Difference between revisions of "Invoking Hashem's Name Without Explicit Divine Sanction/2"
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<li><b>Some autonomy</b> – However, many of these commentators disagree and believe that, when necessary, a prophet can act/speak on his own initiative.<fn>See <multilink><a href="RambanBemidbar16-5" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBemidbar16-5" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 16:5</a><a href="RambanBemidbar17-6" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 17:6</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe b. Nachman</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="AbarbanelShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelBemidbar16-3" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 16:3</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink> on the story of Korach,<multilink><a href="AbarbanelShemot8-8" data-aht="source"> Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Shemot 8:8</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="ShadalShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Shadal</a><a href="ShadalShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Shemot 8:8</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto</a></multilink>, and <multilink><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannShemot8-8" data-aht="source">R. D"Z Hoffman</a><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Shemot 8:8</a><a href="R. David Zvi Hoffmann" data-aht="parshan">About R. David Zvi Hoffmann</a></multilink> on Moshe's removing of the plagues of frogs, and <multilink><a href="AbarbanelShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelShemot16-9" data-aht="source">Shemot 16:9</a><a href="AbarbanelShemot16" data-aht="source">Shemot 16</a><a href="AbarbanelDevarim34-11" data-aht="source">Devarim 34:11</a><a href="AbarbanelMelakhimI17-1" data-aht="source">Melakhim I 17:1</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink> regarding Moshe's announcing the coming of meat and the miracles wrought by other prophets such as Eliyahu and Elisha.</fn>  Nonetheless, a prophet would never do so in the name of Hashem and only invokes Hashem's words if He had in fact spoken previously.<fn>Thus, these commentators are motivated not by an understanding of prophecy which limits autonomy, but rather by the idea that a prophet would not lie and speak in Hashem's name if he had not been spoken to (especially considering the prohibition regarding this in Devarim 18 – see next point.)</fn></li> | <li><b>Some autonomy</b> – However, many of these commentators disagree and believe that, when necessary, a prophet can act/speak on his own initiative.<fn>See <multilink><a href="RambanBemidbar16-5" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanBemidbar16-5" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 16:5</a><a href="RambanBemidbar17-6" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 17:6</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe b. Nachman</a></multilink> and <multilink><a href="AbarbanelShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelBemidbar16-3" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 16:3</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink> on the story of Korach,<multilink><a href="AbarbanelShemot8-8" data-aht="source"> Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Shemot 8:8</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="ShadalShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Shadal</a><a href="ShadalShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Shemot 8:8</a><a href="R. Shemuel David Luzzatto (Shadal)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shemuel David Luzzatto</a></multilink>, and <multilink><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannShemot8-8" data-aht="source">R. D"Z Hoffman</a><a href="RDavidZviHoffmannShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Shemot 8:8</a><a href="R. David Zvi Hoffmann" data-aht="parshan">About R. David Zvi Hoffmann</a></multilink> on Moshe's removing of the plagues of frogs, and <multilink><a href="AbarbanelShemot8-8" data-aht="source">Abarbanel</a><a href="AbarbanelShemot16-9" data-aht="source">Shemot 16:9</a><a href="AbarbanelShemot16" data-aht="source">Shemot 16</a><a href="AbarbanelDevarim34-11" data-aht="source">Devarim 34:11</a><a href="AbarbanelMelakhimI17-1" data-aht="source">Melakhim I 17:1</a><a href="R. Yitzchak Abarbanel" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yitzchak Abarbanel</a></multilink> regarding Moshe's announcing the coming of meat and the miracles wrought by other prophets such as Eliyahu and Elisha.</fn>  Nonetheless, a prophet would never do so in the name of Hashem and only invokes Hashem's words if He had in fact spoken previously.<fn>Thus, these commentators are motivated not by an understanding of prophecy which limits autonomy, but rather by the idea that a prophet would not lie and speak in Hashem's name if he had not been spoken to (especially considering the prohibition regarding this in Devarim 18 – see next point.)</fn></li> | ||
</ul></point> | </ul></point> | ||
− | |||
