eventually wither like grass, with Hashem, whose word stands forever.⁹ Though the people feel as if it their stint in Babylonia is never-ending, the prophet reminds them that Hashem (unlike humans) will fulfill His promise,¹⁰ and after 70 years, Bavel will fall and the nation will return from exile.
• Koresh – The Biur, instead, suggests that the prophet speaks specifically about Koresh.  He tells the people not to overly trust in Koresh, for even though right now he is full of kindness and generosity, this will not last.  They should instead put their trust in Hashem whose word stands forever.

"כְּרֹעֶה עֶדְרוֹ יִרְעֶה בִּזְרֹעוֹ יְקַבֵּץ טְלָאִים" – This description of Hashem as a shepherd gathering his flock is an apt metaphor for Hashem's loving return of the exiles.

Descriptions of Hashem's abilities – Verse 12-17 depict Hashem as Creator and highlight that His power is so great that other nations are like mere droplets in comparison.  His glory is such that all the trees and animals would not suffice to sacrifice to Him appropriately ("...וּלְבָנוֹן אֵין דֵּי בָּעֵר"). Through these images, the prophet demonstrates to the despairing nation that, given Hashem's abilities, redemption of the people and the destruction of Bavel is not beyond Him.

Mockery of idols – These sources disagree regarding the message which the prophet intended to relay through his mockery of idolatry in verses 18-21:

• Encouragement – Shadal maintains that these verses also serve to encourage the people that redemption is near. Hashem rhetorically asks the people, "do you think I am like one of the foreign idols, without any abilities to save?"
• Critique – Alternatively, the words constitute a warning against idolatry:
• According to R"Y Kara, these verses are a subtle critique of the people who still worship idolatry.¹¹ Hashem asks why they bow down to hand-made forms when they should know better.  Do they not recognize that it is Hashem who made the world, while the idols are but the work of artisans?
• The Biur maintains that the people had stopped worshiping foreign gods in exile, but he, too, reads this as a warning: not to worship Hashem through images. He claims that the prophet feared that upon their return to Israel, the nation would be influenced by the Samaritans who worshiped Hashem, but via concrete images and idols.

"שְׂאוּ מָרוֹם עֵינֵיכֶם וּרְאוּ מִי בָרָא אֵלֶּה הַמּוֹצִיא בְמִסְפָּר צְבָאָם" – The Biur suggests that the prophet emphasizes Hashem's creation of the heavens and stars to undermine the Babylonian belief in the powers of astrology. The Babylonians believed that all was foretold and run by the stars, leading them to doubt Hashem's providence and ability to overturn the stars' predictions.  The prophet, thus, reminds Israel that the stars, too, must bow to Hashem's will since He created them. Israel should never be swayed to mistakenly believe that the stars' power surpasses that of Hashem.

"לָמָּה תֹאמַר יַעֲקֹב וּתְדַבֵּר יִשְׂרָאֵל נִסְתְּרָה דַרְכִּי מֵי"י" – Shadal explains that after highlighting Hashem's powers, the prophet turns to gently chastise the people for their lack of faith in the salvation, encouraging them by demonstrating that their doubts are unfounded. R"Y Kara explains each of the prophet's subsequent statements to refer to the events surrounding the return from Bavel specifically:

• נֹתֵן לַיָּעֵף כֹּחַ וּלְאֵין אוֹנִים עׇצְמָה יַרְבֶּה – This refers to Hashem empowering Koresh and Daryavesh, who had been weak kings, but will now be able to defeat Bavel.
• בַחוּרִים כָּשׁוֹל יִכָּשֵׁלוּ – The youth are the mighty of Bavel who are about to fall.
• וְקוֹיֵ י"י יַחֲלִיפוּ כֹחַ יַעֲלוּ אֵבֶר כַּנְּשָׁרִים – Those who trust in Hashem will be given the "wings" to flee from Bavel.

Future Redemption

Yeshayahu's prophecy speaks of the future redemption.  He tells the people not to despair for Hashem will ultimately redeem the nation and return those in exile to Jerusalem.