<point><b>"הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר יָזִיד לְדַבֵּר דָּבָר בִּשְׁמִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא צִוִּיתִיו"</b> – This approach might understand this verse literally to mean that a prophet is prohibited from speaking in the name of Hashem unless commanded. Thus, all verses which assume that a prophet did so (and was not punished) must be reinterpreted.</point> | <point><b>"הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר יָזִיד לְדַבֵּר דָּבָר בִּשְׁמִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא צִוִּיתִיו"</b> – This approach might understand this verse literally to mean that a prophet is prohibited from speaking in the name of Hashem unless commanded. Thus, all verses which assume that a prophet did so (and was not punished) must be reinterpreted.</point> | ||
<point><b>"מֵקִים דְּבַר עַבְדּוֹ"</b> – This position could suggest that this verse has nothing to do with the autonomous speech of a prophet and instead refers to Hashem keeping His own promises as expressed by his messengers.  Hashem is contrasting the speech of "imposters" ("בַּדִּים") and "diviners" ("קֹסְמִים") whose words are not trustworthy, with those of His prophets, who are reliable precisely because they speak the word of God.  Alternatively, the verse speaks of fulfilling the prayers and hopes of His prophets.<fn>According to Ramban, Abarbanel, Shadal and R. D"Z Hoffmann it could also refer to fulfilling miracles announced by a prophet in their own name.</fn></point> | <point><b>"מֵקִים דְּבַר עַבְדּוֹ"</b> – This position could suggest that this verse has nothing to do with the autonomous speech of a prophet and instead refers to Hashem keeping His own promises as expressed by his messengers.  Hashem is contrasting the speech of "imposters" ("בַּדִּים") and "diviners" ("קֹסְמִים") whose words are not trustworthy, with those of His prophets, who are reliable precisely because they speak the word of God.  Alternatively, the verse speaks of fulfilling the prayers and hopes of His prophets.<fn>According to Ramban, Abarbanel, Shadal and R. D"Z Hoffmann it could also refer to fulfilling miracles announced by a prophet in their own name.</fn></point> | ||
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<li>"<b>הוּא אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר י"י לֵאמֹר בִּקְרֹבַי אֶקָּדֵשׁ"</b> – According to Ramban,<fn>Shadal and Netziv follow his lead.</fn> Moshe did not mean to say that Hashem actively said these words elsewhere, but more simply told Aharon that this was Hashem's will. The word "דִּבֶּר" means thought or decreed rather than said.‎<fn>As evidence for such usage, he points to Kohelet 1:16, Bereshit 24:51, and Melakhim I 16:34.</fn></li> | <li>"<b>הוּא אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר י"י לֵאמֹר בִּקְרֹבַי אֶקָּדֵשׁ"</b> – According to Ramban,<fn>Shadal and Netziv follow his lead.</fn> Moshe did not mean to say that Hashem actively said these words elsewhere, but more simply told Aharon that this was Hashem's will. The word "דִּבֶּר" means thought or decreed rather than said.‎<fn>As evidence for such usage, he points to Kohelet 1:16, Bereshit 24:51, and Melakhim I 16:34.</fn></li> | ||
</ul></point> | </ul></point> | ||
− | <point><b>Why isn't Hashem's command stated?</b> These commentators assert that it is the way of the text to be brief in one place and lengthy in another.  Instead of tediously repeating both a command and its fulfillment, sometimes the Torah | + | <point><b>Why isn't Hashem's command stated?</b> These commentators assert that it is the way of the text to be brief in one place and lengthy in another.  Instead of tediously repeating both a command and its fulfillment, sometimes the Torah brings one, sometimes the other, and sometimes both.<fn>See <multilink><a href="RambanShemot11-1" data-aht="source">Ramban</a><a href="RambanShemot10-2" data-aht="source">Shemot 10:2</a><a href="RambanShemot11-1" data-aht="source">Shemot 11:1</a><a href="R. Moshe b. Nachman (Ramban, Nachmanides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Moshe b. Nachman</a></multilink> for other examples.  See also his comments to Bereshit 31:7, 42:21, 44:7, Shemot 4:17, Bemidbar 20:14, 21:13, Devarim 1:45, and 3:23 where he consistently uses this principle.</fn>  Most of the commentators do not explain the choice in any given story.  R. D"Z Hoffmann, though, suggests that it might relate to literary factors:<br/> |
<ul> | <ul> | ||
<li><b>Plague of Locusts </b>– R. D"Z Hoffmann explains that since the text wanted to highlight Paroh's officer's reaction to the news, it needed to include Moshe relaying of the prophecy rather than Hashem's original command.<fn>One can similarly posit that in the story of the gathering of the manna, it is the interaction between Moshe and the people (and not between Hashem and Moshe) that the text wants to focus upon.</fn></li> | <li><b>Plague of Locusts </b>– R. D"Z Hoffmann explains that since the text wanted to highlight Paroh's officer's reaction to the news, it needed to include Moshe relaying of the prophecy rather than Hashem's original command.<fn>One can similarly posit that in the story of the gathering of the manna, it is the interaction between Moshe and the people (and not between Hashem and Moshe) that the text wants to focus upon.</fn></li> | ||
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</ul></point> | </ul></point> | ||
<point><b>Acting in one's own name</b> – Many of these commentators<fn>See Ramban, Abarbanel, Shadal and R. D"Z Hoffmann.</fn> maintain that a prophet might declare a miracle on his/her own, as long as they do not do so in the name of Hashem.  In such cases usually the prophet is seen to pray to Hashem asking Him to uphold his words.</point> | <point><b>Acting in one's own name</b> – Many of these commentators<fn>See Ramban, Abarbanel, Shadal and R. D"Z Hoffmann.</fn> maintain that a prophet might declare a miracle on his/her own, as long as they do not do so in the name of Hashem.  In such cases usually the prophet is seen to pray to Hashem asking Him to uphold his words.</point> | ||
− | <point><b>Moshe versus other prophets</b> – Abarbanel contrasts Moshe and other prophets, pointing out that most of Moshe's wonders were done only upon the command of Hashem while other prophets at times are forced to act on their own.  He explains that Moshe was at such a high level that he was constantly connected to Hashem's will, never leaving him in doubt as to what to do or whether it would be accomplished, but other prophets who lacked this direct line to God, | + | <point><b>Moshe versus other prophets</b> – Abarbanel contrasts Moshe and other prophets, pointing out that most of Moshe's wonders were done only upon the command of Hashem while other prophets at times are forced to act on their own.  He explains that Moshe was at such a high level that he was constantly connected to Hashem's will, never leaving him in doubt as to what to do or whether it would be accomplished, but other prophets who lacked this direct line to God, were sometimes forced to trust their own judgement.</point> |
</opinion> | </opinion> | ||
<opinion>Implicit Command | <opinion>Implicit Command | ||
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<mekorot><multilink><a href="MekhiltaDeRabbiYishmaelShemot12" data-aht="source">Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael Shemot</a><a href="MekhiltaDeRabbiYishmaelShemot12" data-aht="source">12</a><a href="Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael Shemot" data-aht="parshan">About Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael Shemot</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="ShemotRabbah42-5" data-aht="source">Shemot Rabbah</a><a href="ShemotRabbah42-5" data-aht="source">42:5</a><a href="Shemot Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">About Shemot Rabbah</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RashiShemot32-27" data-aht="source">Rashi</a><a href="RashiShemot32-27" data-aht="source">Shemot 32:27</a><a href="RashiVayikra10-3" data-aht="source">Vayikra 10:3</a><a href="RashiShofetim4-6" data-aht="source">Shofetim 4:6</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="IbnEzraShemotLongCommentary11-1" data-aht="source">Ibn Ezra</a><a href="IbnEzraShemotLongCommentary11-1" data-aht="source">Shemot Long Commentary 11:1</a><a href="IbnEzraShemotLongCommentary16-4" data-aht="source">Shemot Long Commentary 16:4</a><a href="IbnEzraShemotShortCommentary11-4" data-aht="source">Shemot Short Commentary 11:4</a><a href="R. Avraham ibn Ezra" data-aht="parshan">About R. Avraham ibn Ezra</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefBekhorShorShemot10-2" data-aht="source">R. Ovadiah</a><a href="RYosefBekhorShorShemot10-2" data-aht="source">Shemot 10:2</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="YalkutShimoniShofetim43" data-aht="source">Yalkut Shimoni</a><a href="YalkutShimoniShofetim43" data-aht="source">Shofetim 43</a><a href="Yalkut Shimoni" data-aht="parshan">About Yalkut Shimoni</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RalbagShemotBeurHaParashah11-19-10" data-aht="source">Ralbag</a><a href="RalbagShemotBeurHaParashah11-19-10" data-aht="source">Shemot Beur HaParashah 11:1, 9-10</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Levi b. Gershom</a></multilink>,</mekorot> | <mekorot><multilink><a href="MekhiltaDeRabbiYishmaelShemot12" data-aht="source">Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael Shemot</a><a href="MekhiltaDeRabbiYishmaelShemot12" data-aht="source">12</a><a href="Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael Shemot" data-aht="parshan">About Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael Shemot</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="ShemotRabbah42-5" data-aht="source">Shemot Rabbah</a><a href="ShemotRabbah42-5" data-aht="source">42:5</a><a href="Shemot Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">About Shemot Rabbah</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RashiShemot32-27" data-aht="source">Rashi</a><a href="RashiShemot32-27" data-aht="source">Shemot 32:27</a><a href="RashiVayikra10-3" data-aht="source">Vayikra 10:3</a><a href="RashiShofetim4-6" data-aht="source">Shofetim 4:6</a><a href="R. Shelomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Shelomo Yitzchaki</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="IbnEzraShemotLongCommentary11-1" data-aht="source">Ibn Ezra</a><a href="IbnEzraShemotLongCommentary11-1" data-aht="source">Shemot Long Commentary 11:1</a><a href="IbnEzraShemotLongCommentary16-4" data-aht="source">Shemot Long Commentary 16:4</a><a href="IbnEzraShemotShortCommentary11-4" data-aht="source">Shemot Short Commentary 11:4</a><a href="R. Avraham ibn Ezra" data-aht="parshan">About R. Avraham ibn Ezra</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefBekhorShorShemot10-2" data-aht="source">R. Ovadiah</a><a href="RYosefBekhorShorShemot10-2" data-aht="source">Shemot 10:2</a><a href="R. Yosef Bekhor Shor" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Bekhor Shor</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="YalkutShimoniShofetim43" data-aht="source">Yalkut Shimoni</a><a href="YalkutShimoniShofetim43" data-aht="source">Shofetim 43</a><a href="Yalkut Shimoni" data-aht="parshan">About Yalkut Shimoni</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RalbagShemotBeurHaParashah11-19-10" data-aht="source">Ralbag</a><a href="RalbagShemotBeurHaParashah11-19-10" data-aht="source">Shemot Beur HaParashah 11:1, 9-10</a><a href="R. Levi b. Gershom (Ralbag, Gersonides)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Levi b. Gershom</a></multilink>,</mekorot> | ||