Sources:RadakYeshayahu 40About R. David Kimchi, RidYeshayahu 40About R. Yeshayah of Trani, Abarbanel, MalbimYeshayahu Beur HaInyan 11:1Yeshayahu Beur HaInyan 40About R. Meir Leibush Weiser

Why speak about Messianic times now?

• Corollary to present salvation – Abarbanel suggests that after devoting the first section of his book to the salvation from the Assyrian threat, Yeshayahu devoted the second half to the ultimate and greater salvation in the future. He does not explain why Yeshayahu's generation would have needed such comfort, though it is possible that news of the Messianic age is relevant to all generations.¹² Alternatively, once the Ten Tribes were exiled, the prophet felt it necessary to speak of the era in which they, too, would return.¹³
• Potential to have been fulfilled earlier – Malbim¹⁴ claims that from the moment of the exile of the Ten Tribes there was potential for their return, if the people repented and were worthy.  As such, all the prophecies regarding the future redemption could have been fulfilled in Yeshayahu's own time had the people merited them. Only due to the nation's continued sins were the prophecies' fulfillment delayed to the future.

"כִּי מָלְאָה צְבָאָהּ כִּי נִרְצָה עֲוֺנָהּ"

• According to Radak and Rid, Yeshayahu is comforting the nation who has been in exile for so many centuries, telling them that their time is finally up ("מָלְאָה צְבָאָהּ"), and their punishment is complete.
• Abarbanel and Malbim, instead, read the two phrases as alternative scenarios: the prophet shares that the final redemption will come either when its set time is complete ("מָלְאָה צְבָאָהּ"), or earlier, when the nation's sins are atoned for through repentance ("נִרְצָה עֲוֺנָהּ"). As such, the prophecy is not only one of consolation, but also a warning that repentance is necessary to hasten the redemption.

"כִּי לָקְחָה מִיַּד י"י כִּפְלַיִם בְּכׇל חַטֹּאתֶיהָ" – Radak explain that the prophet is saying that the nation received "double" their punishment,¹⁵ having suffered through two exiles - that of Bavel and that of Rome.

"פַּנּוּ דֶּרֶךְ י"י" – These sources disagree regarding the goal of the prophet's description of the "paving a way" for Hashem:

• Consolation – Most these sources read this as a festive announcement of the redemption.  The voice calls to "pave a way"  for Hashem who is soon to return those in exile.
• Warning –  Abarbanel, instead, suggests that the prophet is warning the nation that redemption will come quickly only if they pave the way – by removing all obstacles to salvation (their sins), and making the crooked straight.¹⁶

"כׇּל גֶּיא יִנָּשֵׂא": miracle or metaphor? These sources divide on this question:

• Miracle – Malbim reads these words literally, claiming that the future ingathering of exiles will be accomplished through supernatural means, as the valleys miraculously rise and the hills shrink. The final redemption will match the initial return from Egypt which was similarly marked by miracles.
• Metaphor – Radak, in contrast, reads the verses metaphorically to refer to the ease of the return.

"כׇּל הַבָּשָׂר חָצִיר... וּדְבַר־אֱ-לֹהֵ֖ינוּ יָק֥וּם לְעוֹלָֽם" – These sources disagree about the identity of the "withered flesh," and, thus, about the message being relayed through the image:

• Israel's enemies – According to Radak and the Rid, the image "כׇּל הַבָּשָׂר חָצִיר" relates to the fate of Israel's enemies¹⁷ who will whither and die at the hand of Hashem.¹⁸  When this happens the people will realize that Hashem's words to His prophets have been fulfilled.
• Israel in exile – Abarbanel and Malbim, in contrast, assert that the "withered people" are the Nation of Israel ("אָכֵן חָצִיר הָעָם").  The "caller" who is supposed to console the people asks Hashem, "But what shall I call out; so many generations have already withered and died in the long years of exile. How can they be consoled now?" ¹⁹ He is answered that Hashem will ultimately fulfill his promise. Even if sin has caused a delay, when the time of redemption is at hand, the nation will be saved regardless.

Multiple voices – Malbim maintains that the different voices which "call" to the nation (verses 3 and 6) represent various attempts to console the nation. Since the nation continued to sin after the first cry, redemption did not come and the voice quieted, necessitating a second call.