<point><b>Prophetic Autonomy</b><ul> | <point><b>Prophetic Autonomy</b><ul> | ||
− | <li><b>Limited autonomy</b> – According to this approach a prophet is not limited to acting upon direct orders and is allowed to intuit Hashem's will from other commands or situations.  </li> | + | <li><b>Limited autonomy</b> – According to this approach a prophet is not limited to acting upon direct orders and is allowed to intuit Hashem's will from other commands or situations. </li> |
− | <li><b>More autonomy</b> - Ibn Ezra and Ralbag | + | <li><b>More autonomy</b> - Ibn Ezra and Ralbag present prophets as also calling on Hashem to perform miracles that He did not promise beforehand, but in these cases the prophet can not say, "As Hashem commanded" or the like.</li> |
</ul></point> | </ul></point> | ||
<point><b>"הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר יָזִיד לְדַבֵּר דָּבָר בִּשְׁמִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא צִוִּיתִיו"</b> – This position might understand the prohibition to refer only to acting against the will of Hashem.  A prophet is permitted to say something in the name of Hashem even if Hashem only implied it or said it in another context, as long as the speech/action is in line with Hashem's overall plan.</point> | <point><b>"הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר יָזִיד לְדַבֵּר דָּבָר בִּשְׁמִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא צִוִּיתִיו"</b> – This position might understand the prohibition to refer only to acting against the will of Hashem.  A prophet is permitted to say something in the name of Hashem even if Hashem only implied it or said it in another context, as long as the speech/action is in line with Hashem's overall plan.</point> | ||
<point><b>"מֵקִים דְּבַר עַבְדּוֹ"</b></point> | <point><b>"מֵקִים דְּבַר עַבְדּוֹ"</b></point> | ||
− | <point><b>Biblical Cases</b> – In contrast to the first position above, these commentators are not satisfied with suggesting that Hashem's command is simply assumed and attempt to find an explicit source which served as a hint to the prophet each time he claims to speak in Hashem's name<fn>Rashi is consistent in looking for such verses anywhere the text alludes back to speech that was not recorded previously, even not in | + | <point><b>Biblical Cases</b> – In contrast to the first position above, these commentators are not satisfied with suggesting that Hashem's command is simply assumed and attempt to find an explicit source which served as a hint to the prophet each time he claims to speak in Hashem's name:<fn>Rashi is consistent in looking for such verses anywhere the text alludes back to speech that was not recorded previously, even not in the context of prophetic utterances in the name of Hashem.   See, for example, his comments on Bereshit 32:13, Shemot 14:12, Bemidbat 11:12, Devarim 6:19, Devarim 11:25, Devraim 15:6 and many more.  Cf. Mekhilta and Yalkut Shimoni who also bring an extensive list.</fn><br/> |
<ul> | <ul> | ||
− | <li><b>Plague of Locusts</b> – R. Ovadiah asserts that when Hashem said that the plague's purpose was that in the future people would speak of Hashem's wonders (לְמַעַן תְּסַפֵּר בְּאׇזְנֵי בִנְךָ וּבֶן בִּנְךָ), Moshe understood on his own that He was speaking of locusts.  Since it is a | + | <li><b>Plague of Locusts</b> – R. Ovadiah asserts that when Hashem said that the plague's purpose was that in the future people would speak of Hashem's wonders (לְמַעַן תְּסַפֵּר בְּאׇזְנֵי בִנְךָ וּבֶן בִּנְךָ), Moshe understood on his own that He was speaking of locusts.  Since it is a repeatedly occurring natural phenomenon, it lends people to compare their natural experience with the extreme supernatural example wrought by Hashem. He points out that the prophet Yoel, too, claims that the locust plague of his time will be spoken about from one generation to the next.<fn>Cf. S<multilink><a href="ShemotRabbah13-4" data-aht="source">hemot Rabbah</a><a href="ShemotRabbah13-4" data-aht="source">13:4</a><a href="Shemot Rabbah" data-aht="parshan">About Shemot Rabbah</a></multilink> who also suggests that the words "וּלְמַעַן תְּסַפֵּר בְּאָזְנֵי בִנְךָ" recall Yoel's similar language "עָלֶיהָ לִבְנֵיכֶם סַפֵּרוּ" and thus hint that Hashem was referring to locusts.  Shemot Rabbah, however, claims that Hashem actually revealed the plague's identity to Moshe (גִּלָּה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה מַה מַּכָּה יָבִיא עֲלֵיהֶן), but Moshe only included the allusion when writing the Torah.</fn></li> |
<li><b>Plague of Firstborns</b> – Ibn Ezra and Ralbag assert that the phrase "וַיֹּאמֶר י"י אֶל מֹשֶׁה עוֹד נֶגַע אֶחָד" is in the past perfect and refers back to Hashem's conversation with Moshe en route from Midyan  in Chapter 4.  Moshe knew the identity of the last plague, not from a present revelation, but from Hashem's statement there that if Paroh refused to set the nation free, his first born was to die.  Though Hashem did not mention that this would be nation-wide plague, nor set a date for it, Moshe understood His intent and on his own recognized when the time had come.<fn>Cf. Malbim who claims that 11:1-3 are in their chronological place and, in the palace, Hashem hinted to Moshe that the time had come for the last plague which he already heard about in Midyan.  Cassuto, in contrast, suggests that the verses are a parenthetical aside telling the reader Moshe;s iner thoughts.  After Paroh's angry retort at the end of Chapter 10, Moshe remembered Hashem's previous discussion about killing firstborns, and realized that the last plague was at hand.</fn></li> | <li><b>Plague of Firstborns</b> – Ibn Ezra and Ralbag assert that the phrase "וַיֹּאמֶר י"י אֶל מֹשֶׁה עוֹד נֶגַע אֶחָד" is in the past perfect and refers back to Hashem's conversation with Moshe en route from Midyan  in Chapter 4.  Moshe knew the identity of the last plague, not from a present revelation, but from Hashem's statement there that if Paroh refused to set the nation free, his first born was to die.  Though Hashem did not mention that this would be nation-wide plague, nor set a date for it, Moshe understood His intent and on his own recognized when the time had come.<fn>Cf. Malbim who claims that 11:1-3 are in their chronological place and, in the palace, Hashem hinted to Moshe that the time had come for the last plague which he already heard about in Midyan.  Cassuto, in contrast, suggests that the verses are a parenthetical aside telling the reader Moshe;s iner thoughts.  After Paroh's angry retort at the end of Chapter 10, Moshe remembered Hashem's previous discussion about killing firstborns, and realized that the last plague was at hand.</fn></li> | ||
<li><b>Shabbat (Shemot 16:23)</b> – According to Mekhilta and Yalkut Shimoni, Moshe was able to tell the nation (in Hashem's name) about Shabbat and the corresponding laws of the manna, because Hashem had mentioned collecting double on Friday, allowing Moshe to intuit the rest.</li> | <li><b>Shabbat (Shemot 16:23)</b> – According to Mekhilta and Yalkut Shimoni, Moshe was able to tell the nation (in Hashem's name) about Shabbat and the corresponding laws of the manna, because Hashem had mentioned collecting double on Friday, allowing Moshe to intuit the rest.</li> | ||
− | <li><b>Killing those who worshiped the Calf</b> - According to Rashi,<fn>See also Yalkut Shimoni.</fn> Moshe simply applied the law of "זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יׇחֳרָם" to these idolators.<fn>Rashi is consistent in explaining that this took place according to due process and only where there were witnesses and warning was someone killed.</fn>  R. Meir in Shemot Rabbah, suggests instead that Hashem's words "לֶךְ רֵד" hinted to the fact that the nation deserved to be disciplined (מַרְדּוּת הֵם צְרִיכִים).</li> | + | <li><b>Killing those who worshiped the Calf</b> - According to Rashi,<fn>See also Yalkut Shimoni.</fn> Moshe simply applied the law of "זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יׇחֳרָם" to these idolators.<fn>Rashi is consistent in explaining that this took place according to due process and only where there were witnesses and warning was someone killed.  N. Leibowitz, Iyyunim BeSefer Shemot (Jerusalmem, ): 436 questions whether the angry tone of the verses matches this understanding.</fn>  R. Meir in Shemot Rabbah, suggests instead that Hashem's words "לֶךְ רֵד" hinted to the fact that the nation deserved to be disciplined (מַרְדּוּת הֵם צְרִיכִים).</li> |
− | <li><b>"הוּא אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר י"י לֵאמֹר בִּקְרֹבַי אֶקָּדֵשׁ"</b> – Mekhilta, Rashi  and Yalkut Shimoni claim that Moshe is referring to Hashem's words in Shemot 29:43, "וְנֹעַדְתִּי שָׁמָּה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנִקְדַּשׁ בִּכְבֹדִי"‎.<fn>Cf. Abarbanel who also attempts to find the verse where | + | <li><b>"הוּא אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר י"י לֵאמֹר בִּקְרֹבַי אֶקָּדֵשׁ"</b> – Mekhilta, Rashi  and Yalkut Shimoni claim that Moshe is referring to Hashem's words in Shemot 29:43, "וְנֹעַדְתִּי שָׁמָּה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנִקְדַּשׁ בִּכְבֹדִי"‎.<fn>Cf. Abarbanel who also attempts to find the verse where Hashem said this and points to Shemot 19:22, "גַם הַכֹּהֲנִים הַנִּגָּשִׁים אֶל י"י יִתְקַדָּשׁוּ פֶּן יִפְרֹץ בָּהֶם י"י" or Vayikra 8:33, "וּמִפֶּתַח אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד לֹא תֵצְאוּ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים".</fn></li> |
</ul></point> | </ul></point> | ||
− | <point><b>Why not command explicitly?</b> These sources could suggest that Hashem is | + | <point><b>Why not command explicitly?</b> These sources could suggest that explicit commands were simply not necessary in these cases since Moshe on his own figured out Hashem's will.<fn>And, presumably had he not, Hashem would have clarified.</fn>  Moreover, in those cases where Moshe is simply applying a previously stated law, his acting upon it should be expected, as that is the whole purpose of a legal system.</point> |