Descriptions of Hashem's abilities – According to Radak, verses 12-26 are aimed at the foreign nations who doubt that Hashem can free Israel from their bondage. The prophet points to Hashem's prowess, notes that the nations are nothing to Him, and tells them that they should not compare the omnipotent Hashem to their futile  gods.

"וּלְבָנוֹן אֵין דֵּי בָּעֵר וְחַיָּתוֹ אֵין דֵּי עוֹלָה" – Radak and Abarbanel maintain that the prophet states that there are not sufficient trees and animals for the enemy nations to sacrifice and atone for their sins, either for their lack of belief in Hashem's abilities (Radak), or for their crimes against Israel (Abarbanel).

"לָמָּה תֹאמַר יַעֲקֹב... מֵאֱ-לֹהַי מִשְׁפָּטִי יַעֲבוֹר." – In verse 27, the prophet turns back to Israel, who, due to the many centuries of exile, similarly question redemption.  They, however, doubt not Hashem's abilities but His providence, questioning whether He sees their suffering and plans on meting out justice to their enemies.

"אֵין חֵקֶר לִתְבוּנָתוֹ" – Radak explains that the prophet tells the people that though they cannot see the justice in the long exile, and wonder why Hashem lets them suffer, Hashem must have his reasons, even if they might be incomprehensible to man.

Yeshayahu's Era

Yeshayahu's words relate to the events of his own era.  This position subdivides regarding the specific event to which it refers:

Sancheriv's Defeat

Yeshayahu consoles the nation in face of the Assyrian threat and exile of the Ten Tribes.

Yeshayahu's audience – One of the advantages of this approach is that the prophecy is intelligible and immediately relevant to Yeshayahu's own generation.

Placement of prophecy in the book – Since the salvation from Assyria is described in Yeshayahu 36-37, it seems odd to place a prophecy predicting it right afterwards.  This approach might respond that the prophecy relates not only to Assyria's defeat but also to its aftermath, the return of the Ten Tribes.

"פַּנּוּ דֶּרֶךְ י"י... וְנִגְלָה כְּבוֹד י"י" – According to this approach, these verses are a metaphoric description of the arrival of Hashem to plague the Assyrians, at which point His glory was revealed to all.

"כׇּל הַבָּשָׂר חָצִיר... וּדְבַר אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ יָקוּם לְעוֹלָם" – This approach might explain this imagery in one of two ways:

• Metaphor for Egypt – Yeshayahu likens Egypt to withered grass, reminding the nation that they are not reliable allies and should not be trusted to come to Israel's aid.  Hashem's word, in contrast, "lasts forever" and so it is to Him that they should turn and trust.
• Metaphor for Assyria – Alternatively, Yeshayahu speaks of Assyria itself who will dry up like grass when Hashem's spirit blows upon it. With Sancheriv's downfall, all will realize that "דְבַר אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ יָקוּם לְעוֹלָם".

Hashem as shepherd – The image refers to the partial return of the Ten Tribes in the era of Yoshiyahu.²⁰  With the defeat of Assyria, the dream of return became a real possibility.²¹

Descriptions of Hashem's abilities – The descriptions of Hashem as Creator, unsurpassed in knowledge and power, serve not only to remind the nation that destroying Assyria requires no effort for Hashem, but also to teach Assyria that it is Hashem, not they, who is ultimately in charge. Assyria viewed herself as invincible, not realizing  that her conquests were due only to Hashem's will and had been pre-ordained.²² Thus, here the prophet points out that Hashem is the source of all, and it is He who plans all that goes on in the world (including both Assyria's conquests and her ultimate defeat).

"וּלְבָנוֹן אֵין דֵּי בָּעֵר וְחַיָּתוֹ אֵין דֵּי עוֹלָה" – This, too, might be a subtle retort to Assyria's gloating.  Sancheriv boasted of going to  Lebanon and cutting down the choicest of its trees (Yeshayahu 37:24). Hashem says that even if all the trees there were to be cut, they would not suffice to glorify Hashem.