+ | <point><b>Can a prophet err?</b> This approach would seem to leave room for human error in interpreting and applying Hashem's words. See though R. Mevaser who claims that Hashem would make sure to correct a prophet if He saw that her erred in understadning his mission.</point> | ||
+ | <point><b>Motivation for this position</b> – It seems that many of these sources are motivated less by the theological issues related to the degree of prophetic autonomy granted to a prophet and more by the need to find an explicit text for any place where the verse alludes to a previous statement.</point> | ||
</opinion> | </opinion> | ||
</category> | </category> | ||
<category>Acting on Own | <category>Acting on Own | ||
<p>A prophet, at times, will speak or act on his own initiative and nonetheless attribute the action to Hashem's command.</p> | <p>A prophet, at times, will speak or act on his own initiative and nonetheless attribute the action to Hashem's command.</p> | ||
− | <mekorot><multilink><a href="PesiktaDeRavKahana7-3" data-aht="source">Pesikta DeRav Kahana</a><a href="PesiktaDeRavKahana7-3" data-aht="source">7:3</a><a href="Pesikta DeRav Kahana" data-aht="parshan">About Pesikta DeRav Kahana</a></multilink>,<multilink><a href="TanchumaBuberBo17" data-aht="source">Tanchuma (Buber)</a><a href="TanchumaBuberBo17" data-aht="source">Bo 17</a><a href="Tanchuma" data-aht="parshan">About the Tanchuma</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="ChizkuniShemot10-3" data-aht="source">Chizkuni</a><a href="ChizkuniShemot10-3" data-aht="source">Shemot 10:3</a><a href="ChizkuniShemot11-4" data-aht="source">Shemot 11:4</a><a href="ChizkuniBemidbar30-2" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 30:2</a><a href="R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach (Chizkuni)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="אוותנפשפירושעלראבעבמדברכ-חמוגהעפציטוטחלקיבפירוששדל" data-aht="source">Avvat Nefesh</a><a href="אוותנפשפירושעלראבעבמדברכ-חמוגהעפציטוטחלקיבפירוששדל" data-aht="source">Commentary on Ibn Ezra Bemidbar 20:8</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefAlboSeferHaIkkarim4-22" data-aht="source">R. Yosef Albo</a><a href="RYosefAlboSeferHaIkkarim4-22" data-aht="source">Sefer HaIkkarim 4:22</a><a href="R. Yosef Albo" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Albo</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="SefornoShemot16-6-9" data-aht="source">Seforno</a><a href="SefornoShemot16-6-9" data-aht="source">Shemot 16:6-9</a><a href="R. Ovadyah Seforno" data-aht="parshan">About R. Ovadyah Seforno</a></multilink>, < | + | <mekorot><multilink><a href="PesiktaDeRavKahana7-3" data-aht="source">Pesikta DeRav Kahana</a><a href="PesiktaDeRavKahana7-3" data-aht="source">7:3</a><a href="Pesikta DeRav Kahana" data-aht="parshan">About Pesikta DeRav Kahana</a></multilink>,<multilink><a href="TanchumaBuberBo17" data-aht="source">Tanchuma (Buber)</a><a href="TanchumaBuberBo17" data-aht="source">Bo 17</a><a href="Tanchuma" data-aht="parshan">About the Tanchuma</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="ChizkuniShemot10-3" data-aht="source">Chizkuni</a><a href="ChizkuniShemot10-3" data-aht="source">Shemot 10:3</a><a href="ChizkuniShemot11-4" data-aht="source">Shemot 11:4</a><a href="ChizkuniBemidbar30-2" data-aht="source">Bemidbar 30:2</a><a href="R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach (Chizkuni)" data-aht="parshan">About R. Chizkiyah b. Manoach</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="אוותנפשפירושעלראבעבמדברכ-חמוגהעפציטוטחלקיבפירוששדל" data-aht="source">Avvat Nefesh</a><a href="אוותנפשפירושעלראבעבמדברכ-חמוגהעפציטוטחלקיבפירוששדל" data-aht="source">Commentary on Ibn Ezra Bemidbar 20:8</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="RYosefAlboSeferHaIkkarim4-22" data-aht="source">R. Yosef Albo</a><a href="RYosefAlboSeferHaIkkarim4-22" data-aht="source">Sefer HaIkkarim 4:22</a><a href="R. Yosef Albo" data-aht="parshan">About R. Yosef Albo</a></multilink>, <multilink><a href="SefornoShemot16-6-9" data-aht="source">Seforno</a><a href="SefornoShemot16-6-9" data-aht="source">Shemot 16:6-9</a><a href="R. Ovadyah Seforno" data-aht="parshan">About R. Ovadyah Seforno</a></multilink>, Cassuto </mekorot> |
+ | <point><b>Prophetic Autonomy</b> – These sources grant autonomy for a prophet to speak or act without hashem's permission, and even to do so in Hashem's name.</point> | ||
+ | <point><b>"הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר יָזִיד לְדַבֵּר דָּבָר בִּשְׁמִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא צִוִּיתִיו"</b></point> | ||
+ | <point><b>"מֵקִים דְּבַר עַבְדּוֹ"</b></point> | ||
+ | <point><b>Biblical Cases</b></point> | ||
</category> | </category> | ||
</approaches> | </approaches> | ||
</page> | </page> | ||
</aht-xml> | </aht-xml> |
Version as of 02:44, 13 January 2016
Speaking in the Name of Hashem Without Divine Sanction
Exegetical Approaches
Acting Upon Hashem's Words
Even where Hashem's speech is not mentioned in the verses it can be assumed that whatever a prophet says or does in His name, did in fact stem from His command. This position subdivides regarding whether or not Hashem must explicitly direct the prophet or whether the prophet may intuit Hashem's desire from hints and allusions.