Mockery of idols – Sancheriv had taunted Yehuda by pointing out that the gods of every other nation had not withstood him, so Yehuda should not think that Hashem will do any better. Hashem responds that He is not comparable to other gods.  They are just the work of craftsmen, while Hashem is the Craftsman Himself, Creator of the heavens and its stars.²³  As such, He will be able to defeat Sancheriv.

"לָמָּה תֹאמַר יַעֲקֹב וּתְדַבֵּר יִשְׂרָאֵל נִסְתְּרָה דַרְכִּי מֵי"י" –

In these words, the prophet turns towards "Yisrael" and the exiled tribes, who, in the few years since they had been exiled, had already begun to despair of Hashem's salvation. Hashem tells them that their fortune can change, as He can bring down the mighty and raise up the lowly. Soon, "those who hope in Hashem"²⁴ will be able to garner the strength to come back home.

Did the Ten Tribes return? Though the Bavli Megillah 14bAbout the Bavlimaintains that Yirmeyahu went to retrieve the Ten Tribes in the time of Yoshiyahu, Tanakh does not record their return explicitly. However, when speaking of the reformation of Yoshiyahu, the verses mention his gathering money from Menashe and Ephraim, implying that some of the tribes were living there.  [It is possible, however, that these were not those who returned from exile, but a remnant that had never left.]

Why isn't Assyria mentioned? Considering that in other prophecies against Assyria, Yeshayahu mentions her by name, one would have expected this prophecy, too, to speak of the country explicitly.

Aftermath of Sancheriv's Campaign

Yeshayahu comforts his contemporaries in the aftermath of Sancheriv's campaign and his destruction of Yehuda.

Victory or defeat? The nation's salvation from Sancheriv is often mistakenly perceived as a great victory for Yehuda.  In reality, though, Yehuda suffered tremendously at the hands of Assyria;  all its major cities had been captured and much of the country was laid in ruins. Though Yerushalayim was saved and the people were not exiled, Yehuda emerged from the battle devastated and in much need of comfort.  For more on this, see Sancheriv's Campaign and Assyrian Sources.

Yeshayahu's audience – One of the advantages of this approach is that the prophecy is intelligible and immediately relevant to Yeshayahu's own generation.

"דַּבְּרוּ עַל לֵב יְרוּשָׁלַ‍ִם" – Yeshayahu addresses Yerushalayim because his words are meant to comfort her inhabitants specifically.

"כִּי מָלְאָה צְבָאָהּ" – The language of "מָלְאָה צְבָאָהּ" is somewhat difficult for this position, since the nation had not been punished for an extended period of time. This approach might respond that "צבא" here refers to "hosts", and the prophet is comforting the people that the now empty capital,²⁵ will once again be filled with people.²⁶  Alternatively, the phrase is simply a means of conveying that the people have suffered enough.

"פַּנּוּ דֶּרֶךְ י"י... וְנִגְלָה כְּבוֹד י"י" – According to this approach, these verses do not describe the paving of a path back to Yerushalayim from exile, but rather the arrival of Hashem's Presence to help rebuild the nation. It is questionable, however, whether Hashem's role in the nation's restoration can aptly be described as a "revelation of Hashem's glory." Melakhim does not share any miraculous events or overt displays of Hashem's power after Assyria retreated from the city.  In addition, the coming years are not marked by extreme prosperity or conquests through which Hashem was glorified.

"כׇּל הַבָּשָׂר חָצִיר... וּדְבַר אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ יָקוּם לְעוֹלָם" – The metaphor of "בָּשָׂר חָצִיר" refers to the devastated Yehuda, as the prophet clarifies: "אָכֵן חָצִיר הָעָם."‎²⁷ The people had "dried up" because "רוּחַ י"י נָשְׁבָה בּו" – Hashem had sent Sancheriv to punish them. The prophet comforts the nation that they need no longer worry about their sad state since Hashem is coming to keep His promise of consolation.²⁸

Hashem as shepherd – This approach might interpret this image in various ways:

• Caring leader – The comparison of Hashem to a shepherd gathering his flock to his bosom demonstrates Hashem's loving care for his nation.  It has nothing to do with an ingathering of exiles.
• Return of Ten Tribes – Alternatively, the image could refer to the partial return of the Ten Tribes in the era of Yoshiyahu. [See Bavli MegillahMegillah 14bAbout Bavli Megillah which presents Yirmeyahu as returning some of the tribes from exile to be ruled over by Yoshiyahu.]