Explicit Command
When a prophet speaks in the name of Hashem, he is acting on a direct command of Hashem.
Sources:Lekach Tov, Rashbam, R. Yosef Bekhor Shor, R. Avraham b. HaRambam, Ramban, Abarbanel, Shadal, Netziv, R. David Zvi Hoffmann
Prophetic Autonomy
- No autonomy – This position might assert that a prophet has no autonomy to act or speak on his own at all. In all cases he must do only as explicitly commanded. R. Adonim goes as far as to say that even the words used by the prophet are all chosen by Hashem.
- Some autonomy – However, many of these commentators disagree and believe that, when necessary, a prophet can act/speak on his own initiative.1 Nonetheless, a prophet would never do so in the name of Hashem and only invokes Hashem's words if He had in fact spoken previously.2
"הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר יָזִיד לְדַבֵּר דָּבָר בִּשְׁמִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא צִוִּיתִיו" – This approach might understand this verse literally to mean that a prophet is prohibited from speaking in the name of Hashem unless commanded. Thus, all verses which assume that a prophet did so (and was not punished) must be reinterpreted.
"מֵקִים דְּבַר עַבְדּוֹ" – This position could suggest that this verse has nothing to do with the autonomous speech of a prophet and instead refers to Hashem keeping His own promises as expressed by his messengers. Hashem is contrasting the speech of "imposters" ("בַּדִּים") and "diviners" ("קֹסְמִים") whose words are not trustworthy, with those of His prophets, who are reliable precisely because they speak the word of God. Alternatively, the verse speaks of fulfilling the prayers and hopes of His prophets.3
Biblical Cases – These sources explain away most of the Biblical cases by asserting that though Hashem's words do not appear in the text, they can be assumed. Often, part of Hashem's command is recorded and just some details are missing from the text:
- Plague of Locusts – R. Avraham b. HaRambam, Ramban and R. D"Z Hoffmann assert that when Hashem said to Moshe "go to Paroh" in 10:1, He also included the specifics of the coming plague. Ramban points out that if He did not say any more, what was the purpose of telling Moshe to go?
- News of Plague of Firstborns – According to these sources Hashem's words in 10:1-3, "עוֹד נֶגַע אֶחָד" are simply an abridgement and really included all the details said by Moshe in the subsequent verses. Most of these commentators assume that the command is found in its chronological place and that Moshe received the prophecy in Paroh's palace as he was speaking to him.4 R. Avraham b. HaRambam and R. D"Z Hoffmann, in contrast, suggest that the verses are achronological and Hashem appeared to Moshe before his conversation with Paroh.5
- Manna – R. D"Z Hoffmann asserts that Moshe's statement in Shemot 16:16 regarding gathering an omer's worth of manna were included when Hashem said "וְלָקְטוּ דְּבַר יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ" in 16:4, and the words "הוּא אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר י"י שַׁבָּתוֹן שַׁבַּת קֹדֶשׁ" in vs. 236 refer to the (unmentioned) continuation of Hashem's directive in vs 5, "וְהָיָה בַּיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי וְהֵכִינוּ אֵת אֲשֶׁר יָבִיאוּ וְהָיָה מִשְׁנֶה".7
- Killing those who worshiped the Calf – According to Lekach Tov, Moshe received this command on the spot as he gathered the Levites. Ramban, in contrast, asserts that Hashem must have told him to do this while still on the mountain as part of the conversation recorded in 32:7-14.8
Why isn't Hashem's command stated? These commentators assert that it is the way of the text to be brief in one place and lengthy in another. Instead of tediously repeating both a command and its fulfillment, sometimes the Torah brings one, sometimes the other, and sometimes both.11 Most of the commentators do not explain the choice in any given story. R. D"Z Hoffmann, though, suggests that it might relate to literary factors:
- Plague of Locusts – R. D"Z Hoffmann explains that since the text wanted to highlight Paroh's officer's reaction to the news, it needed to include Moshe relaying of the prophecy rather than Hashem's original command.12
- Plague of Firstborns – According to Shadal and R. D"Z Hoffmann, Moshe's words in 10:4 are a direct continuation of the conversation with Paroh begun in 9:24 and so it is natural for the text to focus on Moshe's words rather than Hashem's command. In fact, they claim that the partial record of Hashem's command in 10:1-3 (עוֹד נֶגַע אֶחָד) is really parenthetical13 and appears only so the reader can understand how Moshe was able to tell Paroh, "לֹא אֹסִף עוֹד רְאוֹת פָּנֶיךָ" and speak with such confidence in the continuation.
- Sin of the Golden Calf – According to Lekach Tov who maintains that the command was issued right before Moshe relayed it, the text might have omitted the directive so as not break up Moshe's speech and thereby lessen its dramatic impact.14
Acting in one's own name – Many of these commentators15 maintain that a prophet might declare a miracle on his/her own, as long as they do not do so in the name of Hashem. In such cases usually the prophet is seen to pray to Hashem asking Him to uphold his words.
Moshe versus other prophets – Abarbanel contrasts Moshe and other prophets, pointing out that most of Moshe's wonders were done only upon the command of Hashem while other prophets at times are forced to act on their own. He explains that Moshe was at such a high level that he was constantly connected to Hashem's will, never leaving him in doubt as to what to do or whether it would be accomplished, but other prophets who lacked this direct line to God, were sometimes forced to trust their own judgement.
Implicit Command
A prophet might understand Hashem's will from only indirect comments or suggestions and can apply Hashem's commands from one situation to another.
Sources:Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael Shemot, Shemot Rabbah, Rashi, Ibn Ezra, R. Ovadiah, Yalkut Shimoni, Ralbag,
Prophetic Autonomy
- Limited autonomy – According to this approach a prophet is not limited to acting upon direct orders and is allowed to intuit Hashem's will from other commands or situations.
- More autonomy - Ibn Ezra and Ralbag present prophets as also calling on Hashem to perform miracles that He did not promise beforehand, but in these cases the prophet can not say, "As Hashem commanded" or the like.
"הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר יָזִיד לְדַבֵּר דָּבָר בִּשְׁמִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא צִוִּיתִיו" – This position might understand the prohibition to refer only to acting against the will of Hashem. A prophet is permitted to say something in the name of Hashem even if Hashem only implied it or said it in another context, as long as the speech/action is in line with Hashem's overall plan.
"מֵקִים דְּבַר עַבְדּוֹ"
Biblical Cases – In contrast to the first position above, these commentators are not satisfied with suggesting that Hashem's command is simply assumed and attempt to find an explicit source which served as a hint to the prophet each time he claims to speak in Hashem's name:16
- Plague of Locusts – R. Ovadiah asserts that when Hashem said that the plague's purpose was that in the future people would speak of Hashem's wonders (לְמַעַן תְּסַפֵּר בְּאׇזְנֵי בִנְךָ וּבֶן בִּנְךָ), Moshe understood on his own that He was speaking of locusts. Since it is a repeatedly occurring natural phenomenon, it lends people to compare their natural experience with the extreme supernatural example wrought by Hashem. He points out that the prophet Yoel, too, claims that the locust plague of his time will be spoken about from one generation to the next.17
- Plague of Firstborns – Ibn Ezra and Ralbag assert that the phrase "וַיֹּאמֶר י"י אֶל מֹשֶׁה עוֹד נֶגַע אֶחָד" is in the past perfect and refers back to Hashem's conversation with Moshe en route from Midyan in Chapter 4. Moshe knew the identity of the last plague, not from a present revelation, but from Hashem's statement there that if Paroh refused to set the nation free, his first born was to die. Though Hashem did not mention that this would be nation-wide plague, nor set a date for it, Moshe understood His intent and on his own recognized when the time had come.18
- Shabbat (Shemot 16:23) – According to Mekhilta and Yalkut Shimoni, Moshe was able to tell the nation (in Hashem's name) about Shabbat and the corresponding laws of the manna, because Hashem had mentioned collecting double on Friday, allowing Moshe to intuit the rest.
- Killing those who worshiped the Calf - According to Rashi,19 Moshe simply applied the law of "זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יׇחֳרָם" to these idolators.20 R. Meir in Shemot Rabbah, suggests instead that Hashem's words "לֶךְ רֵד" hinted to the fact that the nation deserved to be disciplined (מַרְדּוּת הֵם צְרִיכִים).
- "הוּא אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר י"י לֵאמֹר בִּקְרֹבַי אֶקָּדֵשׁ" – Mekhilta, Rashi and Yalkut Shimoni claim that Moshe is referring to Hashem's words in Shemot 29:43, "וְנֹעַדְתִּי שָׁמָּה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנִקְדַּשׁ בִּכְבֹדִי".21
Why not command explicitly? These sources could suggest that explicit commands were simply not necessary in these cases since Moshe on his own figured out Hashem's will.22 Moreover, in those cases where Moshe is simply applying a previously stated law, his acting upon it should be expected, as that is the whole purpose of a legal system.
Can a prophet err? This approach would seem to leave room for human error in interpreting and applying Hashem's words. See though R. Mevaser who claims that Hashem would make sure to correct a prophet if He saw that her erred in understadning his mission.
Motivation for this position – It seems that many of these sources are motivated less by the theological issues related to the degree of prophetic autonomy granted to a prophet and more by the need to find an explicit text for any place where the verse alludes to a previous statement.
Acting on Own
A prophet, at times, will speak or act on his own initiative and nonetheless attribute the action to Hashem's command.
Sources:Pesikta DeRav Kahana,Tanchuma (Buber), Chizkuni, Avvat Nefesh, R. Yosef Albo, Seforno, Cassuto
Prophetic Autonomy – These sources grant autonomy for a prophet to speak or act without hashem's permission, and even to do so in Hashem's name.
"הַנָּבִיא אֲשֶׁר יָזִיד לְדַבֵּר דָּבָר בִּשְׁמִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר לֹא צִוִּיתִיו"
"מֵקִים דְּבַר עַבְדּוֹ"
Biblical Cases