Descriptions of Hashem's abilities – The prophet highlights Hashem's role as Creator, pointing out that, to Him, nations and islands are just "a drop of the bucket". This is meant to encourage the nation: if a nation is just a droplet, and Hashem can create heavens and earth, restoring Yehuda to its former glory should be an easy task.

Mockery of idols – The prophet contrasts Hashem with idols to remind the nation that unlike idols who have no ability to help or rebuild, Hashem has all the power in the world.

"לָמָּה תֹאמַר יַעֲקֹב וּתְדַבֵּר יִשְׂרָאֵל נִסְתְּרָה דַרְכִּי מֵי"י" – This position could explain this statement in one of two ways:

• Addressed to Ten Tribes – In these words, the prophet turns from Yehuda towards Yisrael and the despairing exiled tribes. Yeshayahu comforts them that Hashem can bring strength to the weary and defeat the mighty.
• Addressed to Yehuda – Alternatively, the prophet continues his consolation of Yehuda, referring to them with the generic "Yisrael". They despair over the ruin of their country, wondering for how long Hashem will hide His face from them.²⁹  Hashem replies that He has the ability to strengthen the weak; i.e. to repair Yehuda.

¹ Cf. Ibn Ezra who also notes that the two chapters are juxtaposed since one predicts the exile and the other the return.  However, he does not agree that the prophecy was meant to comfort Yeshayahu's own generation in addition to those in Bavel. See his alternative explanation below.

² Shadal, however, does not explain why Hashem would prefer that Yeshayahu record and store the message, when Hashem could have simply relayed it to a later prophet. Since much of the prophecy focuses on reassuring the people that Hashem keeps His word, perhaps knowing that the prophecy was predicted over a century and a half before its fulfillment served to increase the people's faith in Hashem.

³ Many modern scholars have similarly posited that Sefer Yeshayahu was composed by two (or more) prophets.  They point to the mentions of Koresh by name (Yeshayahu 44:28 and 45:1), the references to the fall of Bavel (Yeshayhau 43:14, 48:20), and the description of a destroyed Temple (Yeshayahu 64:10) as evidence that the author of chapters 40-66 must have been living in the time of the Babylonian exile. They further note linguistic differences between the two halves of the book.
The fact that a prophet might foresee events that will occur in the distant future is not an issue for believers in prophecy, however, and was likely not what prompted Ibn Ezra to his conclusions. For a discussion of the textual and conceptual motivations which might have influenced him, see U. Simon, "Ibn Ezra Between Medievalism and Modernism: the Case of Isaiah XL-LXVI ", Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 36 (1983): 257-271. See also Shadal's extensive rejection of the scholarly position in Kerem Chemed 7 (1843):  225-242.  For a full discussion of the book's authorship, see Authorship of Sefer Yeshayahu.

⁴ See Bavli Bava BatraBava Batra 15aAbout the Bavli. One might argue that the parallel is not exact, as all three prophets of Sefer Shemuel were contemporaries and are mentioned in the book, while Ibn Ezra is positing an anonymous prophet, unknown from elsewhere, who lived much later than Yeshayahu.

⁵ See Yirmeyahu 25:11-12.

⁶ Ibn Ezra explains that the path is called "דֶּרֶךְ י"י" because it leads back to the Mountain of Hashem.

⁷ Since there is no evidence that the return from Babylonia was accompanied by miraculous events, this position cannot read the verse literally, unless they assume that the promise was conditional. [See the Biur.]  It is possible, however, that, regardless, these sources might have read the verse metaphorically.

⁸ R"Y Kara, following Targum Yonatan, also reads the line as a metaphor, but for the rising up of the lowly (Israel), and the fall of the mighty (the other nations).

⁹ Cf. Tehillim 103:15-18 where the same idea is expressed using similar imagery.

¹⁰ See Shadal who explains the phrase "וְכׇל חַסְדּוֹ כְּצִיץ הַשָּׂדֶה" to refer to the acts of kindness that people attempt to do for others but which don't always come to fruition or last.

¹¹ This assumes that the people in exile still worshiped idolatry.

¹² Though this might be true, the description in Chapter 40 is not an all encompassing depiction of Messianic times and contains no images of world peace, just leaders, or a righteous society.  It focuses, instead, on Hashem's ability to bring the nation back, which is the one aspect of the Messianic age which would not necessarily have significance to a nation not yet exiled.

¹³ This would be a more compelling argument if the chapter focused on Yisarel rather than Yehuda and Yerushalayim.

¹⁴ See his comments on Yeshayahu 11:1.

¹⁵ For alternative explanations of the verse and a discussion of whether Hashem ever punishes more than deserved, see Manifold Punishment.

¹⁶ This fits with his reading of verse 1 above, that the timing of the redemption is in the hands of the people.

¹⁷ Radak maintains that they speak specifically of those who will side with "Gog and Magog" in the battle at the End of Days.

¹⁸ Radak explains the phrase "כׇל חַסְדּוֹ כְּצִיץ הַשָּׂדֶה" to mean that even those who have done acts of kindness will find that these do not save them since their sins against Israel are so many.

¹⁹ In contrast to most other exegetes who assume that the words "כׇּל הַבָּשָׂר חָצִיר וְכׇל חַסְדּוֹ כְּצִיץ הַשָּׂדֶה" are Hashem's reply to the question "מָה אֶקְרָא", Malbim and Abarbanel read it as a continuation of the question.

²⁰ See Bavli Megillah 14b who suggest that Yirmeyahu went to gather the exiles and that Yoshiyahu ruled over them upon their return.

²¹ See Malbim on Yeshayahu 18:7 who even raises the possibility that some returned in the era of Chizkiyahu himself, soon after Sancheriv's fall.

²² See Sancheriv's boast and Chizkiyahu's prayer in Chapter 37.

²³ With these words, Hashem basically affirms Chizkiyahu's request regarding Sancheriv's taunt: "וְנָתֹן אֶת אֱלֹהֵיהֶם בָּאֵשׁ כִּי לֹא אֱלֹהִים הֵמָּה כִּי אִם מַעֲשֵׂה יְדֵי אָדָם עֵץ וָאֶבֶן וַיְאַבְּדוּם. וְעַתָּה י"י אֱ-לֹהֵינוּ הוֹשִׁיעֵנוּ מִיָּדוֹ וְיֵדְעוּ כׇּל מַמְלְכוֹת הָאָרֶץ כִּי אַתָּה י"י לְבַדֶּךָ".

²⁴ The wording "קוֹיֵ י"י יַחֲלִיפוּ כֹחַ" might hint to the fact that not all were to return, since not all heeded the call.

²⁵ Though Yerushalayim itself had not been emptied of its inhabitants, the word likely refers to Yehuda as a whole, which had clearly been devastated by Sancheriv.

²⁶ See Targum Yonatan on the verse.

²⁷ It is not clear what the phrase "וְכׇל חַסְדּוֹ כְּצִיץ הַשָּׂדֶה" would mean in this context. It is possible that the prophet is saying that even the people's good deeds (חַסְדּוֹ) were like withered grass, and had not been enough to prevent disaster.

²⁸ It is possible that these metaphors were chosen because the Assyrian siege had brought with it famine.  When promising Chizkiyahu salvation, Hashem says, "אָכוֹל הַשָּׁנָה סָפִיחַ וּבַשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית שָׁחִיס וּבַשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁית זִרְעוּ וְקִצְרוּ וְנִטְעוּ כְרָמִים".  Though the meaning of the sign is debated, it appears to relates to the nation having sufficient food in the aftermath of Sancheriv's campaign.

²⁹ Such a complaint, however, would seem out of place from a nation who has just witnessed Hashem's plague and defeat of Assyria. Though they might mourn their losses and feel despair over the state of the country, it is difficult to portray the nation as honestly thinking that Hashem is hiding His face from them.